This paper covers the notation and basic results of the theory of ordered abelian groups required to state Hahn's Theorem, which deals with the structure of such groups. In addition, we present a simple proof of Hahn's theorem for groups of nite range and some results concerning the minimality of the immersion sugested by the theorem. / Este trabajo presenta las notaciones y resultados básicos de la teoríıa de grupos abelianos ordenados necesarios para establecer el teorema de Hahn, el cual describe la estructura de este tipo de grupos. Además presentamos una prueba simple del teorema de Hahn para grupos ordenados de rango finito y algunos resultados sobre la minimalidad de la inmersión descrita en el teorema.

El estudio, de tipo correlacional, se realizó al proyecto Centro Comercial Sur Sector Cuatro, de la empresa JE Construcciones SA; ubicada en la ciudad de Lima y parte de aplicar los lineamientos de la guía del PMBOK en la gestión del tiempo, costo y calidad; analizando y evaluando, la problemática generada en la obra durante la etapa de ejecución del periodo 15-03-15 al 15-05-15, hito importante en el proyecto. El análisis parte de dos escenarios: “Primer escenario”, representa el avance real en obra y “Segundo escenario”, representa el avance con el cronograma propuesto, calculándose el valor ganado del primer escenario que fue de S./115,342,840.09 y del segundo escenario que fue de S./153,008,434.03; que refleja la ejecución de obra sin retrasos y pérdidas económicas respecto al tiempo. La gestión de los costos, analiza las valorizaciones quincenales en la curva S para ambos escenarios, obteniéndose los indicadores que determinan el desempeño global de la obra. Para el primer escenario, la estimación a la conclusión (EAC) es S/. 216, 393,289.13 respecto al costo directo (BAC). La gestión de la calidad, implicó la aplicación del diagrama de Ishikawa y el diagrama de Pareto, evaluándose el impacto en el tiempo por los reprocesos del periodo en estudio, denotando una duración total de 76 días y el costo de S. / 86,067.90 que representa el 1.11% del periodo en estudio, conllevando a proponer el plan de calidad, protocolos para mejorar la calidad en los procesos. The study, of type correlational, was realized to the project “Centro Comercial Sur” sector four, of the company JE Constructions SA; located in the city of Lima and part of applying the alignments of guide of the PMBOK in the management of the time, cost and quality; analyzing and evaluating, the problematics generated in the work during the stage of execution of the period 15-03-15 to 15-05-15, important event in the project. The analysis departs from two scenarios: "The First scene", represents the real advance in work and "The Second scene", represents the advance with the proposed chronogram, there being calculated the earned value of the first scene that was S./115,342,840.09 and the second scene that was S./153,008,434.03; that reflects the execution of work without delays and economic losses with regard to the time. The management costs, analyzes the fortnightly valuations in the S curve for both scenarios, obtaining the indicators that determine the overall performance of the work. For the first scenario, the estimate at completion (EAC) is S /. 216, 393,289.13 regarding the direct cost (BAC). The quality management, involved the application of Ishikawa diagram and Pareto chart, evaluating the impact in time to rework the study period, implying a total duration of 76 days and the cost of S / 86,067.90 representing 1.11% of the study period, leading to propose the quality plan, protocols to improve process quality.

