This diploma thesis deals with the theatre play The Threepenny Opera by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht. The first part contains a formal analysis and a content interpretation of this literary work. This analysis is used as a basis for the second part of the thesis, which contains the description and comparison of three stage productions of the play in the theatres in three different European capitals between 2007 and 2011. These theaters are: The Berliner Ensemble, The National Theatre in Prague and The Volkstheater in Vienna.

Dominant un vaste territoire au nord des Alpes occidentales, les Allobroges ont su profiter de l’essor insufflé par le Pax Romana. Leur cité, Vienne, au coeur de la Narbonnaise, connaît sa période la plus florissante aux deux premiers siècles de notre ère, fondant sa remarquable prospérité sur différentes promotions juridiques et sur une certaine réussite économique. Le peuple allobroge et ses notables prennent le parti d’une latinisation précoce et nouent dès le début du Principat des liens étroits avec Rome, ce qui entraine des mutations culturelles et sociales profondes.Bien que cette cité romanisée et aristocratique nous soit bien connue, la complexité de sa société s’exprime encore aujourd’hui autour de notions telles que l’identité, le rôle ou la fonction. Or, la qualité et la diversité du patrimoine archéologique, les témoignages épigraphiques comme iconographiques parvenus jusqu’à nous peuvent permettre de mieux comprendre la construction identitaire de ce peuple.En effet, Le développement municipal va s’accompagner d’une dimension spirituelle. L’implication des magistrats civils et des institutions religieuses à travers les prêtrises référencées, l’influence des grandes familles, la portée des actes d’évergétisme de citoyens plus ou moins fortunés et la place des femmes dans la ferveur viennoise expliquent notamment le développement et la vitalité du culte impérial, le succès rencontré par les divinités gréco-romaines, l’implantation de religions à Mystères et la pérennité de certaines divinités indigènes.Cette étude propose aux lecteurs de saisir les interactions entre dévots, dédicants et intégration des élites tout au long de cette période pour apporter un éclairage nouveau sur cette société singulière, tout en appréhendant les particularités et la richesse du panthéon viennois / Dominating a north western-Alpes vast territory, the Allobroges have taken advantage of the growth breathed by the Pax Romana. Their civitas, Vienna, in the heart of Narbonne area, knows its bourishing period on the first both centuries, basing its remarkable prosperity on various legal promotions and on a certain economic success. The allobroge people and his notables choose an earlier romanisation and establish narrows links connections with Rome as soon as the start of the Principat which influence deeps cultural and social alterations.Although our good knowledge about this romanised and aristocratic civitas, the complexity of his society still express itself today around notions like identity, role or function. Now, the quality and diversity of the archaeological culture heritage, the epigraphic and iconographic evidences reached until us allow for better understanding the identity structure of this people.So, it's a fact that the municipal growing will be accompanied by a spiritual dimension. The involvement of the civilian magistrates, religious institutions through the referenced priesthood, the influence of the great families, significance of the displayed religious acts of citizen, more or less riched and the place of the women in the viennese fervour, notably explain the development and the vitality of the imperial religion, the success met by the greek-roman divinities, the establishment of religions with mysteries and the permanence of some native divinities.This study proposes to the readers to seize the interactions between devouts persons, dedicaters and integration of the elites during all this period for providing a new lighting on this singular society, grasping the particularities and wealth of the viennese's Pantheon

The Diploma Thesis deals with the President of the Republic and his/her relation to the International Treaties, to the Negotiation, the Approval and the Ratification. The work contains both international and national perspective of the problem. The thesis is a reflection of the ongoing expert debate, to which extent has the President of the Republic the constitutional right of decision-making autonomy in the field of International Treaties of the Czech Republic. The thesis analyses the current legal situation and presents up-to-date juridical opinions together with arguments from the political science.

