Morgan Ndlovu, Student no 0000141H, MA thesis, School of Arts, Faculty of Humanities, 2006. email: mn59@sussex.ac.uk / The emergence and development of tourism attractions in inner cities throughout the world has given rise to a number of scholarly debates in the academic study of urban tourism. While academic scholarship in the field of urban tourism began with the cities of the developed states mostly in the 1980s, the emergence and development of tourism initiatives in the inner cities of the developing states in 1990s has drawn a great deal of attention to the South as well. This research explores the emergence and development of an inner city tourism initiative in the form of a craft project known as Beautiful Things. Beautiful Things is a two-year-old craft project located at Newtown’s Cultural Precinct, in the inner city of Johannesburg. The project was inaugurated at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in August 2002, and has since its relocation to the inner city of Johannesburg in December 2002, contributed significantly to the physical, social and economic regeneration of this area. The study of this project is very important in that it is shedding some light on the role of heritage and cultural industries in rejuvenating declining inner cities. It gives light on how Newtown Cultural Precinct as a whole functions within the inner city of Johannesburg. In spite of this project’s role in the development of the Johannesburg inner city, Beautiful Things has not yet been explored for academic research. This research on Beautiful Things is set to be informative on a number of theoretical issues underpinning the development of urban heritage and cultural tourism in general and the development of tourism in Johannesburg. The findings of the study of Beautiful Things hopes to reveal important international trends on the development of heritage and cultural attractions in inner cities and to elucidate a number of similarities in the development of tourism policies across the cities of the world. This research begins with a chapter on the international experiences of heritage and cultural tourism developments in inner cities and is then followed by a study of Johannesburg’s tourism policy and strategy developments. Both chapters are vital in providing the context under which Beautiful Things came to emerge in the inner city of Johannesburg, performing an important role of regenerating the declining inner city. The last part of this research is an empirical confirmation study of physical, social and economic contributions of Beautiful Things in the inner city of Johannesburg. The research is informed by theories of neo-liberalization, local economic development, and inner city regeneration.

<p>Riskhantering inom rese- och turismnäringen där resenärens uppfattning ligger till grund för dennes köpbeslutsprocess har fått begränsat med uppmärksamhet på den akademiska arenan.</p><p><strong>Syfte:</strong> denna uppsats syftar till att studera vilka riskuppfattningar som en potentiell resenär associerar med den urbana miljön, samt hur detta fungerar som inverkansfaktor på resenärens konsumentbeteende i valet av staden som destination. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Teoretiskt ramverk:</strong> en litteraturgenomgång och ett teoretiskt ramverk visar på vad som utgör det så kallade risksamhället, betydelsen av riskkategorisering diskuteras samt hur kopplingen mellan resenärens riskuppfattning och dennes köpbeslutsprocess ser ut.</p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> för att uppnå syftet har problemet angripits med ett abduktivt arbetssätt. En kombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ metodik har applicerats. I enkätundersökningen deltog 224 inkommande resenärer till Stockholm, vilket har bearbetats statistiskt med Pearsons Chi2-test för att undersöka graden av riskuppfattning beroende på socio-demografiska faktorer. Dessutom genomfördes nio samtalsintervjuer som ledde till en tematiserad sammanställning.</p><p><strong>Empiri:</strong> genom enkätformuläret observerades att psykologiska riskuppfattningar var mest framträdande, och i samtalsintervjuerna noterades hur riskuppfattningen påverkar konsumentbeteendet.</p><p><strong>R</strong><strong>esultat:</strong> slutsatserna som har dragits är att 1) korrelation föreligger mellan socio-demografiska faktorer och riskuppfattning, 2) stadens livsrytm fungerar som inverkansfaktor, och att 3) uppfattningen om risker präglas av subjektivitet.</p> / <p>Risk management within the travel- and tourism industry has been undeservingly neglected as a field of study in the academia.</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> this thesis aims to study different types of risk perceptions that a potential traveller associates with urban areas, and how this perception influences the consumer behaviour in the decision-making process.</p><p><strong>Theoretical framework:</strong> the literature review seeks to explain what constitutes a risk society, the significance of categorizing risk perceptions is outlined, and the connection between traveller´s perception of risks and its decision-making. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methodology:</strong> to achieve the purpose of this study, the writers have used an abductive approach, where a quantitative and a qualitative methodology have been applied. 224 incoming travellers to Stockholm participated in the survey. The outcome was then statistically processed using Pearson´s chi-square test in order to measure the risk perceptions based on socio-demographical aspects. In addition, nine interviews were conducted.</p><p><strong>Empirical data:</strong> in the survey it was noted that psychological risk perceptions were most noticeable, and in the interviews it was found in what form risk perceptions affect traveller´s consumer behaviour.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>the found conclusions are that 1) traveller´s perception of risks correlates with socio-demographical factors, 2) a city´s pace of life functions as an influential factor on the consumer behaviour, and that 3) the perceptions of risks are primarily characterized by their subjectivity.</p>

