Czech born art historian Max Dvořák is known as one of the leading persons of modern heritage protection in Central-East Europe. He formulated, similarly as his own teacher Alois Riegl, position in manner of science work typical for Vienna School of Art History. Main purpose and contribution of this work lies in a comparison of some parallels of phenomens including reception of his ideas in other states of Central-East Europe: former Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary or Slovenia from the early organized conservation efforts in former Austrian Empire in 19th century to presence. On a theoretical level, in former Czechoslovakia, the Dvořák's modern conservation principles were accepted as universal. Unfortunately, in practice, this dominant discourse was changed by conformity in a conflict with political reality. The 1950's mean a stage of expansion of the state heritage protection, but a bitter price was paid by superordination of the political criteria to the professional ones. The moral ethos suffered also a lot of injuries. This resulted in preferring bureaucratic formalism over factual approaches, voluntarism, in compromise ability and in unwillingness to risk ones position for getting involved in fundamental questions of the preservations of monuments without any deeper interests in...

The theme of this thesis is History of School of Applied Arts studios in Prague between 1885 and 1910. The thesis focuses mainly on style development at the crucial point of turning of the century. This period was the turning point when advanced school's art manifested and also time of generation change that transformed overall school atmosphere. A specific contribution of this thesis lies in outlining less known specialized schools, with inclusion of female element, which are factors that were not previously described elsewhere, as well as in attempt to find methodical and development analogies between Prague and Vienna School of Applied Arts. The aim of my thesis was to assess exceptional status of the school, especially in context of Czech educational system of decorative arts, and to evaluate historical context based on detailed archive research. I included in the thesis a comprehensive list of students of general and specialized schools of decorative arts, thus creating a foundation for future researchers on individual artistic personalities. Study of development of School of Applied Arts is an analytical synthesis presenting the specific role of decorative arts and crafts in pre-WWI era.

La musique de circonstance pour "Harmoniemusik" (I760-1820) est un phénomène particulier à Vienne. Des nobles fondent vers 1760 un sextuor ou un octuor pour accompagner les divertissements et les dîners. Ce répertoire occupe encore une place limitée dans la capitale mais ce rôle s'accroît après 1770. Trois fonctions principales de la "Harmoniemusik" sont abordées : "Freiluftmusik", "Tafelmusik "et tout un répertoire destiné aux circonstances. Vienne s'impose comme un centre de la musique instrumentale. Elle compte de nombreuses "Harmoniemusik" au service de la noblesse. Des harmonies se retrouvent aussi dans différents lieux publics. Les œuvres demeurent un genre représentatif des valeurs classiques. L'analyse de partitions démontre les réponses apportées par les compositeurs sur la question du langage instrumental et des sonorités. La musique contribue à la formation d'une identité et traduit une expressivité inattendue qui se répercute dans des ouvrages plus imposants. / The occasional music for "Harmoniemusik" (1760-1820) is particular phenomenon in Vienna.Since 1760 the nobility founded there sextets or octets to provide entertainment and to accompany dinners. This repertory plays a very limited part but this role starts to grow after 1770 onwards. Three main functions of the Harmoniemusik are considered : "Freiluftmusik", "Tafelmusik" and a whole repertory destined to specific circumstances. Vienna imposes itself as the centre of instrumental. The Harmoniemusik remained an aristocratic phenomenon but thewind bands are also found in various areas of the capital. The works remains a category representative of classical values. The analysis of scores demonstrates the answers provided by composers to the theme of instrumental language and sonority. The music contributes to the formation of an musical identity and reflects an unexpected form of expression that impacts with the most imposing works.

A pesquisa que ora se apresenta consiste em uma investigação sobre o recente trabalho de reavaliação das obras de membros do chamado Círculo de Viena, que foi o primeiro e principal grupo representativo da perspectiva filosófica conhecida como positivismo lógico. Nossa pesquisa compreende três partes: a primeira parte voltada para a reconstrução histórico-conceitual do período entre o alvorecer das idéias neopositivistas e os primeiros momentos posteriores à recepção norte-americana da imigração intelectual vienense; na segunda parte do trabalho, por sua vez, lançaremos luz propriamente à natureza de tal perspectiva contemporânea, a partir de uma descrição sobre o método e o escopo temático de tal projeto revisionista; à terceira parte, por fim, além de tecer uma avaliação geral sobre o que foi feito nas duas partes que a antecedem, coube conjecturar as possibilidades de se encontrar em tal trabalho uma agenda filosófica e política própria. / The present work consists on an inquiry concerning the recent re-evaluation in the works of members of the so-called Vienna Circle, which became the first and main representative of the philosophical movement known as Logical Positivism. Our research comprises three parts: the first one is devoted to a historical-conceptual reconstruction of the period between the uprising of the first Neopositivist ideas and the years immediately following the North-American reception of the intellectual immigration from Vienna; the second part of the work concerns the nature of such contemporary reappraisal researches on the positivists legacy, through a description of the method and scope of such re-evaluation project; finally, the third part comprises a general review of the previous parts, and was worked out in order to conceive conjectures about the possibility of finding out in this re-evaluation project a philosophical and political agenda of its own.

