Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia due to compromised insulin synthesis and secretion, or decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, if not all three conditions. Endothelial dysfunction is a common complication in diabetes in which endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of TRPV4 in diabetes endothelial dysfunction. Male Charles River Wistar rats (350-450 g) were injected with 65mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally. STZ-injected rats were compared with naïve rats (not injected with STZ) or control rats (injected with 10ml/kg of 20mM citrate buffer, pH 4.0-4.5), if not both. Rats with blood glucose concentrations greater than 16mmol/L were considered to be diabetic. As the results revealed, STZ-diabetic rats showed significant endothelial dysfunction characterised by impaired muscarinic-induced vasodilation, as well as significant impairment in TRPV4-induced vasodilation in aortic rings and mesenteric arteries. Furthermore, STZ-diabetic primary aortic endothelial cells (ECs) showed a significant reduction in TRPV4-induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) elevation. TRPV4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and caveolin-1 (CAV-1) were also significantly downregulated in STZ-diabetic primary aortic ECs and were later significantly restored by in vitro insulin treatment. Methylglyoxal (MGO) was significantly elevated in STZ-diabetic rat serum, and nondiabetic aortic rings incubated with MGO (100μM) for 12 hours showed significant endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, nondiabetic primary aortic ECs treated with MGO (100μM) for 5 days showed significant TRPV4 downregulation and significant suppression of 4-α-PDD-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, which was later restored by L-arginine (100μM) co-incubation. Incubating nondiabetic aortic rings with MGO (100μM) for 2 hours induced a spontaneous loss of noradrenaline-induced contractility persistence. Moreover, MGO induced significant [Ca2+]i elevation in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing rat TRPM8 channels (rTRPM8), which was significantly inhibited by AMTB (1-5μM). Taken together, TRPV4, CAV-1, and eNOS can form a functional complex that is downregulated in STZ-diabetic aortic ECs and restored by insulin treatment. MGO elevation might furthermore contribute to diabetes endothelial dysfunction and TRPV4 downregulation. By contrast, MGO induced the loss of contractility persistence, possibly due to MGO's acting as a TRPM8 agonist.

The main complication of aortocoronary reconstruction with vein grafts is restenosis in the course of time. The aim was to assess the effect of a periadventitial polyester system releasing sirolimus on intimal hyperplasia of autologous grafts. The controlled-release system comprises a polyester mesh coated with a sirolimus-eluting copolymer of L lactic acid and ε-caprolactone system designed to be wrapped around an autologous venous graft during its implantation. In vitro sirolimus release and its effects on smooth muscle and endothelial cells were assessed. In vitro, the copolymer-coated polyester mesh released sirolimus over a period of 6 weeks. Mesh-eluted sirolimus inhibited the growth of smooth muscle and endothelial cells in seven-day in vitro experiments. After seven days of sirolimus release from the mesh, smooth muscle and endothelial cell counts decreased by 29% and 75%, respectively, with the cells maintaining high viability. We implanted v. jugularis ext. into a. carotis communis in rabbits. The vein graft was either intact, or was wrapped with a pure polyester mesh, or with a sirolimus-releasing mesh. Three and six weeks after surgery, the veins were subjected to standard histological staining and the thicknesses of the tunica intima, the media and the intima-media complex were...