Riskhantering inom rese- och turismnäringen där resenärens uppfattning ligger till grund för dennes köpbeslutsprocess har fått begränsat med uppmärksamhet på den akademiska arenan. Syfte: denna uppsats syftar till att studera vilka riskuppfattningar som en potentiell resenär associerar med den urbana miljön, samt hur detta fungerar som inverkansfaktor på resenärens konsumentbeteende i valet av staden som destination. Teoretiskt ramverk: en litteraturgenomgång och ett teoretiskt ramverk visar på vad som utgör det så kallade risksamhället, betydelsen av riskkategorisering diskuteras samt hur kopplingen mellan resenärens riskuppfattning och dennes köpbeslutsprocess ser ut. Metod: för att uppnå syftet har problemet angripits med ett abduktivt arbetssätt. En kombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ metodik har applicerats. I enkätundersökningen deltog 224 inkommande resenärer till Stockholm, vilket har bearbetats statistiskt med Pearsons Chi2-test för att undersöka graden av riskuppfattning beroende på socio-demografiska faktorer. Dessutom genomfördes nio samtalsintervjuer som ledde till en tematiserad sammanställning. Empiri: genom enkätformuläret observerades att psykologiska riskuppfattningar var mest framträdande, och i samtalsintervjuerna noterades hur riskuppfattningen påverkar konsumentbeteendet. Resultat: slutsatserna som har dragits är att 1) korrelation föreligger mellan socio-demografiska faktorer och riskuppfattning, 2) stadens livsrytm fungerar som inverkansfaktor, och att 3) uppfattningen om risker präglas av subjektivitet. / Risk management within the travel- and tourism industry has been undeservingly neglected as a field of study in the academia. Purpose: this thesis aims to study different types of risk perceptions that a potential traveller associates with urban areas, and how this perception influences the consumer behaviour in the decision-making process. Theoretical framework: the literature review seeks to explain what constitutes a risk society, the significance of categorizing risk perceptions is outlined, and the connection between traveller´s perception of risks and its decision-making. Methodology: to achieve the purpose of this study, the writers have used an abductive approach, where a quantitative and a qualitative methodology have been applied. 224 incoming travellers to Stockholm participated in the survey. The outcome was then statistically processed using Pearson´s chi-square test in order to measure the risk perceptions based on socio-demographical aspects. In addition, nine interviews were conducted. Empirical data: in the survey it was noted that psychological risk perceptions were most noticeable, and in the interviews it was found in what form risk perceptions affect traveller´s consumer behaviour. Findings: the found conclusions are that 1) traveller´s perception of risks correlates with socio-demographical factors, 2) a city´s pace of life functions as an influential factor on the consumer behaviour, and that 3) the perceptions of risks are primarily characterized by their subjectivity.

The cities are being presented as commodities with their constructed images. Their names are being transformed to brand names, of entertainment, culture etc. Tourism industry is the main actor of this process. In my study on the relationship between tourism industry and its effects on the built environment of the city, the present study focuses on Batumi, a resort city of Georgia. A massive construction activity is being conducted in the city aiming to create tourist attractions, which include the creation of international chain hotels, beautification of public spaces and regeneration of the beach line. The city of Batumi, which has a long history as a port city and also as a resort mainly attracting tourists from the neighboring countries to Georgia, is undergoing a rapid change that transforms the city into a space of consumption. This change, including creation of tourist enclaves, commodification of heritage, gentrification and refashioning the city to create particular ways of seeing reflects the impact of consumption culture on tourism.