Orientador: Tullo Vigevani. / Banca: Andrei Koerner / Banca: Raquel Kritsth / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a II Conferência Mundial para os Direitos Humanos da ONU (1993), conhecida como Conferência de Viena, e averiguar sua importância no sistema internacional pós-Guerra Fria. Por meio do estabelecimento de duas hipóteses articuladas, argumenta-se em favor de que o espaço da Conferência e seus debates tiveram grande influência nos processos articulados de disseminação global da temática dos direitos humanos e de flexibilização da soberania. A fim de verificar as referidas hipóteses, analisa-se a complexa e transversal relação entre as concepções de direitos humanos - encarados como jurídico-morais - e a noção de soberania, à luz de sua natureza jurídico-política. Além disso, como meio de verificação das hipóteses, o trabalho reconstitui o processo histórico de internacionalização dos direitos humanos durante a Guerra Fria, assim como no imediato pós- Guerra Fria, cenário da Conferência. A Conferência é analisada em seus diversos aspectos: preparatórios e organizacionais, históricos, políticos e jurídicos. A formação dos consensos e dos dissensos durante o evento é discutida a partir do processo de elaboração da Declaração e Programa de Ação de Viena, com destaque para o posicionamento dos EUA. A dimensão implicativa da Conferência é explorada pelo estudo do fortalecimento - pós-1993 - do direito de petição individual no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, haja vista sua inserção no movimento de ascensão do indivíduo como sujeito internacional de direitos, tendência esta altamente vinculada aos processos enunciados pelas hipóteses / Abstract: This work aims to assess the II UN World Conference on Human Rights (1993), known as Vienna Conference, in order to check its relevance in the post-Cold War international system. By means of establishing two articulated hypotheses, it is argued, on behalf of the arena of the Conference and its debates, that they had major influence on the global articulated processes for dissemination of the human rights theme as well as of flexing of sovereignty. In order to check the aforementioned hypotheses, one shall analyze the complex and transversal relation between the conceptions of human rights - approached as juridical-moral - and the notion of sovereignty, under the light of its juridical-political nature. Besides that, as a mean of verification of hypotheses, the work reconstitutes the historical process of internationalization of human rights during the Cold War, as well as in the immediate post-Cold War period, scenario of the Conference. The conference is approached in its diverse aspects: preparatory and organizational, historical, politic and juridical. The formation of the consensus and dissensus during the event is argued over under the light of the process of elaboration of the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, highlighting the stand taken by the USA. The implicative dimension of the Conference is explored by the study of strengthening - after 1993 - of the right of individual petition within the Inter-American System of Human Rights, for its insertion in the movement of rising of the individual as an international subject of rights, a tendency highly linked to the processes listed by the hypotheses / Mestre

A pesquisa que ora se apresenta consiste em uma investigação sobre o recente trabalho de reavaliação das obras de membros do chamado Círculo de Viena, que foi o primeiro e principal grupo representativo da perspectiva filosófica conhecida como positivismo lógico. Nossa pesquisa compreende três partes: a primeira parte voltada para a reconstrução histórico-conceitual do período entre o alvorecer das idéias neopositivistas e os primeiros momentos posteriores à recepção norte-americana da imigração intelectual vienense; na segunda parte do trabalho, por sua vez, lançaremos luz propriamente à natureza de tal perspectiva contemporânea, a partir de uma descrição sobre o método e o escopo temático de tal projeto revisionista; à terceira parte, por fim, além de tecer uma avaliação geral sobre o que foi feito nas duas partes que a antecedem, coube conjecturar as possibilidades de se encontrar em tal trabalho uma agenda filosófica e política própria. / The present work consists on an inquiry concerning the recent re-evaluation in the works of members of the so-called Vienna Circle, which became the first and main representative of the philosophical movement known as Logical Positivism. Our research comprises three parts: the first one is devoted to a historical-conceptual reconstruction of the period between the uprising of the first Neopositivist ideas and the years immediately following the North-American reception of the intellectual immigration from Vienna; the second part of the work concerns the nature of such contemporary reappraisal researches on the positivists legacy, through a description of the method and scope of such re-evaluation project; finally, the third part comprises a general review of the previous parts, and was worked out in order to conceive conjectures about the possibility of finding out in this re-evaluation project a philosophical and political agenda of its own.

