Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié d’une manière structurée et détaillée la sémantique des verbes gnat’ et gonjat’. Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord formalisé leur potentiel sémantique qui comprend les composants de leur valeur de base et ce qu’ils génèrent dans des situations nouvelles, dans des cotextes particuliers. Pour chaque valeur sémantique, nous avons présenté un schéma sémantique, un schéma actantiel en précisant les rôles sémantiques, la nature des actants et leur réalisation syntaxique, ainsi que des illustrations d’emploi dans des cotextes des plus représentatifs, des synonymes, la famille morphologique. Les valeurs plus ou moins communes à gnat’ et à gonjat’ ont été étudiées ensemble, ce qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence leurs similitudes et différences. Puis, nous avons traité la question de la catégorie grammaticale des verbes de mouvement. Après avoir exposé les propriétés traditionnellement attribuées aux corrélats déterminé / indéterminé et les particularités qui sont générées dans l’emploi de chacun de ces corrélats, nous avons analysé la corrélation déterminé / indéterminé en général, et en particulier, entre gnat’ et gonjat’. Faisant partie de la catégorie grammaticale des verbes de mouvement, gnat’ et gonjat’ s’opposent sur le plan grammatical en tant que déterminé vs indéterminé et leurs caractéristiques grammaticales induisent quelques différences sémantiques. Ainsi, la plupart des différences observées entre gnat’ et gonjat’ ne sont pas en fait pas d’ordre lexical, mais résultent des différences grammaticales du déterminé gnat’ et de l’indéterminé gonjat’. Dans la partie consacrée à la dérivation morphologique, nous avons eu pour objectif d’examiner les effets de la préverbation et les modifications de sens que la préverbation entraîne pour ces verbes. Nous avons étudié les préverbés formés sur la base de gnat’ / gonjat’ à valeur spatiale en les regroupant en fonction de l’orientation spatiale : à partir du point de départ, vers le point d’arrivée, les deux en même temps ou en rapport avec un repère. Une attention minutieuse a été accordée aux différences sémantiques et aspectuelles de certains préverbés partageant les mêmes valeurs spatiales. L’étude des préverbés combinés aux préverbes à valeur non spatiale a été organisée en fonction de la morphologie de l’aspect : les préverbés hors couple et les couples de verbes. Quelques particularités ont été observées. Pour que l’étude sémantique soit complète, nous y avons inclus la question des phrasèmes comportant ces verbes. Puis, nous avons analysé le parallélisme qui existe entre gnat’ / gonjat’ simples et préverbés et le verbe dit de position sidet’ : les valeurs que ces verbes ont en commun et aussi, les limites de leur corrélation, Enfin, en partant directement des situations linguistiques concrètes avec gnat’ / gonjat’ simples et préverbés nous avons exposé un certain nombre de mécanismes qui aboutissent à un effet expressif. / In this thesis, we have studied the semantics of the verbs gnat’ and gonjat’ in a structured and extensive way. To achieve this, we began by structuring their semantic potential, which includes their basic value and what it produces in new situations, in specific cotexts. For each semantic value, we have presented a semantic schema, mapping the semantic roles of the actants, their nature and their syntactic development, together with examples of usage in the most representative cotexts, the synonyms, the morphological family. The more or less common values of gnat’ and gonjat’ have been studied together, so that we could bring their similarities and differences to light. Then, we dealt with the question of the grammatical category of the verbs of motion. Having presented the usually attributed properties of the correlate determined / indetermined and the particularities that emerge in the usage of each of these correlates, we have focused on the determined / indetermined correlation in general and between gnat’ and gonjat’ in particular. While belonging to the same grammatical category of the verbs of motion, both gnat’ and gonjat’ are opposed on a grammatical level, as determined and indetermined, and their grammatical characteristics lead to some semantical differences. Hence, most of the observed differences between gnat’ and gonjat’ are not of a lexical type; they are rather the result of the semantical differences between the determined gnat’ and the indetermined gonjat’. In the part of our thesis dedicated to morphological derivation, our goal was to study the impacts of verbal prefixation and the change of meaning as a result of the prefixation for these verbs. We have studied prefixed verbs based on gnat’ / gonjat’ with spatial meanings, clustering them depending on their spatial orientation: from the starting point, to the point of arrival, both at the same time or in relation to a landmark. A particular focus has been placed on the semantical and aspectual differences of some verbs with prefixes that share the same spatial values. The analysis of verbs with spatial prefixes was done according to the morphology of the aspect: the verbs with prefixes outside aspectual pairs and the pair of verbs. Some particularities have been observed. For the semantic study to be complete, we have added the question of the phrasemes using these verbs. Then, we studied the similarity between gnat’ and gonjat’ in their simple and prefixed forms and the verb of position sidet’: what those verbs have in common but also the limits of their similarities. Finally, we have taken concrete linguistic situations involving gnat’ and gonjat’ in their simple and prefixed forms in order to outline a number of mechanisms leading to an expressive result.

The research reported in this thesis explores the degree of authenticity of the formulaic language used by NNSs and the extent to which a learner's L1 interferes in the production of different types of multi-word units, namely non-idiomatic recurrent three and four-word combinations (lexical bundles), phrasal and prepositional verbs and collocation. Drawing on Granger's Contrastive Interlanguage analysis (CIA 1996), the investigation is conducted on two different learner sample corpora and subsequently contrasted with a native sample corpus. The study aims to prove that multi-word units pose a challenge for learners for several reasons. In general terms, learners are assumed to operate predominantly on what Sinclair calls the open-choice principle, that is to say their production will be less idiomatic than that of native speakers'. This assumption is independently tested on different types of phraseological combinations. As regards non-idiomatic recurrent word combinations, learners are expected to be more repetitive in their three- and four-word combinations and use less creativity in their writing. Concerning the phrasal verbs, it is highly likely to observe a small number of phrasal verbs in the non-native writing whereas prepositional verbs are considered problematic for learners due to the...