This PhD by publication draws on a range of publications from the last five years. These books, papers and chapters explore tourist motivation and experiences in a range of contemporary contexts. The body of work moves from mainstream discussion around sustainability and slow tourism in the tourist decision making process to the use of visual media to explore, understand and co-create tourist spaces, investigating related tourist subcultures and counter-cultural destinations. In particular the work focuses on Urban Exploration and, later, on cold war sites. My papers consider both tourist decision making in relation to planned visits, and the subsequent publication of images of places which have been visited. The work considers authenticity and visuality as components of the dissatisfaction with modern tourism, and the experiences it offers, I argue that this dissatisfaction is driving tourists to understand, engage with and experience tourist sites in new ways, seeking liminality and embodiment within the tourist experience. The study will develop this analysis through four key areas:  A clarification of the role of tourism within advanced societies and as a multidisciplinary field of research.  An evaluation of authenticity, visuality and urban exploration  A critical review of tourist consumption, prosumption and co-creation  A review of the methodologies adopted through the papers submitted for this PhD by publication to explore the mixed-method approaches to data collection and the centrality of visual methodologies and discourses in understanding tourism and tourism geography. An exploration of the role of real and virtual experiences in deconstructing and reconstructing urban tourist experiences to evaluate the factors which influence and inform tourist decision making.

Esta dissertação consiste em uma análise, a partir da fenomenologia hermenêutica em seus três momentos: compreensão, interpretação e nova compreensão. Trabalhamos, nesta pesquisa, com o entendimento do fenômeno da revitalização do Bairro do Recife. Sendo assim, temos como objetivo geral estudar o processo de revitalização turística do Bairro do Recife e as consequências na ordenação espacial do mesmo. Primeiramente, a partir da compreensão das fontes secundárias e da análise das entrevistas realizadas com sujeitos que, de alguma forma, puderam nos fornecer informações para que entendêssemos as mudanças ocorridas na ordenação do bairro, mostramos o quanto estes sujeitos tiveram suas rotinas de vida impactadas com a instalação e execução do projeto. Em seguida, utilizando as mesmas fontes, identificamos o fechamento de vários equipamentos que davam suporte à atividade turística no bairro. Desta forma, identificamos a partir dos conceitos de sustentabilidade trazidos por Sachs (2002), das medidas ambientais e do SISTUR trazidos por Beni (2003), algumas falhas que julgamos terem contribuído para a decadência do projeto. / This master's thesis consists of an analysis from the hermeneutics phenomenology in its three moments: understanding, interpretation and new understanding. We worked, in this research, with the comprehension of the phenomenon of revitalization of the Recife neighborhood. The main goal is to study the process of touristic revitalization of the Recife neighborhood and the consequences on the spatial organization of it. Initially, from the understanding of the secondary sources and the analysis of the interviews conducted with subjects that, somehow, were able to give us information so that we could conceive the changes in the ordering of the neighborhood, it is shown how much the installation and execution of the project changed and impacted their habits. Then, using the same sources, we identified the shutting of several equipments that supported the touristic activity in the neighborhood. Thus, we tried to identify, from the concept of sustainability presented by Sachs (2002), the environmental measures and the SISTUR presented by Beni (2003), some flaws that we believe helped for the decay of the project.