Le topos d'une Vienne « bastion de la Chrétienté » naquit, au début du XVIe siècle, d'une menace turque toujours imminente depuis la bataille de Mohács (1526) et le siège de 1529. Ce leitmotiv imprégna pendant près d'un siècle les représentations de la cité mais aussi la pastorale urbaine. Alors que les idées de la Réformation rencontraient à Vienne un réel succès, les princes Habsbourg tentèrent de trouver une voie de compromis déterminée à la fois par leur admiration pour Erasme et les nécessités de la lutte contre la Sublime Porte. Le péril ottoman amena l'archiduc Ferdinand (1522-1564) puis son fils Maximilien (1564-1576) à adopter une politique de compromis religieux face aux Ordres de Basse-Autriche passés majoritairement du côté de la Réformation. La dépendance fiscale accrue du prince face aux Ordres l'incita à exalter l'identité chrétienne commune de ses sujets pourtant divisés religieusement. L'unité demandée par les mandats territoriaux fut relayée par la pastorale et repensée par les membres de l’Eglise établie. La prédication devint le vecteur d’une identité chrétienne adiaphorique qui connut son apogée à Vienne sous Maximilien II. La coexistence qui s'instaura jusqu'au début des années 1580 fut scandée toutefois d'inévitables scandales qui traversèrent la communauté urbaine au rythme des affrontements avec les Ottomans ou selon le calendrier de l'Église établie. Le compromis élaboré dans la cité se fissura alors peu à peu sous l'effet d'une reconquête catholique de plus en plus virulente, pour n'être remis en cause qu'à partir des années 1580 sous l'influence conjuguée des jésuites, de l'évêque Kaspar Neubeck (1574-1594) et de l'archiduc Ernst (1576-1592). / The topos of Vienna as a “bastion of Christianity” emerged in the early centuries of the sixteenth century in the context of the Turkish threat, ever-present since the battle of Mohács (1526) and the siege of 1529. This leitmotif permeated the representations of the city but also urban pastoral for nearly a century. Although Reformation ideas found considerable success in Vienna, Hapsburg princes attempted to find a compromise shaped both by their admiration for Erasmus and the necessity of combatting the Sublime Porte. The Ottoman question prompted Archduke Ferdinand (1522-1564) and then his son Maximillian to adopt a politics of religious compromise concerning the Orders of Lower Austria which had largely sided with the Reformation. The financial dependence accrued by the prince on the Orders forced him to exalt the common Christian identity of his subjects however religiously divided they were. The unity demanded by regional mandates was disseminated by pastoral and spread by members of the established Church. Preaching became the vector of an adiaphoric Christian identity which reached its apogee in Vienna under Maximilian II. The coexistence which held until the start of the 1580s was nonetheless affected by the inevitable scandals that visited the urban community amidst clashes with the Ottomans and disputes concerning the calendar of the established Church. The devised compromise also fractured bit by bit on account of the increasingly virulent Catholic reconquest not to be activated until after the 1580s under the joint influence of the Jesuits, Bishop Kaspar Neubeck, and Archduke Ernst (1576-1592).

Since the time RNA has been discovered by the nature scientist Miescher the structure and function of it has been forgotten for a long time. The prime role in science had always DNA. An increase of interest in RNA came with the discovery of the tRNA structure and its catalytic and enzymatic properties. These discoveries led to a great development wave of bioinformatics and structure and function analysis of RNA.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the inviolability of the diplomatic bag and its abuse. The first chapter introduces the current work of the International Law Commission relating to subsequent conduct of treaties. Second chapter defines diplomatic privileges and immunities, three theories of diplomatic immunity and its historical background. Third chapter elaborately analyses treatment of diplomatic bag in Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Fourth chapter presents an overview of cases of abuse of the diplomatic bag or violation of its inviolability. Finally it introduces options, how states can fight against such abuses.