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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

BCGite généralisée

Renaud-Martin, Stéphanie. Greder-Belan, Alix. January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Thèse d'exercice : Médecine. Médecine générale : Paris 12 : 2004. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.
12

Humant papillomvirus : Gymnasieelevers kunskaper om och attityder till HPV, HPV-vaccin, kondomanvändning och cellprovtagning

Nilsson, Jenny, Hävermark, Elisabeth January 2009 (has links)
<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> To assess awareness and attitudes regarding HPV, HPV-vaccines, use of condom and participation in pap-smear screening among high-school students in Uppsala County. The intention was also to investigate if there were any differences between students at theoretical programmes and vocational programmes.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> 608 students from seven high-schools in Uppsala County answered a questionnaire covering demographics, awareness and attitudes regarding HPV, HPV-vaccine, use of condoms and pap-smear tests.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> A majority of the students had never heard of HPV (86 %, n=521), HPV-vaccine (94 %, n=537) or the link between HPV and cervical cancer (88 %, n=563). Most respondents had a positive attitude towards HPV-vaccine (84 %, n=508), but the biggest obstacle was the high cost (37 %, n=227). The students believed that it was less likely that they would use a condom with a new partner if vaccinated (mean=78, SD=26, p<0.001), or if they or their partner used contraceptive pills (mean=62, SD=32, p<0.001) compared to how likely it was that they would use a condom in general with a new partner. The girls rated the probability that they would participate in a pap-smear screening as relatively low if vaccinated (mean=59 SD=27). Students at theoretical programmes had better knowledge about HPV and HPV-vaccines. They were also more positive to the use of condoms and participation in pap-smear screening. Furthermore, more students at theoretical programmes (11%, n=46) than at vocational programmes (9%, n=16) planned to be vaccinated (<em>p</em>=0.048).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The awareness regarding HPV and HPV-vaccine was low among high school students in Uppsala County, especially among students at vocational programmes. More information is required to increase the awareness and motivation to use condoms and participate in pap-smear screening.</p>
13

Développement d'un vaccin synthétique contre Burkholderia Cepacia impliqué dans la fibrose kystique

Shiao, Tze Chieh January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
La fibrose kystique (FK) est une maladie génétique causée par la mutation du gène codant pour la protéine CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator). Celle-ci présente un défaut sur le canal à ions chlorures affectant ainsi entre autres la viscosité des muqueuses au niveau du système respiratoire. Cet environnement est alors propice aux colonisations bactériennes opportunistes sous la forme de biofilm. Burkholderia cepacia, bacille Gram-négatif mobile, multi-résistant aux antibiotiques et hautement transmissible, s'avère d'une extrême virulence pour les patients atteints de FK. Cette bactérie pathogène désigne en fait un ensemble de neuf souches rassemblées sous le nom de « complexe B. cepacia » (CBC). Au moins huit de ces neuf souches produisent un exopolysaccharide nommé Cepacian. Celui-ci est constitué d'un motif de répétition heptasaccharidique composé notamment de l'enchaînement α-D-Rhap-( 1→4 )-α-D-GlcpA. Le D-rhamnose (ou 6-deoxy-D-mannose) est un composant de glycoconjugués des parois de bactéries pathogènes mais ce sucre rare est absent chez l'homme. Ce dernier présente donc un fort potentiel antigénique dans le cadre de la préparation d'un vaccin entièrement synthétique et spécifique contre B. cepacia. L'élaboration de celui-ci consiste en un activateur universel immunogénique peptidique (Tc-épitope), PADRE ou P2TT préalablement synthétisés, fonctionnalisé par une unité antigénique spécifique. Dans ce but, deux tri-O·saccharides constituants du LPS de B. cepacia et composés majoritairement de D-rhamnose, ainsi que des fragments du motif de répétition de l'exopolysaccharide (EPS) du CBC ont été synthétisés. Des méthodes de synthèses orthogonales ont été optimisées avec de très hauts rendements sur les cinq différents sucres constituant l'EPS ou les LPS du CBC, et plus spécifiquement sur le D-rhamnose. Une série de glycosylation suivie d'une conjugaison finale via une addition radicalaire ou une métathèse croisée a conduit à deux méthodes de conjugaison pour la synthèse de vaccins potentiels, ceci constituant le but final du projet. La synthèse linéaire en 21 étapes a conduit au trisaccharide, α-D-Rhap-(1→3)-α-D-Rhap-(1→2)-α-D-Rhap, avec 36% de rendement global (ou 19% en 18 étapes optimisables). Un rendement de 28% a été obtenu pour une synthèse séquentielle en 17 étapes pour le trisaccharide majeur du LPS, α-D-Rhap-(1→3)-α-D-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-Galp. La conjugaison de ce dernier sur T-cell épitope constituera l'ultime étape afin d'obtenir un vaccin potentiel entièrement synthétique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Vaccin synthétique, T-cell épitope, Burkholderia cepacia, Fibrose kystique, Oligosaccharide, D-rhamnose, Complexe B. cepacia.
14