Esta dissertação consiste em uma análise, a partir da fenomenologia hermenêutica em seus três momentos: compreensão, interpretação e nova compreensão. Trabalhamos, nesta pesquisa, com o entendimento do fenômeno da revitalização do Bairro do Recife. Sendo assim, temos como objetivo geral estudar o processo de revitalização turística do Bairro do Recife e as consequências na ordenação espacial do mesmo. Primeiramente, a partir da compreensão das fontes secundárias e da análise das entrevistas realizadas com sujeitos que, de alguma forma, puderam nos fornecer informações para que entendêssemos as mudanças ocorridas na ordenação do bairro, mostramos o quanto estes sujeitos tiveram suas rotinas de vida impactadas com a instalação e execução do projeto. Em seguida, utilizando as mesmas fontes, identificamos o fechamento de vários equipamentos que davam suporte à atividade turística no bairro. Desta forma, identificamos a partir dos conceitos de sustentabilidade trazidos por Sachs (2002), das medidas ambientais e do SISTUR trazidos por Beni (2003), algumas falhas que julgamos terem contribuído para a decadência do projeto. / This master's thesis consists of an analysis from the hermeneutics phenomenology in its three moments: understanding, interpretation and new understanding. We worked, in this research, with the comprehension of the phenomenon of revitalization of the Recife neighborhood. The main goal is to study the process of touristic revitalization of the Recife neighborhood and the consequences on the spatial organization of it. Initially, from the understanding of the secondary sources and the analysis of the interviews conducted with subjects that, somehow, were able to give us information so that we could conceive the changes in the ordering of the neighborhood, it is shown how much the installation and execution of the project changed and impacted their habits. Then, using the same sources, we identified the shutting of several equipments that supported the touristic activity in the neighborhood. Thus, we tried to identify, from the concept of sustainability presented by Sachs (2002), the environmental measures and the SISTUR presented by Beni (2003), some flaws that we believe helped for the decay of the project.

A presente pesquisa reúne uma construção teórica sobre a Cidade a partir de autores como Bárbara Freitag, Henri Lefebvre, Lewis Mumford, Massimo Canevacci, Susana Gastal, entre outros, para aproximá-la de outro corpo teórico, aquele construído em torno da questão do Imaginário. O objetivo é avaliar como os imaginários urbanos, presentes na mídia especializada em Turismo, contribuem para a construção do Imaginário cidade turística, em especial na apropriação e ressignificação da idéia de paraíso. Para a análise, foram elencadas, entre as 120 edições da revista Viagem e Turismo, aquelas que apresentaram em sua capa destinos turísticos urbanos. A pesquisa se deu à luz da Análise de Conteúdo de Laurence Bardin, da qual emergiram as categorias Excessos, Labirinto, Pecado, Interdito (associadas ao Imaginário da Cidade) e Paraíso, Sagrado, Natureza, Paisagem (associadas ao Imaginário do Turismo). Aplicadas às categorias, constata-se que o Imaginário da Cidade, associado aos excessos, labirintos, pecados e interditos, construído historicamente, é reproduzido nas práticas da imprensa especializada contemporânea, desqualificando o espaço Cidade para o Turismo. A pesquisa propõe o debate do conceito de Turismo para que a partir dele haja um resgate da auto-estima da Cidade e, por conseqüência, uma ressignificação do Imaginário da Cidade para o Turismo. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-21T17:53:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Milena B Bandeira.pdf: 6063545 bytes, checksum: 04b8452f06ed1462b71ad51fe6cef81e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-21T17:53:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Milena B Bandeira.pdf: 6063545 bytes, checksum: 04b8452f06ed1462b71ad51fe6cef81e (MD5) / This research brings together a theorical construction on the City, from authors such as Barbara Freitag, Henri Lefebvre, Lewis Mumford, Massimo Canevacci, Susana Gastal, among and others, bringing it closer to another theorycal body theory, the one built around the question of Imaginary. The objective is to evaluate how the Imaginary City, present in this midia specialized in Tourism, contribute to on building the Imaginary of tourist city, especially on appropriation and re-signification the idea of paradise. For analysis were listed among the 120 editions of the magazine Viagem e Turismo to those which brought in its cover some urban tourist destinations. The research follows of the Content Analysis of Laurence Bardin, from which had emerged the categories Excess, Maze, Sin, Forbidden, associated to the Imaginary City and Paradise, Sacred, Nature, Landscape associated to the Imaginary Tourism. Applied to the categories, it appears that the Imaginary of the City, associated with the excesses, mazes, sins and banned, historically buit is reproduced in the contemporary press practices, disqualifies the space City for Tourism. The research suggests discussing the concept of Tourism so that from it there will be a redemption of self-esteem for the City and, consequently, an imaginary res-signification of the City for Tourism.