Estudos caracterizaram o envolvimento da PDI na modulação da geração de EROs pela Nox1 como moduladores da migração de células do músculo liso vascular (VSMC) mediados por fatores de crescimento derivados de plaqueta (PDGF). Outros estudos vêm demonstrando o envolvimento do fator de crescimento epidermal (EGFR) no remodelamento vascular, após a transativação via Angiotensina II. Entretanto o papel da PDI na ativação do EGFR via Nox1 na hipertensão arterial ainda permanece desconhecido. Objetivo foi caracterizar o papel da PDI na expressão de Nox1 dependente do EGFR durante o desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial. Resultados demonstram um aumento da expressão de HB-EGF e ativação de ERK 1/2 na aorta de animais SHR com 8 semanas e 12 semanas de idade, e no plasma de animais SHR com 12 semanas. Ainda, a OvxPDI acarretou em um aumento na expressão gênica de Nox-1 tanto na OVXPDI quanto na forma OvxPDIMUT. Resultados mostram um novo papel da PDI na expressão gênica de Nox-1 via EGFR e a participação desta tiol oxido redutase na gênese da hipertensão arterial. / Studies characterizing the involvement of PDI in the modulation of ROS by Nox1 as modulators of cell migration of vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) mediated by growth factors derived from platelets (PDGF). Other studies have demonstrated the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on vascular remodeling after transactivation via Angiotensin II. However the role of PDI in the activation of EGFR via Nox1 in hypertension remains unknown. Objective was to characterize the role of PDI in Nox1 dependent EGFR expression during the development of hypertension. Results show an increase of HB-EGF expression and ERK 1/2 activation in the aortic SHR at 8 weeks and 12 weeks of age, and plasma SHR at 12 weeks. Still, the OvxPDI resulted in an increase in gene expression of Nox-1 both in OVXPDI and in OvxPDIMUT way. Results show a new role of PDI in gene expression of Nox-1 via EGFR and the participation of this thiol reductase oxide in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

A vasodilatação promovida pela triiodotironina (T3) ocorre por sua ação direta sobre o relaxamento das células musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV), porém os mecanismos envolvidos são desconhecidos. Neste estudo mostramos que o T3 rapidamente relaxa as CMLV através da geração de óxido nítrico (NO), via óxido nítrico sintase neuronal e induzível (nNOS e iNOS), efeitos mediados pela sinalização PI3K/Akt. Ensaios funcionais em aortas sem endotélio, incubados com T3, mostraram menor resposta contrátil a Fenilefrina (FE), efeito este revertido pelo L-NAME, inibidor da NOS. Aortas de ratos hipertiroideos apresentaram aumento do receptor de Angiotensina II (AngII) do tipo 2 (AT2), acompanhado de diminuição de proteínas contráteis. In vitro o T3 diminui estas proteínas contráteis via AT2. Aortas sem endotélio dos ratos hipertiroideos apresentaram menor reatividade a AngII e maior relaxamento ao nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS), efeitos estes mediados via AT2. Por fim, observamos que o T3 é capaz de induzir produção de NO nas CMLV via PI3K/Akt, a qual é ativada pelo AT2 / 3,3\',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) has been shown to induce vasodilation by its direct effect on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). However, the mechanism by which T3 causes VSMC relaxation is still unknown. Here, we have shown that T3 causes rapid relaxation of VSMC via increased NO production from inducible and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We further showed that these effects were mediated by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Vascular reactivity studies showed that endothelium-denuded aortas treated with T3 had a decreased response to phenylephrine which was reserved by L-NAME, NOS inhibitors. Aortas from hyperthyroid rats showed an upregulation of AT2 accompanied by decreased of contractile proteins. In vitro we observed that T3 decreases contractile proteins via AT2. Furthermore, endothelium-denuded aortas from hyperthyroid rats showed a decreased response to angiotensinII and augmented relaxation to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) via AT2 participation. Our data also suggests that PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in T3-induced NO production in VSMC via AT2.

O relaxamento vascular induzido pelo óxido nítrico (NO) está prejudicado em aorta de ratos hipertensos renais (2R-1C). A nossa hipótese é de que o menor efeito do NO na aorta de ratos 2R-1C pode estar relacionada com a maior degradação do NO e/ou modificação das cavéolas no músculo liso vascular (MLV), considerando que o NO pode ser degradado rapidamente e que as cavéolas parecem ser importantes para a redução da concentração citosólica de Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c). O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as alterações nos mecanismos vasodilatadores do NO em aorta de ratos hipertensos renais 2R-1C. Inicialmente, estudamos a influência do estresse oxidativo sobre o efeito do NO liberado dos doadores [Ru(NH.NHq)(terpy)NO+]3+ (TERPY) e nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS) em aorta de ratos normotensos (2R) e 2R-1C. Verificamos que o relaxamento foi menor na aorta dos ratos 2R-1C do que de 2R para o TERPY