Magister Artium - MA / Language diversity continues to create a language barrier to international tourism. Tourists from non-English speaking countries face a language barrier in South Africa and this affects their experiences in the country. Measuring and understanding something of this challenge is the purpose of this study. The focus is on how the tourism industry in Cape Town uses languages to sell and promote the city internationally. The study investigates procedures, strategies, and policies adopted by the tourism industry in Cape Town to cater for tourists from across the world. In addition, the study also investigates how tourists from non-English speaking countries adapt linguistically to cope with their stay in Cape Town. The study targeted both tourism organisations and international tourists who use tourist facilities in most popular tourist areas in Cape Town. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Convenience sampling was used to select both tourism service providers and tourists. To enhance validity, reliability, and accuracy, various tools have been deployed to collect the data. Primary data were collected from both tourism service providers and international tourists using questionnaires, interviews, photographs and observations. Secondary data collection involved observations of public signage as well as analysis of electronic and printed promotional materials such as brochures, guidebooks, menus, newspapers and websites. Collected data were captured in spread sheets to enable descriptive analysis of tourists’ languages and of language use in tourism organisations in different of forms of niche tourism in Cape Town. Survey results reveal that a little more than half of all surveyed tourism organisations in Cape Town sell and promote their products using only South African languages including English whilst a minority sell and promote their products using English coupled with foreign languages. The majority of multilingual staff in those surveyed tourism organisations who have adopted multilingualism are working part-time or employed temporarily. In addition, results also indicate that English dominates other languages in public signs and printed and electronic promotional publications used by surveyed tourism organisations in Cape Town. Foreign languages are used most in tour operations and travel agencies sector whilst South African languages dominate in accommodation and restaurants sectors. On the other hand the research shows that a big proportion of foreign tourists in Cape Town were able to speak English and other foreign languages. The research shows that the majority of tourists from non-English speaking countries are more interested in learning foreign languages compared with their counterparts from English speaking countries. Only less than a quarter of all surveyed tourists from non-English speaking countries in Cape Town are monolingual in their home languages. These tourists struggle to communicate with service providers in Cape Town. Translators and gestures were used by non-English speaking tourists as a way of breaking down communication barriers in Cape Town. Contrarily, a big proportion (two thirds) of all surveyed tourists from English speaking countries in Cape Town does speak only English. Foreign tourists in Cape Town speak tourism service providers’ language rather than tourism service providers speaking tourists’ languages. The majority of tourism service providers in Cape Town are reluctant to learn foreign languages and to employ multilingual staff. This means that most tourism organisations sell and market their product in English only. Other South African languages such as Afrikaans and Xhosa are used frequently in informal communication in the ourism industry in Cape Town. Seemingly, Afrikaans dominates Xhosa in all forms of tourism except in township tourism where the majority of service providers are Xhosa-speakers. To market and promote Cape Town internationally, the tourism industry in Cape Town should employ multilingual staff who can communicate in tourists’ native languages. Multilingualism should be practised in all tourism sectors rather than in one or few sectors because all tourism sectors compliment each other in meeting customer’s satisfaction. Failure in one tourism sector may affect other tourism sectors’ performance. / South Africa

The main goal of this thesis has been to contribute towards improved understanding of how cities can influence tourism development. A great deal of earlier tourism studies has been concerned with aspects of social sustainability. This has naturally concentrated on potential as well as real anomalies and conflicts related to urban tourism. Inherent in many of such contributions is a dichotomy consisting of residents and social sustainability on the one hand, and negative impacts of tourism development (e.g. overtourism) on the other.  Research and practice have over time gravitated towards an increased focus on how urban tourism development contributes to desired social impact. This has led to new perspectives in both policy contexts and tourism research. Perspectives for how to manage tourism to mitigate negative impact are therefore being complemented by new, more strategic, questions about how tourism can contribute towards urban development goals.  