The dissertation thesis is considered with the development of capital markets in Austria before 1918. The Austrian capital market originated during the 18th century as the place for distribution of government securities. In 1771 the Vienna Stock Exchange was established as the first organized place for securities trading in the former Austrian Monarchy. The government securities remained the major investment instrument traded till 1918. In primary decades the Austrian capital market was nearly connected with the development of Austrian currency especially in times before the Austrian state bankruptcy in 1811 and then in times of the following effort of the Austrian government aiming the correction of Austrian currency. This aiming culminated in establishing of the Privileged Austrian National Bank as the first central bank in the former Austrian Monarchy. From about 1830 private securities were traded in the Vienna Stock Exchange as well. In primary decades these private securities were especially represented by equities and bonds of railway companies. The peak of private emissions related to the Austrian capital markets could be documented round 1870 in the framework of the so called founder times. These founder times were ended in Mai 1873 by the crisis on the Vienna Stock Exchange. After 1873 the Austrian capital market went back to the situation from the early 19th century, i.e. it can be seen the dominant role of government securities connected with the decrease of importance of the Austrian capital market as the place for company finance funding. After 1880 there is the origin of the very strong connection between the industrial companies on the one side and the banking sector on the other side which was typical not only for the former Austrian -- Hungarian Monarchy but also for German Empire and for other Middle European countries. The decrease of importance of the private securities was also caused by the nationalization of the Austrian railway companies after 1879. During the World War I the Vienna Stock Exchange as well as other stock exchange in the Monarchy was out of business. During this time the Austrian public debt was multiplied and the Austrian currency under strong inflation. After 1918 the Vienna Stock Exchange lost much from its former importance to the prejudice of the Prague Stock Exchange above all.

Une théorie empiriste de la connaissance affirme que le langage est doté de la capacité à « représenter » quelque chose d'autre que le langage lui-même. A la fin du XVIIe siècle, en effet, Locke et ses successeurs ont analysé empiriquement ce à quoi nos idées ressemblent et que les mots représentent mentalement. Autour des années trente, Schlick et ses camarades du Cercle de Vienne se servent des acquis linguistico-logiques de Frege, Russell et Wittgenstein pour analyser logiquement les propositions scientifiques, leur correspondance avec les états de choses qu'elles représentent. Avec eux, la philosophie analytique devra dorénavant ramener les problèmes de la connaissance au niveau de l'expérience langagière. C'est là que réside le caractère radical et réductionniste d'une démarche empiriste : les empiristes classiques ont fixé dans la perception la genèse chronologique de nos idées et nos pensées ; à leur tour, les Viennois déterminent le sens d'une proposition en la traduisant en propositions élémentaires, dites « Protokollsätze », qui renvoient directement au donné empirique. A la même période, Carnap se démarque des autres empiristes logiques en posant les problèmes du langage de la science en termes de reconstruction rationnelle des concepts et, cela, en introduisant de nouveaux concepts à partir de ceux déjà connus comme concepts de base phénoméniste (dans l'Aufbau en 1928) ou physicaliste (au cours des années trente). Tel est son réductionnisme logique qu'il renforce par la syntaxe logique. L'analyse logique ne porte pas sur le donné mais sur la proposition, et en particulier sur les propriétés formelles et des relations purement logiques qu'entretiennent les propositions dans un système. Carnap tente de libéraliser la démarche empiriste en assouplissant le critère de scientificité et, conformément à son « Principe de Tolérance », en adjoignant à l'ancrage empirique des questions de conventions pour la structure des propositions scientifiques. Il modère la critique viennoise de la métaphysique en attribuant à la philosophie, devenue « la logique de la science », la tâche de méthodes et formes adéquates pour la construction du langage de la science. / An empiricist theory of knowledge argues that language has the capacity to represent something other than itself. Beginning from the end of the 17th century, Locke and his successors analysed empirically what our ideas are reflections of and what words represent in the mind. At the beginning of the 1930s, Schlick and his Vienna Circle colleagues exploited the logico-linguistic advances of Frege, Russell and Wittgenstein in the logical analysis of scientific propositions, i.e. their correspondence with the states of affairs they represent. Following their example, analytic philosophy would henceforth reduce problems of knowledge to the level of linguistic experience. This is where the radical and reductionist character of the empiricist perspective is to be found: the classical empiricists identified the chronological genesis of our ideas and thoughts in perception; the Vienna Circle philosophers in their turn determine the meaning of a proposition by translating it into elementary propositions or Protokollsätze, which reflect directly an empirical “given”. During the same period, Carnap distances himself from his fellow empiricists by formulating the formulating the problems of scientific language in terms of the rational reconstruction of concepts by introducing new concepts based on those already identified as fundamental from a phenomenalist (the Aufbau, 1928) or physicalist (during the 1930s) perspective. This is the logical reductionism that Carnap reinforces through logical syntax. For him, logical analysis is less concerned with the given than with the proposition, and in particular with the formal properties and purely logical relations between propositions within a system. Carnap attempts in this way to “liberalize” empiricism, both by rendering more flexible and open its claim to be scientific and, in conformity to his “Tolerance Principle”, in adding questions of conventions to the empirical grounding of scientific propositions. In attributing to philosophy, understood as “the logic of science”, the task of elaborating forms and methods adequate to the construction of the language of science, he thus moderates the Viennese critique of metaphysics.