e NPS e que nas células do MLV da aorta de 2R-1C o efeito do TERPY em reduzir a [Ca2+]c também foi menor. Porém, o tratamento das aortas de ratos 2R-1C com antioxidante normalizou o relaxamento para ambos doadores e o efeito do TERPY sobre a [Ca2+]c. A concentração basal de superóxido (O2-) nas aortas dos ratos 2R-1C é maior do que em 2R e foi reduzida pelos antioxidantes. A concentração de NO basal e liberada do TERPY é menor em aortas de ratos 2R-1C. Estudamos a influência das cavéolas sobre o efeito do TERPY e NPS, em aorta de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. Somente em aortas de ratos 2R, a desorganização das cavéolas com ciclodextrina inibiu o relaxamento dos doadores de NO utilizados e a redução da [Ca2+]c para o TERPY. O número de cavéolas é menor tanto nas células do MLV como nas células endoteliais da aorta de ratos 2R-1C. Estudamos ainda o efeito do TERPY sobre a pressão arterial de ratos 2R e 2R-1C acordados. O TERPY possui efeito hipotensor somente nos ratos 2R-1C e este efeito foi mais prolongado do que o efeito hipotensor com NPS. O NPS teve efeito hipotensor tanto em ratos 2R como 2R-1C, porém este efeito foi maior em 2R-1C. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que a elevada concentração de O2- e o menor número de cavéolas encontrados na aorta dos ratos 2R-1C, devem contribuir de forma importante para o menor relaxamento da aorta de ratos 2R-1C. / The vascular relaxation induced by nitric oxide (NO) donors is impaired in aortas from renal hypertensive rats (2K-1C). Our hypothesis was that the lower NO effect in aortas from 2K-1C rats could be related with the higher degradation of NO and/or caveolae changes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), considering that NO can be rapidly degraded and caveolae seems to play important role in the reduction of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]c. The present study aimed to investigate the alterations on aorta relaxation induced by NO in 2K-1C rat aorta. At first, we studied the influence of oxidative stress on the effect of NO released from the NO donors [Ru(NH.NHq)(terpy)NO+]3+ (TERPY) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in aortas from normotensive (2K) and 2K-1C rats. The relaxation induced by both NO donors was impaired in aortas from 2K-1C rats and the reduction on [Ca2+]c induced by TERPY was also impaired in 2K-1C VSMCs. However, in aortas treated with antioxidants the relaxation to both NO donors and the reduction on [Ca2+]c to TERPY were normalized. The basal concentration of superoxide (O2-) was greater in 2K-1C than in 2K, which was reduced by the antioxidants. The basal cytosolic NO concentration ([NO]c) and the NO released from TERPY were lower in aortas from 2K-1C rats. We studied the influence of caveolae on the effects of NO released from the NO donors, in aortas from 2K and 2K-1C rats. We verified that caveolae disassemble with ciclodextrin impaired the relaxation to NO donors and the reduction on [Ca2+]c to TERPY only in aortas from 2K rats. The number of caveolae is reduced in aortic VSMCs and in the endothelial cells from 2K-1C rats. We studied the effect of TERPY on arterial pressure from 2K and 2K-1C rats. TERPY reduced the arterial pressure only in 2K-1C rats, which effect was longer than that produced by SNP. The hypotensive effect of SNP was greater in 2K-1C than in 2K rats. Taken together, our results indicate that the higher concentration of O2- and the reduced number of caveolae on aortas from 2K-1C rats could contribute to impaired aorta relaxation of 2K-1C rats.

Nous avons déterminé la capacité de régénération du tissu vasculaire in vivo des CSM traitées avec BMP2 à la dose de [100 ng.mL-1] dans un modèle rat. Nous avons ainsi rapporté qu’une prothèse revêtue de CSM traitée par BMP2 pendant 1 semaine et implantée 14 jours chez le rat permettait la reconstitution des trois tuniques de la paroi mimant la structure de l’aorte. La capacité proangiogénique des CSM était augmentée par BMP2 grâce à la mise en jeu de voies intracellulaires impliquant le facteur induit par l’hypoxie (HIF-1α) via JAK/STATs. Nous avons montré que les CSM migraient sous l’influence de BMP2 par stimulation de l’activité du complexe enzymatique NADPH oxydase via l’augmentation de l’expression des protéines PAK1, Vav2 et RAC1 GTPase/PI3K. Ce travail a confirmé l’intérêt de l’utilisation de CSM conjointement à rh-BMP2, une protéine impliquée dans l’embryogénèse vasculaire, pour la bioingénierie de la régénération vasculaire. / We determined the capacity to regenerate vascular tissue in vivo, of MSC treated with BMP2 at a dose of [100 ng.mL-1] in a rat model. We have reported that a prosthesis coated with CSM treated 1 week with BMP2 and implanted in rats 14 days allowed the reconstruction of the three tunics of the wall that mimic the structure of the aorta. The proangiogenic capacity of MSCs was increased by BMP2 through the intracellular pathways involving hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α) via JAK / STAT. We have shown that MSCs migrated under the influence of BMP2 by stimulating the activity of the enzyme complex NADPH oxidase via the increased expression of PAK1 protein, Vav2 and RAC1 GTPase/PI3K. This work confirmed the interest of the use of MSC in conjunction with rh-BMP2, a protein involved in vascular embryogenesis for bioengineering for vascular regeneration.