Such questions, together with evidence that tourism development and urban development are mutually constitutive processes, motivate integrating policies that influence tourism into processes of urban planning. The research in this thesis has sought to contribute towards this emerging space by studying the intersections of tourism development and urban development and planning. The research questions that have emerged from this goal relate to the decision and policy making that take place in processes of urban planning when they intersect (necessarily or potentially) with tourism development.  The thesis comprises one cover essay and two research articles. The first article is based on a single case-study of a new urban development in one of the most visited places of Stockholm. The other article is a comparative case-study of Vienna and Amsterdam that studies policy development and practices for sustainable tourism developments. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from municipalities, academia and Destination Management Organizations in respective city.  Results suggest that there are important variations in how different stages of tourism development and corresponding impact influence policy making and vice-versa. The cases studied suggest that strategic choices for sustainable tourism development are available up to a certain point. If negative impact on factors related to social sustainability are excessive, policy making aimed at influencing tourism development becomes constrained mainly to mitigating impact.  Given the intersection of planning theory and tourism studies in this thesis, it can be considered a cross-disciplinary research project. Similarly, the results can hopefully contribute to a development of the understanding of how planning theory and tourism studies intersect in theories of both schools of thought. / Det övergripande målet för denna avhandling har varit att bidra till en bättre förståelse förhur städer kan påverka turismens utveckling. Mer bestämt, hur städer kan påverka turismenför att uppnå bättre social hållbarhet, genom att planera för hållbar turism i den offentligaplanprocessen. Ett grundläggande antagande för forskningen som bedrivits för detta projekthar varit att turistutveckling och stadsutveckling är två processer som sker under ömsesidigpåverkan. Utifrån detta antagande har frågorna i avhandlingen sökt utveckla vetande kringde utmaningar och egenheter som kan uppstå om turism analyseras och utvecklas genomden offentliga stadsplaneringsprocessen. Frågor har utformats för att förstå hur politiska,organisatoriska och ideologiska sammanhang påverkar dessa processer. Mycket av tidigare forskning inom turiststudier har varit bidrag till hur stadsturismensnegativa konsekvenser kan minskas. Detta har bidragit till en dikotomi inom fältet, därboendes välmående och social hållbarhet uppfattas i motsatsförhållande till turismensmöjliga negativa påverkan på städer. Genom att närma sig frågor om hur turism kananvändas mer strategiskt för att gynna stadsutvecklingens mål, avser denna avhandling attbidra till ett alternativt synsätt på hur turism kan och bör utvecklas i städer. Avhandlingen innehåller en kappa och tre fallstudier. De tre städerna som studerats äreuropeiska huvudstäder och den sociala aspekten av hållbarhet har stått i fokus.Fallstudierna har behandlats i två artiklar; den första artikeln studerar planprocessen för enny detaljplan i Stockholm, och den andra inbegriper en jämförelse av planering ochstadsutveckling med avseende till hållbar turism i Amsterdam och Wien. Information harinhämtats främst genom semi-formella intervjuer med representanter från kommuner,besöksnäringsorganisationer samt sakkunniga och akademiker från respektive stad. Studiens resultat understryker att viktiga skillnader kan observeras i hur turismensutveckling och motsvarande sociala och politiska sammanhang påverkar utformning avpolicies, och vice versa. Avhandlingen antyder att möjligheten att göra strategiska val för hurturismen bör utvecklas utifrån idéer om social hållbarhet är begränsade efter en viss punkt.När en kritisk mängd faktorer associerade med social hållbarhet påverkas negativt blirpolicies begränsade till ingrepp som avser att vända en sådan utveckling. Givet kombinationen av teorier från turismstudier med planeringsteori kan dennaavhandling ses som multi-disciplinär. Avhandlingen hoppas därför även attforskningsresultat kan bidra till en utveckling både inom fältet för turismstudier och förplaneringsstudier. / <p>QC 20221006</p>

Local festivals and cultural events, signage and streetscape improvements, and regional marketing efforts indicate that tourism is present in some Business Improvement Areas (BIAs). However, the extent and form of this relationship has never before been examined in the North America context. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the involvement of Ontario’s BIAs in tourism. It reports on the findings of a 2008 province-wide survey of approximately 260 BIAs, touching on a variety of topics, including: the proportion of BIAs that are involved in tourism, the factors prompting them to attract tourists, the ways that they promote themselves to tourists, the types of tourism experiences that they offer, the positive and negative impacts of their tourism efforts, and whether they partner with other stakeholders in tourism promotion efforts. The data are then used to propose a typology of Business Improvement Areas showing differing levels and forms of tourism involvement. The thesis concludes by considering four case studies of successful tourism-oriented BIAs (Downtown Kingston, Downtown London, Downtown Yonge and Creemore), which are examined to identify the characteristics that have led to their success. The findings show that the majority of Ontario’s Business Improvement Areas are involved in tourism, using diverse methods to promote themselves as destinations. Their tourism offering usually includes special events and festivals, but can also involve investments in other attractions. Although BIAs are aware of both positive and negative impacts from tourism, tourism management efforts are uncommon. Seven characteristics of successful tourism-oriented BIAs are identified: innovation, self-awareness, appearance, attractions, partnerships, experiences, and planning. BIAs that strongly manifest these characteristics are believed to be likely candidates to benefit from the tourism industry.

Local festivals and cultural events, signage and streetscape improvements, and regional marketing efforts indicate that tourism is present in some Business Improvement Areas (BIAs). However, the extent and form of this relationship has never before been examined in the North America context. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the involvement of Ontario’s BIAs in tourism. It reports on the findings of a 2008 province-wide survey of approximately 260 BIAs, touching on a variety of topics, including: the proportion of BIAs that are involved in tourism, the factors prompting them to attract tourists, the ways that they promote themselves to tourists, the types of tourism experiences that they offer, the positive and negative impacts of their tourism efforts, and whether they partner with other stakeholders in tourism promotion efforts. The data are then used to propose a typology of Business Improvement Areas showing differing levels and forms of tourism involvement. The thesis concludes by considering four case studies of successful tourism-oriented BIAs (Downtown Kingston, Downtown London, Downtown Yonge and Creemore), which are examined to identify the characteristics that have led to their success. The findings show that the majority of Ontario’s Business Improvement Areas are involved in tourism, using diverse methods to promote themselves as destinations. Their tourism offering usually includes special events and festivals, but can also involve investments in other attractions. Although BIAs are aware of both positive and negative impacts from tourism, tourism management efforts are uncommon. Seven characteristics of successful tourism-oriented BIAs are identified: innovation, self-awareness, appearance, attractions, partnerships, experiences, and planning. BIAs that strongly manifest these characteristics are believed to be likely candidates to benefit from the tourism industry.

Syfte: Mot bakgrund kring en ökad turism i europeiska storstäder (Statista, u.å.) har syftet med studien varit att studera Barcelona som exempel för att bidra med en djupare förståelse kring hur turister och lokalbefolkning uppfattar varandra i stadsmiljöer med högt turistantal. Samt undersöka hur turismen har förändrat stadens stadskärna och miljö (Duran, 2005). Metod: I studien har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt applicerats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer och insamling av vetenskapliga artiklar till empirin. Tolv personer som har intervjuats som har koppling till Barcelona och det sammanfattas i empirin, tillsammans med de vetenskapliga artiklarna. Slutsatser: Den här studie har undersökt Barcelona som exempel för att belysa massturism som är ett omfattande problem som även går att finna i andra europeiska storstäder. Genom de insamlade intervjuerna och de vetenskapliga artiklar påvisades det att Barcelona har fått både positiva och negativa effekter av den massiva turism som finns i staden. Utifrån de insamlade intervjusvaren kunde slutsatsen dras att den sociala aspekten har störst negativ inverkan på lokalbefolkningen i staden. / Purpose: Against the background of increased tourism in European metropolitan areas (Statista, u.o.), the purpose of the study has been to study Barcelona as an example to contribute a deeper understanding of how tourists and locals perceive each other in urban environments with a high tourist number. As well as investigating how tourism has changed the city's city center and environment (Duran, 2005). Methodology: In this study, a qualitative approach has been applied in the form of semi-structured interviews and the gathering of scientific articles of empirical data. Twelve people interviewed who are connected to Barcelona and this is summarized in empirical section, along with the scientific articles. Conclusions: This study has explored Barcelona as an example to illustrate mass tourism, which is a major problem that can be found in other European cities. Through the collected interviews and the scientific articles, it was demonstrated that Barcelona has had both positive and negative effects of the massive tourism that exists in the city. Based on the collected interview answers, it could be concluded that the social aspect has the most negative impact on local people in the city.

