Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) reste connue pour son engagement pacifiste. Son ouvrage Bas les Armes! (1889) lui a valu une grande notoriété mondiale, avant la première guerre mondiale. Son engagement dans le mouvement de la paix qu’elle a contribué à organiser lui a valu le prix Nobel de la paix en 1905. Engagée dans multiples combats, elle est encore méconnue. Où la situer ? Comment caractériser sa lutte pour la paix, l’émancipation des femmes ou la sécularisation de la société, alors qu’émerge en Europe un discours pacifiste et libérateur ? Il importait de mettre en évidence sa rupture face à la tradition et sa position spécifique politiquement non révolutionnaire. Voilà à quoi s’attache la présente thèse, qui s’appuie sur l’analyse inédite des romans et nouvelles à tonalité autobiographique, et qui s’emploie à jeter un éclairage sur l’influence persistante de la philosophie populaire des Lumières allemandes à la fin du XIXe siècle. Ainsi se trouve montrée l’actualité des positions de cette aristocrate novatrice / Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) is well known for her commitment to peace. Her book Lay down your arms! (1889) made her famous before World War First. She becam one of main advocates of the idea of universal peace through the creation of a European suprantional identity. She owes the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize to her international fame. But beyond this fight she was committed to the defence of women or against the dogmatism of society and the church. How to define the consistency of her many fights at the very time when a pacifist and emancipating discourse was emerging ? the present thesis, based on a original analysis of the author's novels and short stories with an autobiographical undertone, is driving to light her breaking away from tradition but on a politically not revolutionary way, with the persitent influence of the popular philosophy of the German Enlightenment Age at the end of the XIXth century. The thesis shows the topicality of this innovative aristocrat's positions

Cette thèse présente l’ingénierie sociale de l’économiste, sociologue et philosophe autrichien Otto Neurath (1882-1945). Une première partie s’intéresse aux aspects biographiques qui éclairent sa volonté d’une intervention ciblée et planifiée dans l’ordre social. La technique de l’histoire conceptuelle permet ensuite de mettre à jours les représentations mentales à l’œuvre dans l’ingénierie sociale : le topos de la « modernité » – avec une nouvelle conception de la société, du temps et du rôle potentiel de la société civile – suggère la possible gestion du groupe social selon les principes d’une rationalisation de la vie. La Gesellschaftstechnik de Neurath est enfin reconstruite par la méthode de l’histoire intellectuelle, qui révèle l’importance du contexte viennois, des dynamiques à l’œuvre dans la Révolution de Novembre et des questionnements économiques du moment dans l’élaboration de sa pensée et de son eudémonisme social. / This thesis presents the social engineering as devised by Otto Neurath (1882-1945), an Austrian economist, sociologist, and philosopher. The introductory first part highlights certain issues of his biography which turned out significant in his subsequent idea of the necessity of a targeted and planned intervention in the social order. In part two, the technique of conceptual history reveals the mental representations at work in social engineering : the topos of "modernity" – built on a new concept of society, of time, and of the potential role of civil society – suggests the feasibility of managing a social group according to principles of rationalization of life.Neurath’s Gesellschaftstechnik is then reconstructed by the method of intellectual history, which shows the Viennese context, the dynamics involved in the 1918-19 German Revolution, and the economic concerns of the time as being essential for the development of his thought and his programme of social eudaimonism.