Humant papillomvirus : Gymnasieelevers kunskaper om och attityder till HPV, HPV-vaccin, kondomanvändning och cellprovtagning

Nilsson, Jenny, Hävermark, Elisabeth January 2009 (has links)
Purpose: To assess awareness and attitudes regarding HPV, HPV-vaccines, use of condom and participation in pap-smear screening among high-school students in Uppsala County. The intention was also to investigate if there were any differences between students at theoretical programmes and vocational programmes. Methods: 608 students from seven high-schools in Uppsala County answered a questionnaire covering demographics, awareness and attitudes regarding HPV, HPV-vaccine, use of condoms and pap-smear tests. Results: A majority of the students had never heard of HPV (86 %, n=521), HPV-vaccine (94 %, n=537) or the link between HPV and cervical cancer (88 %, n=563). Most respondents had a positive attitude towards HPV-vaccine (84 %, n=508), but the biggest obstacle was the high cost (37 %, n=227). The students believed that it was less likely that they would use a condom with a new partner if vaccinated (mean=78, SD=26, p&lt;0.001), or if they or their partner used contraceptive pills (mean=62, SD=32, p&lt;0.001) compared to how likely it was that they would use a condom in general with a new partner. The girls rated the probability that they would participate in a pap-smear screening as relatively low if vaccinated (mean=59 SD=27). Students at theoretical programmes had better knowledge about HPV and HPV-vaccines. They were also more positive to the use of condoms and participation in pap-smear screening. Furthermore, more students at theoretical programmes (11%, n=46) than at vocational programmes (9%, n=16) planned to be vaccinated (p=0.048). Conclusion: The awareness regarding HPV and HPV-vaccine was low among high school students in Uppsala County, especially among students at vocational programmes. More information is required to increase the awareness and motivation to use condoms and participate in pap-smear screening.
15

Produktutveckling av kylväska för transport av vacciner i svåråtkomliga platser / Product development of an alternative cool box for transporting of vaccines into remote areas