1 Submitted paper, strive to affect tourism management in medium size royal cities in Bohemia, in terms of strategic planning, heritage conservation, accommodation capacity and tourism attendance. Further objectives are also focused on interurban association and mutual cooperation. Quantitative research uses analysis and synthesis basics, and also comparative methods. Main inputs of this research are secondary data, especially development documents of selected cities and national statistics data. Because of numberless cultural wealth are royal cities frequently visited places. Therefore there is a preview of the role of tourism in level of strategic planning, and for quality of urban conservation areas developmental documents.

This thesis charts the increasing volume and changing nature of tourism in Europe. It was allowed by the liberalization of air travel market (the emergence of Low-Cost Carriers), and by the emergence of sharing economy (Airbnb). Followed by these changes a new segment of tourists, who were described as independent travelers, emerged. The thesis focuses on the interaction of those three factors and their effect on urban space - thus on its socio- geographic, socio-economic and socio-cultural fabric. Because of Low-Cost Carriers, tourists and travelers are concentrated in several European cities - those which were able to accommodate its environment for these airlines. In the cities, tourism spread from the concentric zones of the city center to the zones of the inner city, where a new tourist industry was adjusted for independent travelers. This touristification deepens the process of gentrification and spatial inequalities. Because of Airbnb, the limited hotel supply in the city center was surpassed, and the accommodation sector was integrated into residential fabric of the inner city. Those touristified spaces of the city become socio-culturally heterogenic. However, with increasing costs of living in the inner city, this space is more and more socio- economically homogenous. Consequently,...

Die Dissertation zeigt am Fallbeispiel Berlin, wie stadttouristische Konflikte politisch-administrativ (ent-)problematisiert werden. Die Forschung zur Governance konflikthafter touristischer Phänomene (z. B. Gewerbe-Monostrukturierung) betreibt bislang v. a. good governance-Kritik, oder sie thematisiert die Konflikt-Governance zeitdiagnostisch als Ausdruck unternehmerischer/postpolitischer Stadtpolitiken. Demgegenüber greift die Dissertation das konzeptuell etablierte Postulat auf, bereits die Deutung zu bearbeitender Probleme als zentralen Aspekt von Governance zu verstehen. In der empirisch-analytischen Anwendung wird der Governance-Begriff als „Sehhilfe“ zur differenzierten Beschreibung von problembezogenen Governance-Arrangements herangezogen. Mittels einer Dokumentenanalyse und einer Ethnografie der Tourismusmanagement-Praxis werden sechs einschlägige Techniken der (Ent-)Problematisierung tourismusbedingter Konflikte herausgearbeitet: 1. die geschichtliche Naturalisierung von Interessenskonflikten, 2. die moralische Begrenzung von Debattierbarkeit, 3. die statistische Definition von Problemwahrnehmung, 4. die konzeptuelle Regulierung von Rechenschaftspflichten, 5. die partizipatorische Thematisierung von Problemen und 6. die begriffliche Konsensualisierung von Lösungen. Das Zusammenwirken dieser Governance-Techniken wird in Anlehnung an Mariana Valverde als ein Seeing Like a Tourist City betitelt: Probleme eines konflikthaften Tourismus sind nicht gegeben, sie werden politisch-administrativ mit diversen (teils widersprüchlichen) komplexitätsreduzierenden Mitteln geformt (u. a. moralisch, statistisch, geschichtlich), kontextspezifisch artikuliert (u. a. öffentlich-medial, in Partizipationsforen), verfahrensförmig negiert und nicht zuletzt in Abhängigkeit verfügbarer Lösungen hervorgebracht. Anwendungsorientiert gewendet macht die Dissertation das Zusammenwirken der o. g. Techniken als aktives Verwalten tourismusbedingter Konflikte (an-)greifbar. / The thesis explores how