La ville africaine s'étale et intègre les villages environnants en devenant métropole. Que ce soit le mouvement des ruraux vers les villes ou bien de la ville vers la campagne, ces phénomènes inquiètent les spécialistes. La pensée traditionnelle du monde qui opposait ville-campagne, ville-village, ville-brousse, n'est plus d'actualité. Les réalités du territoire sont devenues autres. Quels sont les outils qui nous permettent de lire ces nouvelles réalités? Comment opérer ce changement de «lunettes» que nous propose Bernardo Secchi pour lire et écrire la «ville contemporaine»?Pour nos recherches, nous considérons Ouagadougou comme un véritable observatoire. L'objectif est d'apprendre des lieux d'initiatives où se construisent de nouveaux modes de vie dans des dynamiques imprévues. Aujourd'hui, la capitale burkinabé est caractérisée par une double identité foncière. Une organisation foncière publique importée de la pensée coloniale dite « lotie », et une organisation foncière informelle issue de la culture villageoise dite « non-lotie ». À force de coexistence, le développement de métropole n'a t-il pas engendré d'autres phénomènes, avec des degrés et des intensités variés de planification et de spontanéité? La rencontre des deux modes opératoires ne définit pas un rapport dual, mais un intervalle. Dans ce contexte, le « village » entendu dans sa dimension sociale et communautaire devient, en milieu urbain, générateur d'espaces communs. Les structures communautaires testent les possibles et inventent la métropole au quotidien : elles rendent flexible toute forme de planification. Ainsi, nous formulons l'hypothèse que l'étude de la « Métropole-village(s)» de Ouagadougou peut amener à de nouvelles connaissances permettant la création d'outils de compréhension des territoires urbanisés contemporains / The African city spreads and incorporates the surrounding villages becoming metropolis. Whether the migration from rural to urban or from the city to the countryside, these phenomena became a concern for specialists. Traditional thinking of the world that opposed city-countryside, city-village, city-bush, is no longer valid. Territory's realities became different. What are the tools that allow us to read these new realities? How can we proceed to a change of "glasses" that Bernardo Secchi is proposing, in order to read and write the " contemporary city "?For our research, we consider Ouagadougou as a true observatory. The objective is to learning places of initiatives which build new lifestyles in unexpected dynamics. Today, the capital of Burkina Faso is characterized by a dual identity of the land. Public land organization imported from the colonial thinking called " lotie " (subdivided area) and an informal tenure arrangements after the village culture called “non-lotie” (non-subdivided area). To force to coexistence, hasn't the metropolis generated new phenomena, with different degrees and intensities of planification and spontaneity? The meeting of the two procedures does not define a dual report, but an interval. In this context, the "village" understood in its social and community dimension becomes an urban environment generating shared spaces. Communal structures are questioning what is possible and redefine what a metropolis is every day: they make flexible any form of planning. Thus, we hypothesize that the study of "City-village(s)” of Ouagadougou may lead to new knowledge to the creation of tools for understanding contemporary urbanized territories

Thesis deals with Šafov, small village located near Austrian border. History of the village is quite dramatic. Population is ten times smaller nowadays than during its greatest prosperity. At the village there was a jewish part destroyed during and after World War II. Nowadays there are only a few houses and jewish cemetary. Continuity was extremely aborted after World War II, when most residents had to leave their homes because of German nationality. New comming people early had to live very close to Iron Curtain. After many years Šafov can breathe freely but stigma of the past is still evident. I try to preserve dramatical history but also design new active plan. Thesis is divided to three parts: urban planning, architecture and landscape. There are some bigger interventions and also small and easily realizable ones.