Soler Salazar, Pedro, Elvesten, Mathilda January 2014 (has links)
Examensarbetet har genomförts i samarbete med konsultföretaget i3tex AB i Göteborg samt med Aircontainer Package System Sweden AB (APS) i Stockholm. APS utvecklar och säljer standardiserade och kundanpassade förpackningslösningar för att transportera temperaturkänsliga produkter. Ett av APS önskemål är att i framtiden kunna erbjuda fler alternativ av kylväskor. Ett av dem är en kylväska som skulle kunna användas vid transport av vacciner i svåra miljöer eftersom det idag inte finns med i deras utbud. Examensarbetet fokuseras därför på att ta APS befintliga blodväska som referens och att ta fram ett nytt koncept för transport av vacciner, samt utveckla ergonomiska egenskaper för att underlätta och optimera användningen för de som jobbar i fält på organisationer som t.ex. UNICEF eller Läkare Utan Gränser. För att få förståelse för användarnas behov och krav på kylväskan gjordes en undersökning av vaccinationsprogram och dess förfarande samt kvalitativa intervjuer med fältarbetare för Läkare Utan Gränser, där fokus lagts kring hur transportprocessen ser ut. Tillsammans med en ergonomistudie genomfördes en intervju med en utbildad ergonom för att få en djupare förståelse kring de ergonomiska egenskaper som det slutliga konceptet av kylväskan borde ha. Vägen att skapa ett slutligt koncept har baserats på en designprocess. I processen har en kravspecifikation av produkten skapats för att vidare kunna utvecklats till olika koncept som har övervägts. Utifrån det slutliga koncept som valts har en fungerande designprototyp tagits fram. Det slutliga konceptet håller de krav som ställts på produkten och är konkurrenskraftig utifrån tekniken och designen. Konceptet är mer användarvänlig och innehåller en bättre kylteknik jämfört med de kylväskor som finns idag. / This thesis project was performed in collaboration with the consulting firm i3tex AB in Gothenburg and Aircontainer Package System Sweden AB (APS) in Stockholm. APS develops and sells standard and customized packaging solutions for transporting temperature sensitive products. One of APS’s wishes is in the near future to be able to offer more choices of coolers. One of these new possible alternatives is a cool box that could be used for the transport of vaccines in difficult environments, a product that currently is not in their range. This thesis focuses therefore on taking APS existing blood bag as a reference to create a new concept for the transport of vaccines and to also develop ergonomic features to facilitate and optimize the use of it by the people working in the field for organizations such as UNICEF or Doctors Without Borders. In order to get a better understanding of the user’s needs and requirements an evaluation of the vaccination program and its procedures was made. Qualitative interviews with field workers for MSF were also conducted; here the focus was on how the transport process operated. Along with an ergonomic study an interview was conducted with an ergonomic specialist to get a deeper understanding of the ergonomic features that the final concept ought to have. The path to creating the final concept has been based on a design process. In this process a specification of the product was made and developed upon to make various concepts that were taken into consideration. Finally a design prototype was developed based on the chosen final concept. The final concept fulfills the requirements previously set on the product and it is competitive based on its technology and design. The concept is more user-friendly and offers a better cooling technology than the vaccine carriers available in the market today.
16

Gymnasieelevers kunskap om och inställning till HPV och HPV-vaccin

Lundberg, Maria, Färdig, Martin January 2014 (has links)
Bakgrund: Humant papillomvirus (HPV) är ett sexuellt överförbart vårtvirus, som kan orsaka cellförändringar och livmoderhalscancer. Tidigare forskning har visat att kunskap om HPV och HPV-vaccin generellt är låg och att vaccinationstäckningen bland unga kvinnor i många länder varit suboptimal. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att kartlägga gymnasieelevers kunskap om och inställning till HPV och HPV-vaccin, samt undersöka om det föreligger skillnader mellan elever på praktiska och teoretiska gymnasieprogram. Metod: Studien var en deskriptiv komparativ tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Orems egenvårdsteori användes som teoretisk referensram. De 230 deltagarna från fyra gymnasieskolor i Uppsala besvarade ett enkätformulär. Resultat: Majoriteten av eleverna hade generellt låg kunskap om HPV och HPV-vaccinet, hade låg tilltro till vaccinet och var osäkra på huruvida de i framtiden ville vaccineras, dock hade elever på teoretiska program bättre kunskap och mer positiv inställning än elever på praktiska program. Flickor hade bättre kunskap och om HPV och HPV-vaccin än pojkar. De flesta hade inte hört talas om vaccin mot HPV, men de allra flesta hade kännedom om vaccin mot livmoderhalscancer. Slutsats: Den låga kunskapen om HPV och HPV-vaccin kan påverka elevernas inställning samt deras intentioner att i framtiden vaccineras. Resultatet indikerar på ett behov av mer information om HPV och HPV-vaccin. Skolsköterskans hälsosamtal med gymnasieelever bör inkludera information och diskussion om HPV och HPV-vaccin anpassad för ungdomar, för att ge dem möjlighet att förstå sambandet mellan kondylom, HPV och livmoderhalscancer, och därmed lättare kunna ta ställning till vaccination.
17

Vaccination mot Humant Papillomvirus - vem bör vaccineras?