conflictive urban tourism phenomena (e. g. commercial gentrification) are (de-)problematized by governmental actors in Berlin. Hitherto, research on “overtourism”-governance has been dominated by good governance criticism; alternatively, governance of conflict-prone urban tourism is discussed as manifestation of an entrepreneurial or post-political urban governance. The thesis, however, seizes on the conceptual claim to understand the way in which tourism conflicts are framed, constructed or contested by governmental bodies as key aspect of governance. Employing the notion of governance as analytical lens to comprehensively describe problem-oriented governance settings, six key techniques used to (de-)problematize tourism-induced conflicts haven been identified (building on document analysis and an ethnography of destination management practice): 1. Mobilising history to naturalise conflicts; 2. Limiting the debate about conflict-prone tourism under moral aspects; 3. Defining the perception of problems statistically; 4. Adjusting accountability conceptually; 5. Addressing problems by means of participatory forums; 6. Achieving consensual solutions by notions (e. g. “sustainability”). Referring to Valverde the combination of the governance techniques is dubbed as Seeing Like a Tourist City: problems of conflictive tourism do not exist a priori, but are constructed in an active political-administrative way. Problems of conflictive tourism are framed by (in part contractionary) ways of knowing (morally, statistically, by legends); conflicts are represented in highly context-specific manners, they are denied by administrative proceedings and intimately linked to the availability of solutions. The combination of the above-mentioned governance techniques represents an “active administration” of tourism conflicts; the „busy“ but noncommittal governance remains in well-established patterns of (discursively) reconciling problems and solutions.

Enligt Tillväxtverket (2019) har den totala konsumtionen inom svensk turismnäring ökat med 124% mellan åren 2000–2018. Denna trend kan även utläsas för den svenska naturturismen där en studie från Mittuniversitet (2014) visade att det inom naturturism omsätts ca 3.6 miljarder kronor varje år och att 40% av företagen var i en tillväxtfas (Fredman, Margaryan, 2014). En form av naturturism som växt sig stark norra Sverige under senare år är norrskenturismen (Jóhannesson &amp; Lund, 2017; Mathisen, 2017; Friedman, 2010), som i enbart Kiruna kommun beräknas omsätta runt 100 miljoner varje år (Naturturismföretagen. 2019). Idag är denna typ av turism framförallt koncentrerad till landsbygden med långa avstånd och höga resekostnader som följd. Samtidigt som många turister har en negativ påverkan på djur och natur (Björnsdóttir, 2015). Syftet med studien är således att ta fram och föra en diskussion kring vilka aspekter av en belysningsanläggning som är viktiga för att göra norrskensturismen mer stadsnära och tillgänglig för en större del av befolkningen. Arbetet ska även ge förslag på generella anpassningar av den artificiella belysningen som kan appliceras på anläggningen. Metoden som används är en kombination av litteraturstudie, intervjuer och en analys av befintliga belysningsprogram. Litteraturstudien gav en bakgrundsundersökning inom ämnet samt tydliggjorde hur studiens syfte skulle formuleras. Intervjuerna genomfördes med fyra ljusdesigners där deras tankar och idéer gällande vilka aspekter som anses viktiga för att skapa en stadsnära norrskensturism. I studiens sista steg analyserades redan befintliga belysningsprogram från städer där belysningsanläggningen anpassats för att minimera stadens ljusföroreningar. Analyserna gav sedan konkreta åtgärdsförslag som jämfördes med intervjudeltagarnas resonemang. Studiens resultat visar på att armaturavskärmning, ljusfördelning, ljuspunktshöjder och belysningsstyrning anses vara de viktigaste aspekterna för den artificiella belysningen. Lagar, standarder och andra former av styrdokument är en annan aspekt som ofta togs