Cette thèse s’attache à mettre en lumière plusieurs peintres ayant mené carrière à l’époque de Jean Fouquet (vers 1415/20-1478/81), peintre et enlumineur actif durant le troisième quart du XVe siècle ayant passé la plus grande partie de sa carrière dans la vallée de la Loire, à Tours, au temps des rois de France Charles VII (1403-1461) et Louis XI (1423-1483). Une attention particulière a été portée sur les manuscrits rassemblés autour d’un maître anonyme dénommé tantôt le Maître du Mamerot de Vienne, tantôt le Maître du missel de Yale, tantôt encore le Maître de Christophe de Champagne depuis le premier regroupement effectué en 1974 par Otto Pächt et Dagmar Thoss. Ainsi, le corpus est désormais redistribué entre trois enlumineurs : le Maître de Jeanne de France et le Maître de Macé Prestesaille, dont les carrières inédites prennent forme pour la première fois, et le Maître du Mamerot de Vienne / Maître du missel de Yale / Maître de Christophe de Champagne, que nous proposons d’identifier à Guillaume Piqueau, enlumineur tourangeau connu par deux documents d’archives. L’objectif est de proposer de nouveaux regroupements de manuscrits qui font émerger trois carrières d’enlumineurs aux profils bien distincts, dans une volonté de mieux comprendre leur travail et plus globalement le métier de peintre à Tours entre les années 1460 et 1480. Un exemplaire Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes permet de baptiser un des enlumineurs le « Maître de Jeanne de France », du nom de la commanditaire. Une douzaine de manuscrits, réalisés vers le milieu des années 1460 jusqu’à la fin des années 1470, jalonnent très précisément la carrière de ce peintre. Sa trajectoire est des plus intéressantes dans la compréhension des relations professionnelles qui s’établissent entre certains ateliers d’enluminures du Centre-Ouest de la France. Un deuxième enlumineur peut être dénommé le « Maître de Macé Prestesaille » d’après un manuscrit exécuté en 1475 pour la famille Prestesaille, basée en Touraine. Au style plus sobre, il apparaît comme un peintre secondaire dans le panorama artistique tourangeau mais se rattache pleinement à la peinture de Tours au cours des années 1470-1480 comme en témoignent les sept manuscrits retrouvés qui donnent un aperçu de la production de son atelier. Un peu plus d’une vingtaine de manuscrits s’ancrent aujourd’hui autour des noms d’emprunt du Maître du Mamerot de Vienne / Maître du missel de Yale / Maître de Christophe de Champagne. Un réseau d’indices me conduiront, dans le présent mémoire, à identifier ces peintres comme étant Guillaume Piqueau, connu pour avoir enluminé en 1482 une Vita Christi destinée à la reine Charlotte de Savoie. Au cours de la seconde moitié du XVe siècle, la vallée de la Loire est le fief d’une production artistique importante. Des ramifications complexes et multiples se tissent au sein des ateliers d’enluminure. L’analyse de la production de ces artistes, dévoilée par l’étude d’une quarantaine de manuscrits, permet de mieux la comprendre. Elle fait se poser de nombreuses questions. Qui étaient ces enlumineurs ? Qu’ont-ils produit et que nous reste-t-il à voir ? Pour qui et comment ont-ils travaillé ? S’agissait-il de peintres d’atelier ou d’artistes indépendants dont la collaboration était davantage liée à des intérêts marchands plutôt qu’à une véritable organisation professionnelle ? La mise en lumière des trois carrières apporte de nouveaux éléments de réflexions et des points de vue inédits sur des peintres ayant connu l’œuvre, voire côtoyé, les plus illustres ateliers d’enluminures de la vallée de la Loire dont ceux du Maître de Jouvenel et de Jean Fouquet. Il s’agit de replacer dans le temps et dans l’espace ces peintres, de comprendre leur mode de fonctionnement et leur organisation interne dans la distribution du travail et dans les sources iconographiques. / This thesis deals with the career of some painters active during the peak of fame of Jean Fouquet (1415/20 - 1478/81), painter and illuminator active during the third quarter of the fifteenth century who spent most of his career in the Loire Valley, Tours, during the time of Charles VII (1403-1461) and Louis XI (1423-1483). Particular attention is given on manuscripts attributed to an anonymous master called the Master of the Vienna Mamerot / Master of the Yale Missal or Master of Christophe de Champagne. It is necessary to review the work assigned to this illuminator and to reorganize the corpus now distributed between three illuminators: the Master of Jeanne de France and the Master of Macé Prestesaille, whose careers take shape for the first time, and the Master Mamerot Vienna / Master of the Yale Missal or Master of Christophe de Champagne himself, that we propose to identify as Guillaume Piqueau, an illuminator based in Tours and known by two archives. The aim of this revaluation is to offer new groups of manuscripts which emerge three with distinct illuminator’s profiles. They offer the possibility to better understand their work and more generally the production painting in Tours between 1460 and 1480. A copy of Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes baptizes one of them the Master of Jeanne de France, in relation with the name of the owner. A dozen manuscripts, made between the 1460s until the late 1470s, mark precisely the career of the painter. Its trajectory shows the professional relationships developed between some of western illuminations French workshops. A second illuminator can be called the Master of Macé Prestesaille from a manuscript executed in 1475 for the Prestesaille family, based in Touraine. He appears as a secondary painter in Tours by a more sober style but his career can be highlighted by seven manuscripts that provide an overview of his production. More than twenty manuscripts are linked to the Master of the Vienna Mamerot / Master of the Yale Missal or Master of Christophe de Champagne. We propose to identify these unknown painters as Guillaume Piqueau, a painter based in Tours known to have illuminated a Vita Christi for Queen Charlotte de Savoie in 1482.