Håkansson, Johanna January 2013 (has links)
Background: Infection with Human Papillomavirus, HPV, is one of the world's most common sexual transmitted infections. The virus causes genital warts (condyloma) but certain virus types can cause cancer. The most common cancer type caused by the virus is cancer of the cervix. Nowadays there is a screening program for women between 23 and 60 years of age where Pap smears of the cervix is taken to discover abnormalities at an early stage. Cervical cancer is very common all over the world and this screening program saves many lives, but not in the less developed countries since the screening program is too expensive. A vaccine has been developed against the four most common HPV- types 6, 11, 16 and 18, and the vaccine costs less than the screening program, so it is now possible to save lives worldwide. The vaccine contains virus-like particles, VLP's, synthesized by L1-proteins from HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. HPV 6 and 11 are associated with the sexual transmitted disease condyloma, and HPV 16 and 18 can cause cancer in the cervix among women, but also other kinds of anogenital cancer types. Today, the HPV vaccine is included in the general vaccination program for girls in 5th and 6th grade in Sweden, but not for boys. The risk to get infected with the virus is equal between girls and boys and this has raised the question whether or not boys should be included in the general HPV-vaccination program as well. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not there is evidence that suggest vaccinating other populations than young girls. Methods: The study is a literature study of clinical trials collected from the database PubMed. Results: Many clinical trials, where the vaccine efficacy among young initially HPV-naive girls have been evaluated, have been performed. They show that the vaccine is effective in preventing HPV-infection in this population. In a population with older participants, that have been sexually active and, thereby, are likely to have been infected with the virus, the vaccine's efficacy is more unknown. Clinical trials have been made in populations like this, with participants with initially unknown HPV-status, and the vaccine shows efficacy against infection with the HPV type, or types, that the individual is not already infected with. Clinical trials have also been made among boys and young men and the vaccine's efficacy is noninferior among men compared with the vaccine efficacy among girls and young women. Conclusions: Those findings support the inclusion of boys in the general vaccination program. They also show that already infected individuals can take benefit from the vaccine since it is not very likely that they are infected with all four vaccine types. But, before a gender neutral vaccination can be recommended, and before vaccination of already infected individuals is suggested, more and larger studies must be made. The new trials should also have longer follow up-times to determine whether a refill vaccination in the future will be needed.
18

Development of a multi-epitope peptide vaccine against human leishmaniases / Developpement d'un vaccin peptidique multi-epitope contre les leishmanioses humaines