The significance of this opera, Le Devin du Village, lies not in the fact that it is great music, but in the fact of its historical importance. Its appearance in 1752, with its revolutionary ideas, heralds the coming of what we consider today as native French comic opera; i. e., native in the sense that it is composed by Frenchmen, although adapted from the Italian style in many respects. Another claim of uniqueness that might be made for this work is that its composer was no recognized musician, but one of the greatest pre-Revolution philosophers. His open-minded ness and eagerness to break loose the bonds of the traditional French "Chauvinism" and musical isolationism, brought forth this musical effort on his part, clothed in native atmosphere, yet embodying the spirit of Italian music. From the private library of Isaac Lloyd Hibberd, the writer was fortunate in having access to a first edition of Le Devin du Village, which has added greatly to an appreciable understanding of the music of this work.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the misconduct of learners in secondary schools in the Ntoane village. It served to determine the • extent to which teenage fall pregnant; • the intensity in which teachers tackle gender violence in schools; • the manner in which the parents’ culture and values are enforced by the teachers. Recommendations are made on how to overcome these barriers and to improve the level of misconduct. A literature study was carried out to gain an understanding of misconduct, and covered the following issues: • What is misconduct? • The causes of misconduct. • An overview of learner misconduct. • The origins of learner misconduct. • Manifestations of learner misconduct in the classroom. • The factors which cause learner misconduct. A qualitative research method was used in this research. The targeted population groups are teenagers in grades 9 and 10 in the Ntoane village. v Interviews were conducted at two schools in the Ntoane village where educators, the school governing bodies and members of the representative council of learners were interviewed. The findings were discussed at length to determine the research objectives. Conclusions were drawn after analysing these findings, and recommendations were formulated. / Education Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the misconduct of learners in secondary schools in the Ntoane village. It served to determine the • extent to which teenage fall pregnant; • the intensity in which teachers tackle gender violence in schools; • the manner in which the parents’ culture and values are enforced by the teachers. Recommendations are made on how to overcome these barriers and to improve the level of misconduct. A literature study was carried out to gain an understanding of misconduct, and covered the following issues: • What is misconduct? • The causes of misconduct. • An overview of learner misconduct. • The origins of learner misconduct. • Manifestations of learner misconduct in the classroom. • The factors which cause learner misconduct. A qualitative research method was used in this research. The targeted population groups are teenagers in grades 9 and 10 in the Ntoane village. v Interviews were conducted at two schools in the Ntoane village where educators, the school governing bodies and members of the representative council of learners were interviewed. The findings were discussed at length to determine the research objectives. Conclusions were drawn after analysing these findings, and recommendations were formulated. / Education Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Participatory GPS and GIS mapping is a mapping process that involves active participation of the local communities with the assistance of outsiders who are experts in the field. The objective of Participatory GPS and GIS mapping is to produce a technically accurate and socially acceptable participatory map and to facilitate skills transfer to the participant community. A basic communal land administration system is a land administration structure responsible for the administration of a local, elementary area of jurisdiction (a village) occupied by a tribe whose rights to land are derived from shared rules determining access and is normally led by an Induna. The analysis of such a structure could provide a foundation for the implementation of Communal Land Rights Act, 2004 (Act No 11 of 2004) that is, the transfer of communal lands to communities. A sub-metre accuracy is obtainable after post-processing differential correction as acclaimed by Trimble on the Geo-XT™ GPS unit and proven in the Ukulinga case study. Participatory GPS and GIS mapping guarantees effective and efficient skills transfer to participant communities and accurate recording of boundary data. Maps produced through Participatory GPS and GIS mapping are widely acceptable since they are preceded by discussions and subsequent consensus on boundary data points prior to actual recording, thereof. The study was designed to analyze basic communal land administration systems and to develop a methodology for mapping them. A successful implementation of the Communal Land Rights Act, 2004 required spatial and related information on land administration structures A Participatory mapping methodology designed was tested in two case studies and found to be reasonably accurate. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