The dissertation deals with semantic relations between adjectives and deadjectival verbs in Czech. It focuses on the question how the property scale conveyed by adjectives is encoded in the semantics of deadjectival verbs. After the first chapter which presents the topic of the dissertation, in the second chapter, I describe the theoretical and methodological context of contemporary linguistics from a broader perspective in order to relate the theoretical and methodological procedures present in this paper to the current linguistic development. The third chapter pursues the semantics of adjectives in Czech and various approaches to their classification. It presents a scalar classification of adjectives according to which adjectives denote a scale of some property, i.e. an ordered set of degrees along a dimension. With support of empirical research (based on a questionnaire survey and corpus data) I show that it is possible to implement the scalar model into the description of Czech adjectives. This approach states that adjectives are one of many means in language that serve to express measurement (and attribute it to objects and individuals). At the end of the chapter, I propose a classification of Czech adjectives and generalize prototypical semantics of adjectival classes by vector constructions...

Os prefixos germânicos de alguns verbos suecos serão comparados numa análise contrastiva com as relativas equivalências em português e em italiano num corpus paralelo escrito composto por um romance de língua sueca, um de língua portuguesa e um de língua italiana e pelas suas respectivas traduções. As funções desenvolvidas pelos prefixos germânicos dos verbos suecos analisados serão examinadas e depois confrontadas com as relativas equivalências, com o resultado que também nas duas línguas românicas relevam-se, de maneira bastante constante, procedimentos gramaticais parecidos aos desenvolvidos pelos prefixos germânicos. / Germanic prefixes of which some Swedish verbs are composed are going to be compared in acontrastive analysis with their relative equivalences in Portuguese and Italian in a parallel written corpus characterized by a Swedish-language romance, a Portuguese-language romance and an Italian language romance, and by their relative translations. The functions executed by the German prefixes of the analysed Swedish verbs are going to be examined and then compared with their relative equivalences, with the result that even in the Romance languages it is possible to find in a quite constant way grammatical processes which are similar to those executed by the Germanic prefixes. / I prefissi germanici di alcuni verbi svedesi saranno comparati in un'analisi contrastiva con le relative equivalenze in portoghese e in italiano in un corpus parallelo scritto composto da un romanzo di lingua svedese, uno di lingua portoghese e uno di lingua italiana e dalle rispettive traduzioni. Le funzioni svolte dai prefissi germanici dei verbi svedesi analizzati saranno esaminate e poi confrontate con le relative equivalenze, con il risultato che anche nelle due lingue romanze si riscontrano in maniera abbastanza costante processi grammaticali simili a quelli svolti dai prefissi germanici. / De germanska prefix som återfinns i vissa svenska verb kommer att jämföras med sina motsvarigheter på portugisiska och italienska. Detta görs med hjälp av en skriven korpus bestående av en roman ursprungligen skriven på svenska, en skriven på portugisiska och en skriven på italienska samt översättningar av dessa romaner till de två andra språken. Funktionen hos de svenska verben med germanska prefix kommer att analyseras och sedan jämföras med verbens motsvarigheter. Resultatet av analysen visar att det är möjligt att finna systematiskt återkommande grammatiska processer i de romanska språken, som liknar de som förekommer i samband med de germanska prefixen på svenska.

Os prefixos germânicos de alguns verbos suecos serão comparados numa análise contrastiva com as relativas equivalências em português e em italiano num corpus paralelo escrito composto por um romance de língua sueca, um de língua portuguesa e um de língua italiana e pelas suas respectivas traduções. As funções desenvolvidas pelos prefixos germânicos dos verbos suecos analisados serão examinadas e depois confrontadas com as relativas equivalências, com o resultado que também nas duas línguas românicas relevam-se, de maneira bastante constante, procedimentos gramaticais parecidos aos desenvolvidos pelos prefixos germânicos. / Germanic prefixes of which some Swedish verbs are composed are going to be compared in a contrastive analysis with their relative equivalences in Portuguese and Italian in a parallel written corpus characterized by a Swedish-language romance, a Portuguese-language romance and an Italian-language romance, and by their relative translations. The functions executed by the German prefixes of the analysed Swedish verbs are going to be examined and then compared with their relative equivalences, with the result that even in the Romance languages it is possible to find in a quite constant way grammatical processes which are similar to those executed by the Germanic prefixes. / I prefissi germanici di alcuni verbi svedesi saranno comparati in un’analisi contrastiva con le relative equivalenze in portoghese e in italiano in un corpus parallelo scritto composto da un romanzo di lingua svedese, uno di lingua portoghese e uno di lingua italiana e dalle rispettive traduzioni. Le funzioni svolte dai prefissi germanici dei verbi svedesi analizzati saranno esaminate e poi confrontate con le relative equivalenze, con il risultato che anche nelle due lingue romanze si riscontrano in maniera abbastanza costante processi grammaticali simili a quelli svolti dai prefissi germanici. / De germanska prefix som återfinns i vissa svenska verb kommer att jämföras med sina motsvarigheter på portugisiska och italienska. Detta görs med hjälp av en skriven korpus bestående av en roman ursprungligen skriven på svenska, en skriven på portugisiska och en skriven på italienska samt översättningar av dessa romaner till de två andra språken. Funktionen hos de svenska verben med germanska prefix kommer att analyseras och sedan jämföras med verbens motsvarigheter. Resultatet av analysen visar att det är möjligt att finna systematiskt återkommande grammatiska processer i de romanska språken, som liknar de som förekommer i samband med de germanska prefixen på svenska.