Esta dissertação consiste em uma análise, a partir da fenomenologia hermenêutica em seus três momentos: compreensão, interpretação e nova compreensão. Trabalhamos, nesta pesquisa, com o entendimento do fenômeno da revitalização do Bairro do Recife. Sendo assim, temos como objetivo geral estudar o processo de revitalização turística do Bairro do Recife e as consequências na ordenação espacial do mesmo. Primeiramente, a partir da compreensão das fontes secundárias e da análise das entrevistas realizadas com sujeitos que, de alguma forma, puderam nos fornecer informações para que entendêssemos as mudanças ocorridas na ordenação do bairro, mostramos o quanto estes sujeitos tiveram suas rotinas de vida impactadas com a instalação e execução do projeto. Em seguida, utilizando as mesmas fontes, identificamos o fechamento de vários equipamentos que davam suporte à atividade turística no bairro. Desta forma, identificamos a partir dos conceitos de sustentabilidade trazidos por Sachs (2002), das medidas ambientais e do SISTUR trazidos por Beni (2003), algumas falhas que julgamos terem contribuído para a decadência do projeto. / This master's thesis consists of an analysis from the hermeneutics phenomenology in its three moments: understanding, interpretation and new understanding. We worked, in this research, with the comprehension of the phenomenon of revitalization of the Recife neighborhood. The main goal is to study the process of touristic revitalization of the Recife neighborhood and the consequences on the spatial organization of it. Initially, from the understanding of the secondary sources and the analysis of the interviews conducted with subjects that, somehow, were able to give us information so that we could conceive the changes in the ordering of the neighborhood, it is shown how much the installation and execution of the project changed and impacted their habits. Then, using the same sources, we identified the shutting of several equipments that supported the touristic activity in the neighborhood. Thus, we tried to identify, from the concept of sustainability presented by Sachs (2002), the environmental measures and the SISTUR presented by Beni (2003), some flaws that we believe helped for the decay of the project.

A presente pesquisa reúne uma construção teórica sobre a Cidade a partir de autores como Bárbara Freitag, Henri Lefebvre, Lewis Mumford, Massimo Canevacci, Susana Gastal, entre outros, para aproximá-la de outro corpo teórico, aquele construído em torno da questão do Imaginário. O objetivo é avaliar como os imaginários urbanos, presentes na mídia especializada em Turismo, contribuem para a construção do Imaginário cidade turística, em especial na apropriação e ressignificação da idéia de paraíso. Para a análise, foram elencadas, entre as 120 edições da revista Viagem e Turismo, aquelas que apresentaram em sua capa destinos turísticos urbanos. A pesquisa se deu à luz da Análise de Conteúdo de Laurence Bardin, da qual emergiram as categorias Excessos, Labirinto, Pecado, Interdito (associadas ao Imaginário da Cidade) e Paraíso, Sagrado, Natureza, Paisagem (associadas ao Imaginário do Turismo). Aplicadas às categorias, constata-se que o Imaginário da Cidade, associado aos excessos, labirintos, pecados e interditos, construído historicamente, é reproduzido nas práticas da imprensa especializada contemporânea, desqualificando o espaço Cidade para o Turismo. A pesquisa propõe o debate do conceito de Turismo para que a partir dele haja um resgate da auto-estima da Cidade e, por conseqüência, uma ressignificação do Imaginário da Cidade para o Turismo. / This research brings together a theorical construction on the City, from authors such as Barbara Freitag, Henri Lefebvre, Lewis Mumford, Massimo Canevacci, Susana Gastal, among and others, bringing it closer to another theorycal body theory, the one built around the question of Imaginary. The objective is to evaluate how the Imaginary City, present in this midia specialized in Tourism, contribute to on building the Imaginary of tourist city, especially on appropriation and re-signification the idea of paradise. For analysis were listed among the 120 editions of the magazine Viagem e Turismo to those which brought in its cover some urban tourist destinations. The research follows of the Content Analysis of Laurence Bardin, from which had emerged the categories Excess, Maze, Sin, Forbidden, associated to the Imaginary City and Paradise, Sacred, Nature, Landscape associated to the Imaginary Tourism. Applied to the categories, it appears that the Imaginary of the City, associated with the excesses, mazes, sins and banned, historically buit is reproduced in the contemporary press practices, disqualifies the space City for Tourism. The research suggests discussing the concept of Tourism so that from it there will be a redemption of self-esteem for the City and, consequently, an imaginary res-signification of the City for Tourism.