Les opérations du commerce international ont besoin de sécurité juridique. Le droit matériel uniforme se présente comme une réponse à ce besoin, offrant aux opérateurs du commerce international des règles uniformisées et adaptées aux transactions internationales. Toutefois, l'efficacité de cette réponse dépend fortement de la façon dont le droit uniforme est mis en œuvre par les juges nationaux et par les arbitres du commerce international. L'objectif de cette étude est donc de proposer une analyse critique de la pratique de l'interprétation des règles de droit uniforme en Russie en prenant comme exemple le droit uniforme de la vente internationale de marchandises établi par la Convention de Vienne de 1980. Au terme de cette analyse, il apparaît que les particularités du système juridique et judiciaire russe ont des implications non négligeables sur l'interprétation du droit conventionnel uniforme. Si l'intégration des conventions internationales dans le système juridique russe est censée garantir leur application par les juges étatiques, elle se trouve également à l'origine de la confusion opérée entre les règles du droit uniforme et celles du droit national. Confusion, qui amène les juges russes à interpréter les règles du droit uniforme à la lumière du droit national, mettant ainsi en danger l'uniformité de l'application du droit matériel international. En l'absence du principe de "stare decisis" transnational, l'uniformité de l'interprétation des règles du droit uniforme ne peut être assurée que grâce à une coopération et un dialogue entre les interprètes [...] / The international trade operations need legal certainty. The uniform substantive law comes as a response to this need, providing parties with uniform legal basis adapted to international transactions. However, the effectiveness of this response will largely depend on how the uniform law is implemented by domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. The objective of this study is to provide a critical analysis of the practice of interpretation of uniform legal texts in Russia by taking as an example the uniform law of the international sale of goods created by the Vienna Convention of 1980. This analysis reveals that the particular characteristics of the Russian legal and judicial systems have significant implications on the interpretation of uniform substantive law. The integration of international conventions in the Russian legal system is supposed to ensure their implementation by state judges, but it can also create confusion between the rules of uniform law and those of domestic law. This confusion brings Russian judges to interpretation of the uniform law on the basis of their national law, thus threatening the goal of international uniformity in interpretation of the uniform substantive law. Since there is no existing transnational precedent rule, the uniform interpretation of international substantive rules can only be achieved by co-operation and discussion between different national courts and arbitral tribunals [...]

This master thesis has been carried out in collaboration with Saab, Avionics Systems in Jönköping, Sweden, during the spring of 2017. The thesis investigates unidirectional rectifier topologies in aircraft and the focus has been on evaluating the power quality requirements according to the aircraft standards, in the course of the More Electric Aircraft concept. Both passive and active power factor correction topologies are considered, discussed and compared. Simulation models are designed in MATLAB/Simulink and the procedures are presented. A modular concept regarding components is discussed where different power supplies and loads are considered. The simulations present both a passive 12-pulse auto-transformer rectifier unit and an active Delta-switch rectifier fulfilling requirements for aircraft such as the total harmonic distortion of the supply current. In addition, the input power factor is close to unity and an efficiency greater than 97% is obtained. Lastly, future aspects of each topology are discussed and necessary improvements to obtain realistic simulation models are presented.

Cette thèse établit l’œuvre architecturale commerciale de Victor Gruen dans l’histoire de l’architecture moderne. Elle analyse ses fondements architectoniques, relate les conditions économiques, politiques et sociologiques qui la promurent. Cette thèse révèle également la réception critique d’époque et la compare à l’historiographie de l’architecture moderne. Enfin, cette thèse démontre que l’œuvre architecturale commerciale de Victor Gruen a toutes les qualités architectoniques requises pour intégrer les monographies traitant de l’histoire de l’architecture moderne.<p>This thesis establishes the retail work of Victor Gruen in the history of modern architecture. It analyses its architectonic values, establishes the economic, politic and sociologic conditions that promoted its creation. In addition, this thesis reveals how Gruen’s work was perceived at the time of its creation and compares the critiques’ welcome to the historiography of Modern Architecture. Ultimately, this thesis demonstrates that the architectonic qualities of Victor Gruen’s retail architecture should be included in Modern Architecture history monographs.<p> / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The technique of manufacturing of creamware and porcelain was discovered in Europe during the 18th century. The objects made from these materials document the social changes and the development of the dining culture, which both occured during the 18th century. At the end of that century classical culture became a fundamental inspirational source, which had been supported both by the discoveries of the ancient towns, Pompeii and Herculaneum, and by publishing books presenting ancient art. From the end of the 18th century the creamware and porcelain objects were started to be manufactured also in the Czech lands. In this master thesis I have studied, how the ancient influences were manifested in the products of the Czech and Moravian factories, from where they came and how they were transformed. The thesis does not cover all porcelain and creamware production, however it focuses on those factory where it was possible to detect ancient influences. The approach of the particular factories was strongly different. Czech porcelain factories took over ancient themes more likely from graphic patterns used in European workshops. The shapes derived from ancient pottery do not differ too much from the older and also contemporary European examples which were used as models. However, creamware objects tried, nesides the...