The main complication of aortocoronary reconstruction with vein grafts is restenosis in the course of time. The aim was to assess the effect of a periadventitial polyester system releasing sirolimus on intimal hyperplasia of autologous grafts. The controlled-release system comprises a polyester mesh coated with a sirolimus-eluting copolymer of L lactic acid and ε-caprolactone system designed to be wrapped around an autologous venous graft during its implantation. In vitro sirolimus release and its effects on smooth muscle and endothelial cells were assessed. In vitro, the copolymer-coated polyester mesh released sirolimus over a period of 6 weeks. Mesh-eluted sirolimus inhibited the growth of smooth muscle and endothelial cells in seven-day in vitro experiments. After seven days of sirolimus release from the mesh, smooth muscle and endothelial cell counts decreased by 29% and 75%, respectively, with the cells maintaining high viability. We implanted v. jugularis ext. into a. carotis communis in rabbits. The vein graft was either intact, or was wrapped with a pure polyester mesh, or with a sirolimus-releasing mesh. Three and six weeks after surgery, the veins were subjected to standard histological staining and the thicknesses of the tunica intima, the media and the intima-media complex were...

L’athérosclérose est une pathologie cardiovasculaire chronique impliquant de nombreux acteurs. Les cellules du muscle lisse vasculaire (CMLV) jouent un important rôle dans la pathogénicité. Lors de la formation des plaques athérosclérotiques, ces cellules entraînent l’augmentation de la taille de l’athérome, accentuent la formation du chapeau fibreux et à long terme, contribuent à l’instabilité de la plaque. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact d’ARF6 sur les cellules du muscle lisse vasculaire et ses implications pathologiques dans l’athérosclérose. Les ARF sont des GTPases agissant comme interrupteurs moléculaires dans divers processus physiologiques tels que le trafic vésiculaire intracellulaire et le remodelage des lipides membranaires. ARF6 est importante pour la prolifération et la migration cellulaire des CMLV, deux phénomènes importants dans le développement de l’athérosclérose. Nous émettons donc l’hypothèse que la GTPase ARF6 est impliquée dans la progression de l’athérosclérose. En premier lieu, nous avons étudié l’effet de la GTPase dans le phénomène de l’invasion cellulaire. Dans l’athérosclérose, plusieurs facteurs environnementaux influencent l’invasion des CMLV. Nous avons voulu vérifier l’effet d’ARF6 sur l’invasion des CMLV médiée par le facteur de croissance dérivé des plaquettes (PDGF-BB) et l’angiotensine II (Ang II). Dans un modèle humain, l’invasion était diminuée en l’absence d’ARF6. Nous avons démontré que ce mécanisme résultait d’un effet d’ARF6 sur l’activité de la métalloprotéinase matricielle MMP14. En second lieu, nous avons voulu évaluer l’effet d’ARF6 dans un modèle in vivo d’athérosclérose. En utilisant un modèle accéléré d’athérosclérose inductible, nous avons inhibé ARF6 dans les cellules du muscle lisse. Après dix semaines de diète riche en gras, nous avons observé une diminution de la taille des lésions athérosclérotiques dans les souris ARF6 KO, accompagnée d’une réduction de l’expression des facteurs pro-inflammatoires tels qu’IL-6. Dans un modèle in vitro, l’absence d’ARF6 réduisait l’absorption lipidique en agissant sur l’expression des transporteurs. De plus, ARF6 régulait des voies de signalisation impliquées dans l’inflammation. En somme, nous avons démontré l’importance d’ARF6 dans la modulation pathologique des CMLV dans l’athérosclérose. Ainsi, ARF6 contribue à la pathogénicité des CMLV en modulant leur invasion cellulaire tout en jouant un rôle pro-inflammatoire. / Atherosclerosis is a chronic cardiovascular disease characterized by an accumulation of lipids, followed by the infiltration of macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). VSMC are responsible for the increase of lesion size, the formation of a fibrous cap, and eventually contributing to the plaque instability. In this study, we were interested in the role of ARF6 in the vascular smooth muscle cells and its pathological implications in atherosclerosis. ARF are a family of GTPases that act as molecular switches and are involved in diverse physiological mechanisms, such as vesicular traffic and membrane lipid transformation. In VSMC, ARF6 is important for cell proliferation and migration, two