Urban Villages are a specific phenomenon raised in modern China due to the high-speed economic development and urbanization in recent three decades. And there are social, economic, cultural and architectural transformations happened in these villages during these years. They appear on both the outskirts and the downtown segments of major cities, and surrounded by skyscrapers, transportation infrastructures, and other modern urban constructions. They are commonly inhabited by the poor and transient. Most of Urban Villages are heavily populated, overdeveloped, and lack of basic infrastructure. Some villages' building density is higher than 70%. They are composed of overcrowded multi-story buildings from three to five (or more) floors, also with narrow alleys, which are difficult for vehicles to pass through. Inside these villages, it is dark and damp year round and the lights have to be kept on during daytime. However, they are also among the liveliest areas in some cities and are notable for affording economic opportunity for newcomers to the city. However, Urban Villages are rejected by the governor and face demolition–redevelopment programs in order to replace them with formal urban neighborhoods. But the demolition-redevelopment approach would be devastating not only for the rural migrants, but also for the city’s economy which is largely based on labor-intensive sectors. In my study, I take Gangsha Village, a typical urban village in Shenzhen City, as a study case, to explore an appropriate reformation approach that combines urban design and architectural strategy to solve social, economic and cultural problems in Urban Village. To provide them a better living condition, and make the village better serves the city.

El objetivo del estudio es analizar el sistema sostenible de Rincón de Ademuz, donde perdura en el tiempo un poblado que permanece asentado desde hace dos mil años. / Ji, W. (2014). A study into the sustainable system between the wind and the villages in Rincón de Ademuz. Spain [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/39001

The relationship between families and schools, and the importance of parents and families to a child’s academic success is well documented internationally. However, the development of frameworks, theories, policies, and programs has not resulted in an increase in parent or family engagement in public schools, nor has it remedied the historical alienation and marginalization of families of color in the United States; positive comprehensive programs in communities of color at the middle and high school levels often seem to be missing. Because of African American families’ cultural connection to countries in Africa resulting from the Atlantic Slave Trade, I used the indigenous framework Ubuntu (Metz, 2007), along with Barton et al.’s (2004) Ecologies of Parental Engagement and Epstein’s (1995) framework of Six Types of Involvement to guide this qualitative case study that examined the nature of the role of parents, families, and village members in the education of their high school students in Senegal, West Africa. Data from semi-structured interviews with parents, students, family and community members, teachers, and administrators of Dekka high school (a pseudonym), show that the people of Dekka seem to have relationships, beliefs, and ways of being that encourage parent, family, and community engagement, and empower them to advocate for resources for their high school students. The findings suggest that, ultimately, developing and fostering authentic relationships with stakeholders is important. Demonstrating that jaapal ma jaap, together everything is possible; their relationships with others, adult-adult or adult-child, are vital for not only raising but educating their children.

I en värld som pressas allt hårdare av människans utarmning av naturresurser är behovet av förändring större än någonsin. Nya alternativa hållbara levnadsätt där både beslutsfattare och civilsamhället driver utvecklingen är avgörande för hur människan kan leva ett liv inom planetens resursgränser. En utstakad väg mot ett sådant levnadssätt kan påstås finns rakt framför våra ögon. Ekobyar uppkom som en del av den gröna vågen på 1970-talet som en motreaktion på den starka urbaniseringen och det rådande kapitalistiska systemet. Ett system som bygger på att den tillväxtorienterade fria marknaden har svaren på de klimatrelaterad problem som vi står inför. Ekobyar framställs som en mer hållbar väg då de ställer sig mot dessa marknadsprinciper och verkar för hållbara metoder genom lokal matproduktion, energisnåla bostadshus, sociala gemensamhetsytor och en hög grad av naturkontakt. Studien avser därför att undersöka hur detta hållbara levnadssätt visualiseras och praktiseras, samt drivkrafterna bakom dessa bosättningars uppkomst. För att studera detta fenomen har två olika ekobyar i södra Sverige valts ut. Dem båda har varit etablerade sedan en tid tillbaka men skiljer sig en aning gällande aktörer som drivit projekten i dess planeringsfas. För att få en inblick i hur de boende i respektive ekoby lever under hållbarhetens fana har kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med fyra olika personer. I samband med intervjuerna har även platsbesök gjorts i dem båda ekobyarna då två av intervjuerna genomförts i respondenternas bostad. Avslutningsvis vill studien mena att ovärderlig kunskap kring hållbara levnadssätt finns inom dessa bosättningar, däremot behöver denna kunskap uppmärksammas, utnyttjas och breddas i större utsträckning. / In a world increasingly pressurised by human depletion of natural resources, the need for change is greater than ever. New alternative sustainable lifestyles, driven by both policy makers and civil society, are crucial to how humans can live within the planet's resource limits. A pathway to such a way of life is arguably right before our eyes. Eco-villages emerged as part of the green wave in the 1970s as a counter-reaction to rapid urbanization and the prevailing capitalist system. A system based on the belief that the growth-oriented free market has the answers to the climate-related problems we face. Eco-villages are presented as a more sustainable path as they oppose these market principles and promote sustainable practices through local food production, energy-efficient housing, social community spaces and a high degree of contact with nature. The study therefore intends to investigate how this sustainable way of life is visualized and practiced, as well as the driving forces behind the emergence of these settlements. To study this phenomenon, two different eco-villages in southern Sweden have been selected. Both have been established for some time but differ slightly in terms of actors who have driven the projects in their planning phase. To gain an insight into how the residents of each eco-village live under the banner of sustainability, qualitative semi-structured interviews have been conducted with four different people. In connection with the interviews, site visits have also been made to both eco-villages, as two of the interviews were conducted in the respondents' homes. In conclusion, the study argue that invaluable knowledge about sustainable lifestyles exists within these settlements, however, this knowledge needs to be recognised, utilised and broadened to a greater extent.