Performance requirements act as policy instruments for achieving broadly-defined economic and developmental objectives of States, especially industrial and technological development objectives. Many States consider that performance requirements distort trade and investment flows, negatively impact global and national welfare and disrupt investment decisions compared to business-as-usual scenarios. As a result, a number of States have committed to prohibiting performance requirements in international investment agreements (“IIAs.”). Performance requirement prohibitions (“PRPs”) are meant to eliminate trade-distorting performance requirements and performance requirements which replace investor decision-making by State decision-making. This thesis focuses on providing answers to two research questions: first, how do States prohibit performance requirements in IIAs? And second, how should PRPs in IIAs be interpreted and applied? For the first time, this thesis: proposes a comprehensive understanding of PRPs in IIAs by drawing notably on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) Uruguay Round of negotiations and on the United States Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Programme; develops a detailed typology and analysis of PRPs in IIAs through the identification of systematically reproduced drafting patterns; conducts the first critical and in-depth analysis of all arbitral awards which have decided claims based on PRPs in IIAs; analyses interpretation and application issues related to provisions that exempt government procurement from PRPs and to reservations that shield sensitive non-conforming measures or strategically important sectors from PRPs; and anticipates the application of most-favoured nation (“MFN”) treatment clauses to PRPs in the future. Finally, this thesis formulates proposals that can help interpret and apply existing PRPs and draft future PRPs in a more deliberate and informed way.

This thesis examines the Vienna Convention on succession of States in respect of State Property, Archives and Debts, which was adopted in 1983 but subsequently failed to enter into force as too few states ratified it. Attention is given to the section of the Convention concerned specifically with the fate of archives in state succession, and the reasons why most of the major western nations, in particular those who had formerly or still possessed colonies, voted against the text. Given that this thesis analyses the failure of the Convention largely in terms of the political and historical circumstances surrounding it, particular attention is given to the context of decolonisation and Third World activism which sought to combat the neocolonial order which followed decolonisation, as well as the relative decline in power of the Third World during the debt crises of the 1980s. The context of historical efforts to resolve archival disputes and create legal frameworks in which to do so is also examined, before considering some of the most irreconcilable points of contention at the conference itself in part three. The concluding section considers some of the criticism leveled at the conference in its aftermath, in particular claims from those western nations which voted against it, while looking at both the subsequent consequences of this failure and the prospects for future agreements. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival Science. / Denna uppsats granskar Wienkonventionen om statssuccession med avseende på statlig egendom, arkiv och skulder, som antogs 1983 men därefter inte trädde i kraft eftersom alltför få stater ratificerade den. Fokus läggs på den del av konventionen som berör statsarkiv specifikt, och skälen till varför de flesta av de stora länderna i väst, särskilt de som tidigare eller fortfarande hade kolonier, röstade emot avtalet. Med tanke på att denna uppsats analyserar misslyckandet av konventionen till stor del med avseende på de politiska och historiska omständigheterna kring den, ägnas särskild uppmärksamhet åt kontexten av avkolonisering och tredje världsaktivismen som försökte bekämpa den neokoloniala ordningen som följde avkoloniseringen, såväl som den relativa maktminskningen i tredje världen under skuldkrisen på 1980-talet. Kontexten för historiska försök att lösa arkivtvister och skapa rättsliga ramar för att göra det undersöks också. Sedan diskuteras några av de mest oförenliga ståndpunkterna vid själva konferensen i del tre. I den avslutande delen granskas en del av den kritik som riktades mot konferensen i dess efterdyningar, särskilt påståenden från de västländer som röstade emot den, samtidigt som man tittar på de efterföljande konsekvenserna av detta misslyckande och utsikterna för framtida avtal.

Despite the authority that time holds in the discipline of studying events of the past, not all historians or writers analyzing the past use time to study history—some use space, including writers who write about and interact with an urban topography. The space used by these writers is built space, as well as inhabited and practiced "lived" space. Whereas time provides a transparent overview of history, the urban spaces tend to be opaque. Clarifying history through urban space is additionally troublesome, because built space and its attached memories are visibly forgotten and ignored as time advances. Despite the difficulties of working with and understanding urban space, some intellectuals specifically choose space as a tool of discernment of history. For these individuals, understanding history becomes an investigation of sensing, feeling, and divining human activity out of the mass of artifacts and used spaces. Hermine Cloeter is one such urban forensic historian.