Da Silva Pissarra, Joana 26 June 2019 (has links)
La leishmaniose est une maladie tropicale négligée à transmission vectorielle qui est endémique dans 98 pays dont les plus pauvres. Vingt espèces de Leishmania sont capables d’établir une infection intracellulaire au sein des macrophages humains, provoquant différentes manifestations cliniques. Le développement d'un vaccin contre les leishmanioses est étayé par des preuves d'immunité naturelle contre l'infection, induite par une réponse à médiation cellulaire de type Th1 dominante associée à la production d'IFN-γ, d'IL-2 et de TNF-α par des cellules T polyfonctionnelles TCD4+ et TCD8+, conduisant à l'activation classique des macrophages entrainant la destruction des parasites. Induire une protection robuste et durable et déterminer les épitopes immunodominants responsables de la protection naturelle représente un véritable défi.Les protéines sécrétées sont des facteurs de virulence jouant un rôle important dans le cycle de vie des leishmanies et sont capables d’induire une protection durable chez le chien, un bon modèle pour l’infection humaine. Notre objectif est de développer, à partir du sécrétome de Leishmania, un vaccin de seconde génération reproductible et facile à produire à bas prix dans les zones d’endémie, avec des rendements de production rendant possible son utilisation à grande échelle.Les sécrétomes des six espèces les plus pathogènes de leishmanie (plus L. tarentolae) ont été analysés et comparées par spectrométrie de masse. Les antigènes candidats ont été recherchés dans l'ensemble des données disponibles (analyses protéomiques, littérature…). 52 antigènes candidats vaccin ont ainsi été sélectionnés, dont 28 avaient déjà été décrits et 24 sont nouveaux et découverts grâce à une approche de vaccinologie réverse.Une analyse de la prédiction de liaison des épitopes in silico HLA-I et –II a été réalisée sur tous les antigènes candidats vaccin, prenant ainsi en compte le polymorphisme HLA de la population mondiale. Pour sélectionner les meilleurs épitopes parmi des milliers d’épitopes potentiels, un script R automatisé a été développé en interne, selon des critères rationnels stricts. Ainsi, 50 épitopes de classe I et 24 épitopes de classe II ont été sélectionnés et synthétisés sous forme de peptides individuels. Des essais de toxicité in vitro ont montré l’absence de toxicité cellulaire de ces peptides.Les individus guéris par chimiothérapie généralement développent des réponses immunitaires protectrices à Leishmania. Des tests de stimulation des PBMC ont donc été réalisés avec des échantillons biologiques provenant de donneurs guéris de Tunisie et la production d'IFN-γ a été évaluée par ELISpot. De plus, il était important d'inclure dans l'étape de validation expérimentale des peptides des échantillons provenant d’individus naïfs, population cible à vacciner avec un vaccin prophylactique. Les résultats montrent que des peptides spécifiques de Leishmania induisent avec succès la production d'IFN-γ par les PBMC totaux provenant de donneurs guéris et par les lymphocytes T spécifiques amplifiés à partir du répertoire naïf.Globalement, la validation expérimentale des peptides réalisée exclusivement sur des échantillons humains nous fournira une base préclinique très solide pour développer un vaccin efficace capable de protéger les populations touchées par ces maladies. Elle constituera un moyen sûr et rentable de mieux sélectionner les candidats retenus pour le vaccin et d'éliminer ceux qui présentent un risque d'échec élevé au tout début du processus de développement du vaccin.Grâce à la combinaison de l'analyse protéomique et d'outils in silico, des candidats peptidiques prometteurs ont été rapidement identifiés pour le développement d'un vaccin. Le « pipeline » de développement préclinique du vaccin proposé fournit une sélection rapide de peptides immunogènes, offrant une approche puissante pour accélérer le déploiement d'un vaccin pan-spécifique efficace contre les leishmanioses. / Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease endemic to 98 countries worldwide. Twenty Leishmania species are capable of establishing intracellular infection within human macrophages, causing different clinical presentations. Vaccine development against leishmaniases is supported by evidence of natural immunity against infection, mediated by a dominant cellular Th1 response and production of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α by polyfunctional TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells, ultimately leading to macrophage activation and parasite killing.Excreted-secreted proteins are important virulence factors present throughout Leishmania life stages and are able to induce durable protection in dogs, a good model for human infection. We aim to develop a second generation vaccine from the Leishmania secretome, with the potential for large scale dissemination in a cost-effective, reproducible approach.The secretome of six main pathogenic species (plus L. tarentolae) was analysed by Mass-Spectrometry and conserved candidate antigens were searched in the complete dataset. A total of 52 vaccine antigen candidates were selected, including 28 previously described vaccine candidates, and an additional 24 new candidates discovered through a reverse vaccinology approach.In silico HLA-I and –II epitope binding prediction analysis was performed on all selected vaccine antigens, with world coverage regarding HLA restriction. To select the best epitopes, an automated R script was developed in-house, according to strict rational criteria. From thousands of potential epitopes, the automated script, in combination with optimal IC50, homology to host and solubility properties, allowed us to select 50 class I and 24 class II epitopes, synthesized as individual peptides. In vitro toxicity assays showed these selected peptides are non-toxic to cells.The peptides’ immunogenicity was evaluated using immunoscreening assays with immune cells from human donors, allowing for the validation of in silico epitope predictions and selection, and the assessment of the peptide’s immunogenicity and prophylactic potential. Healed individuals, which had active infection and received treatment, possess Leishmania-specific memory responses and are resistant to reinfection, being considered the gold standard of protective immunity. On the other hand, the naive population is extremely important to include in the experimental validation step since it is the target population to vaccinate with a prophylactic vaccine. Importantly, a minimum specific T-cell precursor frequency is needed to induce long-lasting memory protective responses. Furthermore, there is also a positive correlation between immunodominant epitopes and a high frequency of specific T-cell precursors. Peptides able to induce Th1 and/or cytotoxic immune responses in both background are promising candidates for a vaccine formulation. Altogether,experimental validation exclusively in human samples will provide us a very strong base for a vaccine formulation and allow to accelerate translation to the field.Results show Leishmania-specific peptides successfully induce IFN-γ production by total PBMC from healed donors, and by specific T cells amplified from the naïve repertoire. Preliminary evidence exists for peptides which are immunogenic in both immune backgrounds (eight HLA-class I 9-mer peptides and five class II 15-mer peptides) which are, for now, the most promising candidates to advance for the multi-epitope peptide design.Through the combination of proteomic analysis and in silico tools, promising peptide candidates were swiftly identified and the secretome was further established as an optimal starting point for vaccine development. The proposed vaccine preclinical development pipeline delivered a rapid selection of immunogenic peptides, providing a powerful approach to fast-track the deployment of an effective pan-specific vaccine against Leishmaniases.
19