Malaria is endemic in Uganda. The study attempted to determine how Ugandan caregivers managed home-based care of fever. Structured interviews were conducted with sixty caregivers of children under five. In 15 (25.0%) out of the 60 interviewed households, at least one child had reportedly died from malaria. Caregivers’ decisions were influenced by health education, family members, community leaders and other caregivers. Most caregivers knew about malaria, but lacked knowledge about its danger signs, and about the services of village drug distributors. Most caregivers initiated treatment for fever at home before taking the children to health units. Mosquito nets, indoor residual spraying and other malaria preventive measures were rarely used due to lack of funds. The recommendations include that anti-malaria drugs should always be available and accessible, the services of village drug distributors should be improved, health education should be enhanced, malaria preventive measures should be implemented and sustained. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

No description available.

Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Given the complexities facing humanity in the light of impending social and environmental collapse, it is the design of sustainable communities at all levels of our society that must be achieved to limit this potential outcome. Attaining such a goal, it is known, requires that humanity ‘consciously evolve’. Furthermore I suggest that Integral Theory, because it is grounded in the evolution of consciousness, provides an important map to help navigate this tremendous journey. In this thesis I use Integral Theory as a lens through which to understand and reflect on my experiences over the past eighteen years of the design and development of the Tlholego Village, one of the early experimental Permaculture and Ecovillage communities developed in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gegewe die kompleksiteite wat die samelewing in die gesig staar as gevolg van die dreigende sosiale en omgewings verval, is die ontwikkeling van volhoubare gemeenskappe op alle vlakke van ons samelewing noodsaaklik om so ‘n uitkoms te verhoed. Om hierdie doel te bereik word dit voorgestel dat die samelewing bewustelik moet ontwikkel (‘consciously evolve’). Verder stel ek voor dat Integraal Teorie (‘Integral Theory’), gegrond in die evolusie van bewustheid, ‘n belangrike roetekaart verskaf om die geweldige reis te navigeer. In hierdie tesis gebruik ek Integraal Teorie as ‘n lens waardeur my ervarings tydens die ontwerp en ontwikkeling van die Tlholego Village (een van die vroee eksperimentele Permakultuur en Eko-dorp gemeenskappe wat ontwikkel is in Suid Afrika oor die afgelope agtien jaar) verstaan en nabetrag kan word.