Trata-se do estudo da casuística internacional sobre as violações cometidas pelos Estados Unidos da América contra o artigo 36 da Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares de 1963. A Corte Internacional de Justiça e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos interpretam, regulamentam e aprimoram o direito de informação sobre assistência consular para preso estrangeiro, que deixa de ser visto como um direito puramente inter-Estatal por ambos os tribunais. Abordamse questões de Direito Internacional Público, como a força vinculante das decisões da Corte Internacional de Justiça, e sua íntima relação com o direito interno do Estado parte do tratado, inclusive com relação aos Estados terceiros ao litígio internacional, como o Brasil. Em sendo um componente do pacote das garantias do devido processo legal, o prejuízo causado ao réu estrangeiro pela falta de informação sobre o direito de assistência consular pode ensejar o reconhecimento de nulidade processual penal absoluta. / This is the study of international cases relating the violations committed by the United States of America against the article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963. The International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have the opportunity to interpret, regulate and enhance the right to information on consular assistance to foreign detainee, who is no longer seen as a purely inter-State law by both Courts. The study addresses issues of Public International Law, as the binding force of decisions of the International Court of Justice, and its close relationship with the Domestic Law of the State party to the treaty, including with respect to third states to the international dispute. Considered a human right, part of the package of guarantees of due process, the demonstrated prejudice caused to the foreign defendant for lack of information about his right to consular assistance may cause the recognition of absolute nullity of criminal procedure.