upp, med resonemang för hur dessa kan påverka en belysningsanläggnings hösta respektive lägsta nivå. Gällande de generella förslagen på anpassningar redovisas att både anpassningar av ljuskällors färgtemperaturer och ljusriktning kan appliceras på en anläggning förhållandevis enkelt. Men att en väl anpassad belysningsstyrning är svårare, det ska dock tilläggas att denna anpassning kan ha större och mer positiv påverkan för en norrskensanpassad belysningsanläggning. Till de personer som vill utveckla denna typ av projekt rekommenderas att i ett tidigt skede blanda in eventuella intressenter och ta hänsyn till deras aspekter. Arbetets ämnesområde är relativt outforskat och en väl utförd förstudie inför projektet är därför av stor vikt för att minimera eventuella misstag. Studien begränsas av att enbart ta hänsyn till och föra en diskussion kring de aspekter som uppkommit under intervjuerna. Dessa aspekter är endast hämtade ur en ljusdesigners perspektiv och tydliggör således inte andra intressenters intressen inom ämnet. / According to The Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (2019) the total consumption of tourism in Sweden has grown with 124% between the years 2000-2018. This trend that also applies for the Swedish nature-tourism where a study from Mid Sweden University (2014) shows that nature-based tourism each year has approximately 3.6 billion SEK in turnover, and that 40% of concerned businesses is in a phase of growth (Fredman &amp; Margaryan, 2014). Northern light-tourism is a form of nature-tourism that has grown quickly in northern Sweden in recent years (Jóhannesson &amp; Lund, 2017; Mathisen, 2017; Friedman, 2010). In Kiruna alone it is estimated that the northern light tourism alone has a revenue of 100 million SEK each year (Swedish Nature and Ecotourism Association, 2019). This form of tourism often has a high traveling costs and is concentrated to the countryside with far traveling distances between each site. In the same time, a lot of tourists on the countryside has a negative impact on the nature and wildlife (Björnsdóttir, 2015). The purpose of this study is therefore to point out and discuss around different aspects concerning the artificial lighting with an impact on how we can develop a northern light- tourism in a more urban environment. The study shall also give general suggestions for how these aspects can be adapted into a light installation. The method that is use in this research is a literature study, interviews and an analyse of four cities’ lighting masterplans. The literature study was used to specify the foundation and aim of the study. Where the interviews clarified the important aspect for an urban development of northern light-tourism from a lighting designers’ point of view. In the last phase of the study, four lighting masterplans with a clear focus on how to prevent light pollution where analysed. These analyses then gave some action proposals that can be compared to the answers from the interview participants. The results from the study show that shielded luminaires, light distributions, luminaire installation height and lighting controls are considered to have the largest impact on the lighting installation regarding the visibility of the northern light. Also, laws and regulations were a common answer, with some reasoning about the regulations of max and min requirements from an installation. Regarding the general proposals some suggestions concerning luminaire colour temperature and light distribution can quite easy be applied to an installation, in comparison to a more complicated lighting control. To everyone that would like to develop a project of this kind it is recommended that in an early stage get in contact with any stakeholders and listen to their opinions. In that way any mistakes are minimised even though the topic of this study is relatively unexplored.The study is limited to only show and discuss the answers that came up under the interviews, and that these answers is only reproduced from a lighting designers’ point of view.