有機農業不僅可產出自然安全的農產品，同時亦得創造優質的農業環境，提供環境公共財與社會公共財，然而這樣的公共財，難以由單一農民提供，而是必須透過同一地區的農民以及利益相關者的共同參與，展開集體行動，才得以有效供給。 宜蘭縣三星鄉行健村是個特殊的案例，有部分農民為推行有機農業，乃成立全台灣第一個由農友組成的有機生產合作社，展開揚棄慣行農法的集體行動，藉由社員互信互助，實踐不施農藥、化肥的栽培，成效初具。然而，行健有機村的知名度雖逐漸提升，但實際上，有機村的名號與實際發展似乎不相襯，目前村內有機耕作面積只佔全村耕作面積的五分之一。因此，本研究以集體行動之理論分析框架，檢視行健村以集體行動促進有機農業發展之可能性。並以文獻分析法、深度訪談法、斷面步行法探究行健村有機農業發展之困境，分析檢討目前的集體行動社會網絡互動模式有何不足之處，期能提供改善建議，以促進該村有機農業發展的可能性。 研究結果顯示該村有機農業發展確實需要集體行動，始能獲致生產及非生產性的共同利益，然而村內網絡間的社會資本不足，以致欠缺發展有機村的共同目標，推展有機農業的集體行動難以擴大，再加上網絡間整合不佳，導致外部資源的投入未有相對應的成效，復又，行健合作社的制度安排不佳，導致營運困境，影響有機村的推展。而中央與地方政府合作不佳，以及現行政府的有機政策導向都關鍵地影響慣性農民轉型有機農業之意願。 本研究認為應增加村內社會網絡間彼此溝通交流之頻度，且行健合作社應重新檢討內部的制度安排，以利促進眾人一心發展有機村之集體行動；而政府方面，應設法改善有機農民之通路、建立有機專區的誘因機制，並且思考補貼政策的轉型，輔以加強消費者食農教育，使有機農業的供需市場擴大並產生互利的良性循環，如此方能讓更多農民願意投入有機耕作，或能真正發展成為兼具生產、生活、生態的「有機村」。 / Organic agriculture not only produces healthy and natural food, but also co-produces environmental public goods and social public goods. However, this kind of goods need to be provided efficiently only by farmers cooperatively, rather than individual. This case study is located in Xingjian village, Sansing Township, Yilan County, where some farmers set up “Xingjian Organic Production Cooperative” to stimulate organic farming development in the village. In this Cooperative, they trust and help each other, trying to persuade other farmers out of using chemical fertilizers and pesticide in farming, and further more, expanding the collective action. To date, some people have been participating in this collective action, as a result, have tackled local agri-environmental issues and provided agri-environmental public goods to some degree. However, as the growing reputation of “Xingjian Organic Village”, the organic farming area only accounts for 20 percent of the total arable land. Therefore, this research using collective action theoretical framework to view the possibility of the Xingjian in promoting organic farming development. This research adopts three ways- literature, in-depth interviews, transect walks, to explore the obstacle of Xingjian village in promoting organic farming development, and to analysis the problem of social network interaction. The result shows that organic agriculture development in the village do need collective action to attain production and non-production of common interests. However, the collective action of organic farming is difficult to expand due to lack of social capital in the village between the networks, and the lack of the common goal in this village. Thus, the input of external resources do not correspond to its performance. Further, institutional arrangements in Xingjian cooperatives functions poor, leading to its operational difficulties. Besides, poor Cooperation between central and local government, as well as the current policy orientation of government, both play a crucial role in affecting farmers' willingness to change conventional farming to organic farming. This study suggests that social networks between the village should connect closely by communicate with each other frequently, and Xingjian cooperatives should review its institutional arrangements, in order to facilitate the collective action of “Xingjian Organic Village”; and the government should try to improve organic produce’s access to market, establish incentives about organic agriculture zone, transfer subsidies policy to organic agriculture, and strengthen consumer’s organic education, so can make more farmers willing to invest in organic farming, or can really develop a production, life and ecology combined "organic village".