Economic valuation of the Okavango Delta can support decision making in a complex socio-economic environment in which economic development depends on a deep understanding of the value of biodiversity. The use of a natural resource accounting framework in determining the value of goods and services is crucial. The total economic value of the Okavango Delta was estimated by using primary (household valuation) and secondary data. A natural resource accounting framework was used. The components of the total economic value were the composition of wild herbivores and vegetation, and the functional values, which comprised direct use values of wild herbivores, river reed, thatching grass, wild fruits, fuelwood and palm leaves, indirect consumptive values of honey production, carbon sequestration, livestock grazing, milk production, non-consumptive use of tourism, and existence and bequest values. The values of the composition and function are expressed in per/ha values. The value of the composition of wild herbivores was estimated at P1 444 992 400 (US$ 294 850 699.2) or US$ 27.4/ha, while the functional value was estimated at P185 913 117.4 (US$ 37 527 840.96 or US$ 619.77/ha. Of the estimated direct use values of vegetation, river reed had the highest value of US$ 29.0/ha, while the highest value among indirect use values was that of milk production (US$ 8.5/ha). These values of selected resources reflect the contribution of the value of biodiversity of the Okavango Delta to the overall economy of the country and represent initial estimates of costs to society if these resources are lost. The estimated values can be used to raise awareness among decision makers of the economic benefits of conserving the Okavango Delta. Overall, the findings showed that the various components of the total economic value of the Okavango Delta were comparable to other wetlands in the region. / Thesis (PhD (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Denna studie fokuserar på balansgången mellan krav på energieffektivitet och bevarandet avkulturarv i kontexten av kulturhistoriska byggnader. Syftet är att utforska hur förvaltning ochvärdering av dessa byggnader kan påverkas av framtida energikrav, med särskild fokus på depotentiella konsekvenser som detta kan medföra för fastighetsägare, förvaltare och andraintressenter. Studien använder en kombination av en litteraturstudie samt en kvalitativ studiebaserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fastighetsägare och fastighetsvärderare. Decentrala fynden visar att det är utmanande att energieffektivisera kulturhistoriska byggnadertill de nivåer som krävs, samt att värderingen av sådana byggnader kräver en särskildskicklighet i att balansera subjektiva preferenser med objektiva kriterier, givet marknadensolika preferenser. Energieffektivisering av kulturhistoriska byggnader kan öka dess marknadsvärde genom attsänka driftskostnader och göra fastigheter mer attraktiva för miljömedvetna investerare.Vidare kan sådana åtgärder vara svåra att implementera utan att kompromissa medbyggnadens kulturella och historiska värde. Värderingen av kulturhistoriska fastigheterkräver därför både teknisk och kulturell expertis, samt en djup förståelse förmarknadsdynamiken. Studien identifierar ett kunskapsgap på marknaden gällande dettarelativt nya problem. Avslutningsvis betonas vikten av att navigera genom dessa komplexafrågor för att bevara vårt kulturella arv samtidigt som vi adresserar dagens utmaningar, såsombehovet av energieffektivitet och hållbarhet. / This study focuses on the trade-off between energy efficiency requirements and thepreservation of cultural heritage in the context of cultural historical buildings. The aim is toexplore how the management and valuation of these buildings may be affected by futureenergy requirements, with a particular focus on the potential consequences this may have forproperty owners, managers and other stakeholders. The study uses a combination of literaturestudy and a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with property owners andproperty appraisers. The central findings show that it is challenging to make heritagebuildings energy efficient to the required levels, and that the valuation of such buildingsrequires a special skill in balancing subjective preferences with objective criteria, given thedifferent preferences of the market. Energy efficiency of heritage buildings can increase their commercial value by loweringoperating costs and making properties more attractive to environmentally consciousinvestors. However, such measures can be difficult to implement without compromising thecultural value of the building. The valuation of heritage properties therefore requires bothtechnical and cultural expertise. The study identifies a knowledge gap in the market regardingthis relatively new problem. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of navigatingthrough these complex issues to preserve our cultural heritage while addressing today'schallenges, such as the need for energy efficiency and sustainability.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The practice of combining single-factor multiples (SFMs) into composite multiples models is underpinned by the theory that various SFMs carry incremental information, which, if encapsulated in a superior value estimate, largely eliminates biases and errors in individual estimates. Consequently, the chief objective of this study was to establish whether combining single value estimates into an aggregate estimate will provide a superior value estimate vis-á-vis single value estimates. It is envisaged that this dissertation will provide a South African perspective, as an emerging market, to composite multiples modelling and the multiples-based equity valuation theory on which it is based. To this end, the study included 16 SFMs, based on value drivers representing all of the major value driver categories, namely earnings, assets, dividends, revenue and cash flows. The validation of the research hypothesis hinged on the results obtained from the initial cross-sectional empirical investigation into the factors that complicate the traditional multiples valuation approach. The main findings from the initial analysis, which subsequently directed the construction of the composite multiples models, were the following: Firstly, the evidence suggested that, when constructing multiples, multiples whose peer groups are based on a combination of valuation fundamentals perform more accurate valuations than multiples whose peer groups are based on industry classifications. Secondly, the research results confirmed that equity-based multiples produce more accurate valuations than entity-based multiples. Thirdly, the research findings suggested that multiples models that are constructed on earnings-based value drivers, especially HE, offer higher degrees of valuation accuracy compared to multiples models that are constructed on dividend-, asset-, revenue- or cash flowbased value drivers. The results from the initial cross-sectional analysis were also subjected to an industry analysis, which both confirmed and contradicted the initial cross-sectional-based evidence. The industry-based research findings suggested that both the choice of optimal Peer Group Variable (PGV) and the choice of optimal value driver are industry-specific. As with the initial cross-sectional analysis, earnings-based value drivers dominated the top positions in all 28 sectors that were investigated, while HE was again confirmed as the most accurate individual driver. However, the superior valuation performance of multiples whose peer groups are based on a combination of valuation fundamentals, as deduced from the crosssectional analysis conducted earlier, did not hold when subjected to an industry analysis, suggesting that peer group selection methods are industry-specific. From this evidence, it was possible to construct optimal industry-specific SFMs models, which could then be compared to industry-specific composite models. The evidence suggested that composite-based modelling offered, on annual average, between 20.21% and 44.59% more accurate valuations than optimal SFMs modelling over the period 2001 to 2010. The research results suggest that equity-based composite modelling may offer substantial gains in precision over SFMs modelling. These gains are, however, industry-specific and a carte blanche application thereof is ill advised. Therefore, since investment practitioners’ reports typically include various multiples, it seems prudent to consider the inclusion of composite models as a more accurate alternative. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die praktyk om Enkelfaktor Veelvoude (EFVe) te kombineer in saamgestelde veelvoudmodelle word ondersteun deur die teorie dat verskillende EFVe oor inkrementele inligting beskik, wat, indien dit in ’n superieure waardeskatting opgeneem word, grootliks vooroordele en foute in individuele skattings elimineer. Gevolglik was die hoofdoel van hierdie studie om vas te stel of die kombinering van verskeie enkelfaktor waardeskattings in ’n totale waardeskatting ’n superieure waardeskatting sal verskaf vis-á-vis enkelfaktor waardeskattings. Dit word voorsien dat hierdie proefskrif ’n Suid-Afrikaanse perspektief, as ’n ontluikende mark, sal bied aangaande saamgestelde veelvoudmodellering en die veelvoud-gebaseerde ekwiteitswaardasie-teorie waarop dit gebaseer is. Hiermee ten doel, sluit hierdie studie 16 EFVe in, gebaseer op waardedrywers wat al die vernaamste waardedrywerkategorieë, naamlik verdienste, bates, dividende, omset en kontantvloeie, verteenwoordig. Die bevestiging van die navorsingshipotese is afhanklik van die resultate soos bekom vanuit die aanvanklike dwarsdeursnee-empiriese ondersoek na die faktore wat die tradisionele veelvoudwaardasieproses kompliseer. Die hoofbevindinge van die aanvanklike ontleding, wat daarna rigtinggewend was vir die komposisie van die saamgestelde veelvoudmodelle, was die volgende: Eerstens, dui die bewyse daarop dat, wanneer veelvoude saamgestel word, veelvoude waarvan die portuurgroepe op ’n kombinasie van fundamentele waardasieveranderlikes gebaseer is, meer akkurate waardasies lewer as veelvoude waarvan die portuurgroepe op industrie-klassifikasies gebaseer is. Tweedens, het die navorsingsresultate bevestig dat ekwiteitsgebaseerde veelvoude meer akkurate waardasies lewer as entiteitsgebaseerde veelvoude. Derdens, toon die navorsingsbevindinge dat veelvoudmodelle wat saamgestel word uit verdienstegebaseerde waardedrywers, veral wesensverdienste (WV), hoër grade van waardasie-akkuraatheid bied in vergelyking met veelvoudmodelle wat saamgestel word uit dividend-, bate-, omset- of kontantvloei-gebaseerde waardedrywers. Die resultate van die aanvanklike dwarsdeursnee-ontleding is ook onderwerp aan ’n industrie-ontleding, wat die aanvanklike bevindinge van die dwarsdeursnee-ontleding beide bevestig en weerspreek het. Die bevindinge vanaf die industrie-ontleding dui daarop dat beide die keuse van optimale Portuurgroepveranderlike (PGV) en die optimale keuse van waardedrywer, industrie-spesifiek is. Soos met die aanvanklike dwarsdeursnee-ontleding, het verdienste-gebaseerde waardedrywers die top posisies by al 28 sektore wat ondersoek is, gedomineer, terwyl WV weer as die akkuraatste individuele waardedrywer bevestig is. Die superieure waardasie-resultate van veelvoude waarvan die portuurgroepe gebaseer was op ’n kombinasie van fundamentele waardasie-veranderlikes, soos afgelei uit die aanvanklike dwarsdeursnee-ontleding, het egter nie dieselfde resultate gelewer op ’n per sektor basis nie, wat aandui dat portuurgroep seleksiemetodes industrie-spesifiek is. Vanuit hierdie bevindinge was dit moontlik om optimale EFV-modelle saam te stel, wat dan vergelyk kon word met industrie-spesifieke saamgestelde veelvoudmodelle. Die bevindinge het voorgestel dat saamgestelde modellering gemiddeld jaarliks, tussen 20.21% en 44.59% meer akkurate waardasies gelewer het as optimale EFVmodellering oor die tydperk 2001 tot 2010. Die navorsingsresultate dui aan dat ekwiteitsgebaseerde saamgestelde modellering aansienlike toenames in waardasie-akkuraatheid mag bewerkstellig bo dié van EFVmodellering. Hierdie toenames is egter industrie-spesifiek en ’n carte blanche toepassing daarvan is nie aan te beveel nie. Gevolglik, aangesien beleggingspraktisyns se verslae tipies verskeie veelvoude insluit, blyk dit redelik om die insluiting van saamgestelde modelle as ’n meer akkurate alternatief te oorweeg.

La résolution de singularités des courbes sur C est connue depuis longtemps et possède de nombreuses preuves. L'une d'entre elles consiste à utiliser le théorème de Newton-Puiseux pour obtenir l'uniformisation locale d'une valuation centrée sur l'anneau de départ. Ce théorème fournit une série de Puiseux permettant de paramétrer les branches de la courbe ainsi qu'un ensemble de polynômes décrivant complètement la valuation. Dans cette thèse, nous généralisons cette méthode à l'aide des polynômes-clés indexés sur un ensemble bien ordonné qui deviennent, après éclatements, des coordonnées. Notre premier résultat fournit une généralisation effective du théorème de Newton-Puiseux pour une valuation de rang 1, centrée sur un anneau local régulier et complet, ainsi que des résultats de dépendance intégrale sur les séries tronquées. Dans un second temps, nous montrons qu'il n'y a pas de polynômes-clés limites en caractéristique nulle et proposons une méthode pour obtenir l'uniformisation locale des schémas quasi-excellents. Cette méthode consiste à désingulariser l'idéal premier implicite, engendré par un polynôme, en monomialisant les polynômes-clés. Enfin, en caractéristique positive ou mixte, nous montrons que, pour obtenir l'uniformisation locale, il suffit, sous certaines conditions, de monomialiser le premier polynôme-clé limite.