Vad tycker gymnasieelever i det naturvetenskapliga programmet i Sverige om vaccin? : Avgörande faktorer och de didaktiska följderna. / What do upper secondary students in the natural science program in Sweden think about vaccines? : The determining factors and the didactic consequences.

Hjorth, Axel January 2024 (has links)
Vaccintvivel finns runt om i världen. Detta tvivel kan beskrivas som en rädsla och osäkerhet för vaccin eller att man inte accepterar vaccin som ett pålitligt läkemedel. Hos elever har vaccintvivel visat sig vara kopplat till bland annat nålfobi eller en rädsla för biverkningar. Andra avgörande faktorer för elevers negativa attityd mot vaccin är låg ålder och att de studerar på en yrkesförberedande skola. Ett antal undersökningar har även visat att en stor andel av eleverna saknar både erfarenhet av sådana sjukdomar som vaccin förebygger och en förståelse för vaccintillverkningsprocessen.  Syftet med denna undersökning var att ta reda på hur gymnasieelever i det naturvetenskapliga programmet i Sverige uppfattar vaccin, vilka faktorer som kan ligga bakom deras uppfattningar och de didaktiska följderna. Undersökningen genomfördes genom en kombination av en enkät och intervjuer där data från båda redskap sammanställdes och jämfördes för att ge undersökningens resultat. Sammanlagt deltog 56 elever från tre klasser i södra Sverige i enkäten, och 8 av dem intervjuades. Resultatet visade att gymnasieelever i Sverige som läser det naturvetenskapliga programmet har en positiv inställning till vaccin och att få av deltagarna trodde på konspirationsteorier. Troligtvis berodde elevernas positiva inställning till vaccin både på programmet de läste och deras höga ålder (18 år). En känsla av obehag, nålfobi eller rädsla för biverkningar fanns hos eleverna, oavsett om de var kritiska eller positiva till vaccin. När det kom till obligatorisk vaccination ställt mot fritt val var elevernas åsikter delade. Det visade sig även att eleverna var osäkra på om vaccin innehåller tungmetaller och om vaccin fungerar på bakterier. Några deltagare tyckte även att vaccinet för Covid-19 hade använts för snabbt på allmänheten.  Utifrån undersökningens resultat är en rekommendation att lärare i undervisningen pratar om biverkningar, nålfobi, tungmetaller och bakteriesjukdomar som vaccin förebygger. Elever bör även få undervisning om vaccintillverkningsprocessen, eftersom några tyckte att vaccinet för Covid-19 hade använts för snabbt. Antagligen hade de tyckt annorlunda om de hade känt till hur omfattande och noggrann utvecklingsprocessen av detta vaccin i själv verket var. Avslutningsvis är en rekommendation utifrån denna undersökning att eleverna utför en klassdebatt i frågan om vaccination ska vara ett fritt val eller obligatoriskt. Syftet med detta är att eleverna ska förstå konsekvenserna av de två alternativen.
20

Regulation of T cell response by a new member of the TNF receptor family

Shi, Guixiu January 2004 (has links)
Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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