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

本論文的研究主體，為台東平原的阿美族，即馬蘭社阿美族。 和以往的阿美族研究不同的是，本文的焦點，集中在歷史研究，尤其由政治經濟學的取向，探討社會文化的貫時性變遷。由此，本文試圖從歷史進程，理解馬蘭社阿美族特別的文化脈絡與社會型態。 歷經各種不同的統治政權，本文歸納出馬蘭社阿美族特殊且一貫的重農傾向，並與相鄰的「武族」卑南族有政治經濟的合作共生關係，而越接近當代，我們會看到馬蘭社阿美族受到統治政權越廣泛深入的影響，無論在經濟處境、社會結構、政治角色與文化表現上，都感受到越來越明顯的壓力。 基於以上的概念，本文論述的取向，不僅是貫時性的，也是文化的比較研究。在不同時期，找出政治環境引入的不同人群，以及經濟環境上的重要變遷，以突顯台東平原，尤其是馬蘭社原住民的文化表現，尚武的卑南與重農的阿美兩種文化傳統，進入當代國民國家的體制內，其社會文化，從諸多面向來看──包括生產方式，社會地位，政治參予，經濟權利，與精神生活，都可以發現許多值得探討其脈絡的特殊表現。 本文第一章首先揭露，有足夠證據顯示，馬蘭社具備長久歷史。其次，本文提出卑南族與阿美族在臺東平原的共生關係，這個歷史淵源，作為本文的重要主軸，在接下來的篇章，會持續提示每個時期，兩族各自表現出不同的文化調適。最後強調馬蘭社阿美族的文化特色，即在於特重農業生產的傳統。 第二章討論日本統治初期，台東平原原住民，因其社會文化更適宜統治，以致於很快就被統治者識別，採取與島內其他原住民不同的統治方式，從稅收、產權與勞役等政策上，都可以發現較短的適應期與更早的公民化，然而也在生產勞力上出現更深廣的剝削。由此接續第三章以糖業生產為中心的探討。 第三章以日本推行糖業生產，導致台東平原民族關係的改變為探討主軸。在生產勞力重整的過程中，特意引進定居人口（內地人與本島人），同時加重原住民勞力負擔，抑制原住民地權，乃至經濟建設（卑南大圳）引起的農業環境改變，凡此皆是台東平原原住民經濟生活轉變的重要關鍵。 第四章由經濟轉向政治，分析日本帝國引進的公民政治，試圖在臺東平原建立一個本島人支配內地人與原住民的階級結構，其中原住民在文化上與經濟上最居劣勢，從而影響其政治生活，幾乎難以感受原住民精英的活力，自難期待從政治參予上整體增進原住民的社會地位。 第五章進入戰後，選擇了又一個興起二十年的農產經濟──罐頭鳳梨的生產外銷。不僅要成為國家公民，國民黨政府更要求同化，在這樣的背景下，原住民勞力投入鳳梨工廠的同時，文化也面臨毀滅，年輕一代向都市移動，原有的農耕傳統、家庭組織、宗教信仰都面臨嚴峻考驗。1970年代鳳梨加工產業走向黃昏的同時，馬蘭社阿美族文化似乎也走到一個臨界點。 最後，作為民族史的政治經濟比較研究，本文強調，社會文化的完整運作，才是經濟發展的穩固基礎，政治經濟的競逐，無論如何必須避免歷史文化上的短視，甚至忽視。 / The subject of this dissertation is the Taitung Amis, who are Falangaw Amis. The focus of this study is different from previous studies, because it is concentrated on their history and their social and cultural changes. Much is due to political economics. Falangaw Amis saw various government regimes. The cultural tendencies of Falangaw Amis are consistently related to agriculture. They cooperated with Puyuma who have high regard for the military Wu Zu武族 and lived next to them, in politics and economy. More recently, Falangaw Amis are more deeply influenced by various government regimes. No matter what their economics, society, political roles, and cultural performances were, this tribe received more and more pressure about those. This dissertation not only reveals long historical changes, but also studies cultural comparisons. In different periods, the changes of economic surroundings as well as the crowds led into Taitung by various government regimes, can revive the cultural performance of Falangaw Amis. The Puyumas have high regard for the military; the Amis stress agriculture. This can be a wide area of inquiry. These all affect the production, social status, political concerns, economic rights, and cultural life of Amis. The first chapter in this dissertation reveals that we have enough evidence to show that the Falangaws had a long history. It also suggests that the Puyuma tribe and Ami tribe had a cooperative relationship in the Taitung plain. This history is the main topic in this dissertation. The following chapters will mention the different changes in the two tribes in each period. Finally, it emphasizes cultural characteristics of Falangaw Amis, especially the tradition of agriculture. The second chapter shows that in the early period of Japanese rule, the aborigines who lived in the Taitung plain were more easily ruled by Japanese. Therefore, Japan adopted different ways to govern them, from others. With tax revenue, decrease of property rights, and forced labor, all evidence shows that aborigines had little time to adapt to the new government and be citizens. However, the government exploited the aborigines considerably in production work. The following chapter will discuss the sugar production industry. The third chapter mainly treats the fact that the Japanese promoted the sugar production industry. This caused changes in ethnic relations in the Taitung plain. Under the process of organizing production labor, the government brought in some special populations, and at the same time increased the aborigines' labor burden and suppressed their property rights. Furthermore, economic development (the ditches) made the agricultural surroundings change. These are all keys that made the aborigines' economic life change considerably. The fourth chapter shows that the Japanese brought in citizen politics and attempted to establish a class system. In this system some dominated others, including the aborigines. In cultural and economic status, the aborigines were inferior. Therefore it was difficult to get enthusiasm or support from aborigine leaders. No wonder that it's difficult to improve the social status of the aborigines by political means. . The fifth chapter mainly treats in the postwar period the export trade of pineapple can production, another hot agriculture industry. KMT government made the aborigines be citizen and adaption. The aborigines worked for those pineapple factories. The young men moved to big cities for work and life. Their traditional agriculture, family organization and religion faced a baptism of fire. In 1970, when the pineapple can production was downward, Falangaw Amis seemed to be at the juncture. Finally, as a ethnic history in politic economy compared research , the dissertation stress that the social culture should works well,then the economy development would have a steady foundation. Even the politics and economy can be successful. It is very important not to be shortsighted in criticizing history and culture.