We define valuations and dominance relations in torsion-free abelian groups and prove that they are essentially the same objects. Next we show that valuations correspond with ltrations of subgroups closed under division by integers. We also prove that every torsion-free abelian valued group can be embedded in the Hahn product of subgroups defined by the respective valuations. / En este trabajo definimos valoraciones y relaciones de dominación en grupos abelianos sin torsión y probamos que estos son esencialmente los mismos objetos. Adicionalmente probamos que las valoraciones también se corresponden con filtraciones de subgrupos cerrados por división por enteros y que todo grupo abeliano valorado y sin torsión puede sumergirse en el producto de Hahn de subgrupos definidos por la valoración.

We consider the problem of designing revenue-optimal mechanisms for selling two heterogeneous items to a single buyer. Designing a revenue-optimal mechanism for selling a single item is simple: Set a threshold price based on the distribution, and sell the item only when the buyer’s valuation exceeds the threshold. However, designing a revenue-optimal mechanism to sell two heterogeneous items is a harder problem. Even the simplest setting with two items and one buyer remains unsolved as yet. The partial characterizations available in the literature have succeeded in solving the problem largely for distributions that are bordered by the coordinate axes. We consider distributions that do not contain (0; 0) in their support sets. Specifically, we consider the buyer’s valuations to be distributed uniformly over arbitrary rectangles in the positive quadrant. We anticipate that the special cases we solve could be a guideline to un-derstand the methods to solve the general problem. We explore two different methods – the duality method and the virtual valuation method – and apply them to solve the problem for distributions that are not bordered by the coordinate axes. The thesis consists of two parts. In the first part, we consider the problem when the buyer has no demand constraints. We assume the buyer’s valuations to be uniformly distributed over an arbitrary rectangle [c1; c1 + b1] [c2; c2 + b2] in the positive quadrant. We first study the duality approach that solves the problem for the (c1; c2) = (0; 0) case. We then nontrivially extend this approach to provide an explicit solution for arbitrary nonnegative values of (c1; c2; b1; b2). We prove that the optimal mechanism is to sell the two items according to one of eight simple menus. The menus indicate that the items must be sold individually for certain values of (c1; c2), the items must be bundled for certain other values, and the auction is an interplay of individual sale and a bundled sale for the remaining values of (c1; c2). We conjecture that our method can be extended to a wider class of distributions. We provide some preliminary results to support the conjecture. In the second part, we consider the problem when the buyer has a unit-demand constraint. We assume the buyer’s valuations (z1; z2) to be uniformly distributed over an arbitrary rectangle [c; c + b1] [c; c + b2] in the positive quadrant, having its south-west corner on the line z1 = z2. We first show that the structure of the dual measure shows significant variations for different values of (c; b1; b2) which makes it hard to discover the correct dual measure, and hence to compute the solution. We then nontrivially extend the virtual valuation method to provide a complete, explicit solution for the problem considered. In particular, we prove that the optimal mechanism is structured into five simple menus. We then conjecture, with promising preliminary results, that the optimal mechanism when the valuations are uniformly distributed in an arbitrary rectangle [c1; c1 + b1] [c2; c2 + b2] is also structured according to similar menus.