La question de la migration des Grands Comoriens trouve sa justification dans la quête d'amasser de l'argent pour réaliser le grand mariage, étape nécessaire à la reconnaissance de l'individu dans la hiérarchie sociale. L'étude se propose de suivre l'itinéraire des premiers migrants Comoriens , les fameux navigateurs de la compagnie des Messageries Maritimes, depuis l'île de Madagascar dans les années quarante jusqu'en France, ensuite de voir leurs conditions d'installation dans la ville de Marseille avant de se pencher sur la contribution de la diaspora au développement économique et social de la Grande Comore. La présence des Grands Comoriens à Marseille depuis les années quarante s'est accrue au fil du temps. Ils sont devenus au bout de trois décennies la plus importante communauté noire africaine dans la cité phocéenne et marquent discrètement leur territoire de leur identité et particularismes. Très fortement liés à son île, la diaspora de la Grande Comore est devenue, grâce à l’apport matériel et financier qu’elle transfère, un acteur incontournable pour le développement de celle ci (25% du PIB, apport plus important que l’aide extérieur au développement). Mais le spectre d’une grave crise rode, car rien ne garantit que les nouvelles générations vont maintenir les transferts parce qu’elles sont préoccupées davantage par leur intégration dans la société française que par des considérations villageoises. / The issue of Grande Comore diaspora is closely linked to the need to raise money for the big wedding, necessary step for the recognition of the individual in his society. The research proposes to approach the topic by following the itinerary of the first comorian migrants, the famous navigators in the Messageries Maritimes company, from Madagascar to France in the forties, then show the conditions of installation in the city of Marseille, and then analyze their contribution to the economic and social development of their country of origin. The presence of Grand Comorians in Marseille which began in the late forties, has intensified over the years. They became, over three decades, the largest black african community in Marseille and are emerging slowly with their identity and particularisms. Strongly attached to their island , Grande Comore diaspora has become an indispensable actor thanks to the financial and material contribution it brings today for the development of the island(25% GDP, more important than foreign aid to development). But the specter of a deep crisis threatens the Comoros: nothing garantees the continuity of transfers by new generations more concerned with their integration in France and less affected by village solidarity.

The diploma thesis "Village elections in China - a step towards democracy?" focuses on the development of local institutions of village self-government that has taken place in China since mid-1980s. Author tries to explain the phenomena in broader context of development of entire Chinese countryside. Another goal of the thesis is to answer, whether the implementation of direct elections to Chinese countryside can help to promote democratization in China or whether it plays some other, different role.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit option droit des technologies de l'information" / Ce mémoire de maîtrise présente une situation dans laquelle un citoyen ordinaire tente de diffuser sur Internet une opinion critique qu'il dirige contre une grande entreprise commerciale et tente d'analyser les éléments favorables à la diffusion de cette opinion critique ainsi que les embûches qui sont à prévoir. Cet exemple permet d'illustrer les forces et les faiblesses d'Internet en matière de liberté d'expression. Il permet de poser une mise en garde concernant les dangers de transposer les limites actuelles à la liberté d'expression des citoyens au contexte d'Internet. La première partie de l'analyse souligne les caractéristiques d'Internet et les différentes façons d'aborder la question de la liberté d'expression sur Internet selon les approches libertaire, libérale ou interventionniste, pour finalement faire le point sur l'apport d'Internet en matière d'information et de communication. La deuxième partie de l'analyse aborde la question de l'efficience en identifiant les éléments qui encouragent l'exercice de la liberté d'expression et ceux qui découragent les utilisateurs de s'exprimer sur Internet. L'exemple des critiques dirigées contre les oligopoles permet d'illustrer la nécessité d'établir des règles propres à Internet en matière de liberté d'expression. Cet exemple fait ressortir le caractère inadéquat des limites actuelles à la liberté d'expression établies par le droit de la presse, le droit de la radiodiffusion, le droit de propriété et le droit de la propriété intellectuelle. L'auteur vient à la conclusion qu'en matière de liberté d'expression, il serait souhaitable: 1) Que Internet soit considéré comme un espace public de discussion; 2) Que la préséance des intérêts économiques sur les intérêts démocratiques au niveau du développement de la société de l'information soit avouée; 3) Que