Entre os anos de 1960 e 1978, diversos artistas europeus e norte-americanos recorreram em suas obras a práticas que remontam a antigos rituais de sacrifício religioso. Os documentos fotográficos e videográficos que restaram dessas ações chegam ao século XXI exercendo ainda, no encontro com as audiências do presente, uma notável performatividade que envolve a produção de rumores, sensacionalismos e mal-entendidos, mas também a produção de novas e novas performances do sacrifício. Esta tese propõe como ponto de partida metodológico uma arqueologia (Michel Foucault) da massa documental que envolve um nascimento da \"arte corporal\" na França e nos Estados Unidos entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, afim de deslocar uma ontologia da performance (Peggy Phelan) que, ainda hoje, especialmente no âmbito dessas poéticas, evoca a noção de \"real\" para o centro das discussões que envolvem a relação entre documento e performance. Nesse sentido, a tese apresenta o conceito de monumento sacrificial: a imagem de um corpo sacrificado ou a imagem de um corpo sacrificante que exerce sobre o corpo histórico da performance art uma repetição, ao evocar esse \"real\" enquanto risco, asco, dor, morte, destruição, ferida que fere - sacrifício. Dividida em duas partes, a tese propõe como hipótese uma passagem, no âmbito de uma história primordial destas poéticas, do corpo sacrificante - corpo sob o signo do excesso - para o corpo sacrificado - corpo sob o signo do martírio -, ocorrida na virada dos anos de 1960 para 1970. O conceito de sacrifício, por sua vez, é aqui desenvolvido, de um lado, a partir dos escritos de Georges Bataille e da estranha posição que o escritor ocupa no curso de uma história das teorias do sacrifício religioso modernas; e de outro, a partir dos monumentos sacrificiais produzidos, na década de 1960, por quatro artistas austríacos associados ao chamado Acionismo de Viena. Acredito que a imaginação sacrificial de Bataille e os monumentos sacrificiais de Rudolf Schwarzkogler, Günter Brus, Hermann Nitsch e Otto Muehl propiciam um olhar crítico sobre as poéticas e as políticas do sacrifício ontem e hoje. / Between the years of 1960 and 1978, several European and American artists have employed in their works practices that go back to ancient rituals of religious sacrifice. The photographic and videographic documents that remain of these actions arrive at the 21st century still exerting, in the meeting with the audiences of the present, a remarkable performativity that involves the production of rumors, sensationalisms and misunderstandings, but also the production of new performances of sacrifice This thesis proposes as a methodological starting point an archeology (Michel Foucault) of the documentary mass that involves the birth of the \"body art\" in France and in the United States between the 1960s and 1970s, in order to displace an ontology of performance (Peggy Phelan) which, even today, especially in the context of these poetics, evokes the notion of \"real\" to the center of the discussions that involves the relationship between document and performance. In this sense, the thesis presents the concept of a sacrificial monument: the image of a sacrificed body or the imagem of a sacrificing body which exerts upon the historical body of performance art a repetition, evoking this \"real\" as risk, disgust, pain, death, destruction, a wound which hurts - sacrifice. Divided into two parts, the thesis proposes as a hypothesis a turn point, within a primordial history of these poetics, from the sacrificing body - body under the sign of excess - to the sacrificed body - body under the sign of martyrdom -, that occurred in the early 1970\'s. The concept of sacrifice, for its turn, is developed here, on the one hand, from the writings of Georges Bataille and the strange position that he occupies in the course of a history of theories of modern religious sacrifice; and on the other hand, the concept is developed from the sacrificial monuments produced in the 1960s by four Austrian artists associated with the so-called Viennese Actionism. I belive that Bataille\'s sacrificial imagination and the sacrificial monuments by Rudolf Schwarzkogler, Günter Brus, Hermann Nitsch and Otto Muehl provide a critical gaze on the poetics and politcs of sacrifice of the past and the present.