El tema de la presente tesis consiste en estimar el impacto económico en las valorizaciones de los contratistas de obras públicas del estado mediante la reformulación de la metodología de IU de precios de la construcción del INEI durante el periodo de inflación 2021 en Perú. Para ello, se propone reformular la Metodología de los IUPC del INEI, proponiendo nuevos Índices Unificados Específicos (IUE). En ese sentido, la presente investigación se dividió en 7 capítulos; el primero abarca el marco teórico que define los términos principales, en el segundo se define la metodología. En el tercero, se detalla la propuesta de solución, en el cuarto capítulo se desarrolla la recolección de datos y el análisis poblacional, para determinar los IUE que presenten una mayor incidencia en las fórmulas polinómicas de las obras públicas y una desviación atípica en el tiempo en la zona geográfica con mayor inversión pública actual, en el quinto capítulo se definirá el valor numérico de cada IUE propuesto a través de un registro de cotizaciones bajo el principio de Pareto y en el sexto capítulo se comparan los resultados de las valorizaciones que son reajustadas utilizando IU del INEI en contraste con los IUE. Finalmente, en el capítulo 7 se abordará las principales conclusiones y recomendaciones de los resultados obtenidos al desarrollar el objetivo del presente estudio para futuras posibles investigaciones. / The subject of this thesis consists of estimating the economic impact on the valuations of public works contractors in the state through the reformulation of the INEI's construction price UI methodology during the 2021 inflation period in Peru. For this, it is proposed to reformulate the Methodology of the IUPC of the INEI, proposing new Specific Unified Indixes (IUE). In this sense, the present investigation was divided into 7 chapters; the first covers the theoretical framework that defines the main terms, the second defines the methodology. In the third, the solution proposal is detailed, in the fourth chapter the data collection and population analysis are developed, to determine the IUE that present a greater incidence in the polynomial formulas of public works and an atypical deviation in time. In the geographical area with the highest current public investment, in the fifth chapter the numerical value of each proposed IUE will be defined through a registry of quotations under the Pareto principle and in the sixth chapter the results of the valuations that are readjusted are compared using INEI UI in contrast to IUE. / Tesis

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude d’expansions de certaines structures algébriques et leur place dans la classification modèle-théorique des structures, initiée par Shelah. La première partie aborde de manière abstraite l’expansion d’une théorie par un prédicat aléatoire –ou générique– pour une sous-structure modèle d’un réduit de la théorie. Nous éla- borons un critère pour l’existence d’une telle expansion, qui est vérifié pour certaines théories de structures algébriques. En particulier, nous montrons l’existence de sous-groupes additifs génériques pour certaines théories de corps, ainsi que de sous-groupes multiplicatifs génériques pour les corps algébriquement clos en toute caractéristique. Nous étudions aussi la conservation de diverses notions de néostabilité, en particulier nous montrons que cette expansion préserve la propriété NSOP 1 , mais en général ne préserve pas la simplicité. Nous produisons par cette construction de nouveaux exemples de structures NSOP 1 non simples, et faisons une étude toute particulière de l’une d’entre elles : l’expansion d’un corps algébriquement clos de caractéristique positive par un sous-groupe additif générique. La deuxième partie étudie les expansions du groupe des entiers par des valuations p-adiques. Nous montrons l’élimination des quantificateurs dans un langage naturel et calculons le dp-rang d’une telle expansion : il est égal au nombre de valuations considérées. L’expansion du groupe des entiers par une seule valuation p-adique est donc une nouvelle expansion dp-minimale du groupe des entiers. Enfin, nous montrons que cette dernière n’admet pas de structures intermédiaires : tout ensemble définissable dans l’expansion est soit définissable dans le groupe des entiers, soit capable de “reconstruire” la valuation en utilisant seulement la structure additive / This thesis is concerned with the expansions of some algebraic structures and their fit in Shelah’s classification landscape. The first part deals with the expansion of a theory by a random –or generic– predicate for a substructure model of a reduct of the theory. We describe a setup allowing such an expansion to exist, which is suitable for several algebraic structures. In particular, we obtain the existence of additive generic subgroups of some theories of fields and multiplicative generic subgroups of algebraically closed fields in all characteristic. We also study the preservation of certain neostability notions, for instance, the NSOP 1 property is preserved but the simplicity is not in general. Thus, this construction produces new examples of NSOP 1 not simple theories, and we study in depth a particular example: the expansion of an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic by a generic additive subgroup. The second part studies expansions of the groups of integers by p-adic valuations. We prove quantifier elimination in a natural language and compute the dp-rank of these expansions: it equals the number of distinct p-adic valuations considered. Thus, the expansion of the integers by one p-adic valuation is a new dp-minimal expansion of the group of integers. Finally, we prove that the latter expansion does not admit intermediate structures: any definable set in the expansion is either definable in the group structure or is able to "reconstruct" the valuation using only the group operation