les inégalités en termes d'opportunités d'expression soient reconnues; 4) Que les limites imposées en vertu des règles du droit de la propriété soient reconsidérées à la lumière des caractéristiques d'Internet. / This master thesis presents a case in which an ordinary citizen tries to spread on the Internet a criticizing opinion aimed at a large company, and attempts to analyse what are the elements in favour of this criticism broadcasting, as weil as the obstacles to be expected. This example allows us to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the Internet in matter of freedom of speech. It also allows to put forward a warning concerning the risks of transposing current Iimits of freedom of speech in an Internet context. The first part of the analysis underlines the Internet's characteristics and the different ways to broach the subject of freedom of speech over the Internet, following severaI approaches, to finally focus on the Internet's contribution in matter of information and communication. The second part of the analysis deals with the question of efficiency, while identifying the elements that encourage the exercise of freedom of speech and those that discourage Internet users from expressing themselves. The example of criticism aimed toward large companies allows to illustrate the need to establish the Internet's own rules in matter of freedom of speech. What emerges from this example is the inadequate character of current limits to freedom of speech as set up by freedom of the press, broadcasting law, property and intellectual property law. The author concludes that in matter of freedom of speech, it wouId be recommended: 1) that the Internet be considered as a public forum; 2) that the predominance of economic interests over democratic interests in the development of the information society be admitted; 3) that the inequalities in terms of expression opportunities be recognized; 4) that the limits imposed in accordance with property law be reconsidered in an Internet context.

Marginalisés de la Colombie, le département du Vichada et la municipalité de La Primavera, situés dans le bassin de l'Orénoque, sont au centre d'un boom agraire. À l'origine de ceci, se trouvent des groupes de paramilitaires, guérilla et narcotrafiquants, qui essaient de contrôler la production de coca Le boom attire des investissements de tout type, résultant en une contreréforme agraire traduite par une accumulation de terres, de façon violente et illégale. Ce scénario contient les conditions pour que des nouvelles vagues de PDI se déplacent vers les bidonvilles des grandes villes. Parallèlement, la Colombie est dans une conjoncture avec des négociations entre le gouvernement et la guérilla, pour mettre fin à la guerre. Le point cl, de l'agenda est le développement durable de la campagne et la démocratisation de l'accès à la terre. Cette situation dichotomique représente une opportunité pour initier des laboratoires de développement alternatifs et durables, qui pourraient bénéficient à l'ensemble de la région. La recherche se centre sur La Primavera, un milieu nettement rural de 14.000 habitants disséminés sur une large extension sans infrastructures de base où un groupe norvégien a acheté 72.000 hectares de savane pour y développer un projet agroindustriel, qui aura besoin de main-d'œuvre intensive. Le projet, en cours de réalisation, prévoit de créer un village durable et autosuffisant pour 1.000 familles, dont la conception comporte une prise en compte du territoire et des autres villages ; et la mise en œuvre de solutions sociales, économiques et environnementales alternatives, se constituant le terrain d'observation principal, in situ et in vivo. / Marginalized from Colombia, the department of Vichada and the municipality of La Primavera, located in the Orinoco basin, are at the center of an agrarian boom. At the origin of this, there are paramilitaries groups, guerrilla and drug traffickers, who are trying to control the coca production. The boom is attracting investment of any kind, resulting in an agrarian counter-reform materialized in an accumulation of land, in a violent and illegal manner. This scenario contains the conditions for new IDP waves moving to slums in the large cities. Meanwhile, Colombia is in a conjuncture with the negotiations between the government and the guerrillas to end the war. The key point of the agenda is sustainable development of the countryside and the democratization of access to the land. This dichotomous situation represents an opportunity to introduce alternative and sustainable development laboratories, which could benefit the whole region. The research focuses on La Primavera, a distinctly rural area with 14,000 people scattered over a wide extension without basic infrastructure; where a Norwegian group bought 72,000 hectares of savannah in order to develop an agro-industrial project, which will need intensive manpower. The project, under construction, plans to create a sustainable and self-sufficient village of 1,000 families, whose conception includes taking into account of the territory and other villages; and the implementation of alternative social, economic and environmental solutions, constituting the main field of observation, in situ and in vivo.