English: In this thesis I examine the concept of satirical silence as the compositional principle of Karl Kraus’s drama Die letzten Tage der Menschheit to demonstrate the ways in which the features of modern satire introduce the recipient to the construction of its critique. In Kraus’s drama, silence manifests itself twofold: as a reaction to the First World War and as the only remaining form of satire in the context of public war-euphoria and the widespread use of the press and war-coverage as propaganda tools. From the interruption of Kraus’s periodical Die Fackel at the beginning of the war to the satirical treatment of the homefront in his drama, Kraus’s silence represents a performance of imposed powerlessness. By approaching Kraus’s drama with Walter Benjamin’s concept of storytelling, I analyze satirical silence as an appropriate aesthetic response to the prevailing social conditions and thus to the changing character of the public sphere in modern society. Benjamin’s concept of storytelling and his description of incommunicability as a characteristic of post-war society are at the center of my analysis of modern satire as a reception-based literary practice. Given that satire is a social conversation practice between satirist and recipient, I argue that Kraus’s use of drama as a medium for reprocessing the First World War is built upon the ability of the dramatic form to show how silence emerges as the result of a break between the conversation partners of satire. German: In dieser Arbeit beschreibe ich das Konzept des satirischen Schweigens als Gestaltungsform von Karl Kraus’ Drama Die letzten Tage der Menschheit, um hierin die Züge der modernen Satire in der Hinwendung zum Rezipienten zur Formulierung der satirischen Kritik zu erweisen. Das Schweigen manifestiert sich in Kraus’ Drama sowohl als Reaktion gegenüber dem Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges, wie auch als die einzig verbleibende Gestaltungsform der Satire angesichts des Verlusts ihres Publikums an den Kriegsenthusiasmus und die propagandistisch gestimmte mediale Berichterstattung. Von der Unterbrechung der Publikation seiner Zeitschrift Die Fackel zu Beginn des Krieges hin zur Dokumentation der Heimatfront in seinem Drama bekundet das Schweigen des Satirikers eine Ausdruckskraft in der erzwungenen Ausdruckslosigkeit. Mit Walter Benjamins Konzept des Erzählens analysiere ich das satirische Schweigen als angemessene ästhetische Reaktion auf die gesellschaftlichen Gegebenheiten und somit veränderten Umstände der öffentlichen Rezeption in der modernen Gesellschaft. Benjamins Konzept des Erzählens sowie seine Beschreibung der Unmitteilbarkeit der Nachkriegsgesellschaft bilden die theoretische Fundierung meiner Analyse der modernen Satire als rezeptionsästhetische Kategorie. Ausgehend von dem Verständnis der Satire als ein soziales Gespräch zwischen Satiriker und Rezipient, sehe ich Kraus’ Zuwendung zum Drama als Medium der Aufarbeitung des Ersten Weltkrieges in dem dramatischen Vermögen begründet, das Schweigen als Bruch der Gesprächsteilnehmer, als Bruch der Beziehung von Satire und Öffentlichkeit zu dialogisieren. / Graduate / 2020-09-25

This thesis deals with the nowadays largely unknown Austrian author Raoul Auernheimer (1876-1948). It is an attempt at a presentation of his life and work, the main part dealing with four of his works, the play Talent (1900), the long story Laurenz Hallers Praterfahrt (1913), the novel Das Kapital (1923) and the autobiographical report Die Zeit im Lager (1939). My purpose is to investigate to what extent his works reflect time, Auernheimers life and the city of Vienna. An introductory chapter on life and work deals with the most important events in his life. It is clear, that he was one of the major personalities in the field of culture in Vienna before and after World War I and an outstanding intellectual who stood for democratic values. When he was 61 the Nazis forced him to leave Austria, after first having put him into the concentration camp Dachau for five months. He was then in exile in the USA where, in spite of a heart condition, he lived on for nine more years. A section on secondary literature and an almost complete catalogue of his works show their versatility, scope and scale. In this context, his significant role as a drama critic, journalist and essayist becomes evident. The city of Vienna is a central theme in the four works I examined and each date of origin (1900, 1913, 1923, 1939) is significant for the work itself. Work and date indicate radical changes in his literary production and constitute a step in the direction of becoming a person who thinks politically. However these changes meant very little to his literary style, which shows continuity. In his works he basically remains a Feuilletonist and playwright. More and more Auernheimer shows his solidarity with the vulnerable groups of society. This is conveyed indirectly, virtually through ‘participating observation‘. By each time describing conditions accurately and exactly, he criticizes current deficiencies. Concerning language it is apparent, that irony is important to his style. Since he views his world critically, he uses it to make social conditions clear. The style of the Feuilleton, in which linguistic brilliance and harmony of text are important components, is characteristic of this author. It is the style of the journalist and critic. Keywords: Raoul Auernheimer, continuity, change, life, work, journalist, critic, Talent, Laurenz Hallers Praterfahrt, Das Kapital, Die Zeit im Lager, time influence, social conditions, participating observation, criticism of current deficiencies, city of Vienna, style of the Feuilleton, irony   Lennart Weiss, Department of Modern Languages, Box 636, Uppsala University, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden   © Lennart Weiss 2010

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