processes involved in atherosclerosis. We therefore hypothesize that the GTPase ARF6 is involved in the development of atherosclerosis through its impact on VSMC. First, we studied the role of ARF6 in the mechanism of cell invasion. In atherosclerosis, multiple environmental factors affect VSMC invasion. We verified the impact of ARF6 on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated invasion. Using a human model, we observed a reduction of invasion in the absence of ARF6. We have demonstrated that this mechanism is due to the effect of ARF6 on the activity of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP14. Second, we wanted to verify the role of ARF6 in atherosclerosis in an in vivo model. Using an accelerated inducible atherosclerosis model, we inhibited ARF6 in smooth muscle cells. After ten weeks of high-fat diet, we observed a reduction in the size of atherosclerotic lesions in ARF6 KO mice. This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of proinflammatory factors. In our in vitro model, ARF6 depletion reduced lipid uptake by downregulating the lipidic transporter expression. Also, ARF6 was responsible to activate inflammation signaling pathways. In summary, we have demonstrated the impact of ARF6 in the pathological modulation of VSMC in atherosclerosis. Indeed, ARF6 contributes to the pathogenicity of VSMC through its ability to modulate cell invasion and induce proinflammatory actions.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important biological molecule within the body, which over production of this molecule in response to different stimulations can cause various inflammatory diseases. Over production of this molecule is caused by the induction of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme. This enzyme uses L-arginine as a substrate and therefore the presence and transport of this amino acid into the cells can be a key factor in regulating NO over production. Different signalling mechanisms have been implicated in the regulation of this pathway and one of which involves the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK). This family of proteins respond to inflammatory conditions and may mediate effects induced by inflammatory mediators. Of the MAPKs, the role of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in the induction of iNOS is still controversial. JNK and its downstream target, the transcription factor Activator Protein-1 (AP-1), have shown contradictory effects on iNOS induction leading to controversies over their role in regulating iNOS expression in different cell systems or with various stimuli. The studies described in this thesis have determined the role of JNK/AP-1 on iNOS expression, NO production, L-arginine uptake and also on the transporters responsible for L-arginine transport into the cells. The studies were carried out in two different cell types: rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) and J774 macrophages which are both critically associated with the over production of NO in vascular inflammatory disease states. The first approach was to block the expression of the inducible L-arginine-NO pathway using SP600125 and JNK Inhibitor VIII which are both pharmacological inhibitors of JNK. The results from these studies showed that the pharmacological intervention was without effect in RASMCs, but inhibited iNOS, NO and L-arginine transport in J774 macrophages. In contrast, the molecular approach employed using two dominant negative constructs of AP-1 (TAM-67 and a-Fos) revealed a different profile of effects in RASMCs, where a-Fos caused an induction in iNOS and NO while TAM-67 had an inhibitory effect on iNOS, NO, L-arginine transport and CAT-2B mRNA expression. The latter was unaffected in RASMCs but suppressed in J774 macrophages by SP600125. Examination of JNK isoforms expression showed the presence of JNK1 and 2 in both cell systems. Moreover, stimulation with LPS/IFN- or LPS alone resulted in JNK phosphorylation which did not reveal any difference between smooth muscle cells and macrophages. In contrast, expression and activation of AP-1 subunits revealed differences between the two cell systems. Activation of cells with LPS and IFN- (RASMCs) or LPS alone (J774 macrophages) resulted in changes in the activated status of the different AP-1 subunit which was different for the two cell systems. In both cell types c-Jun, JunD and Fra-1 were increased and in macrophages, FosB activity was also enhanced. Inhibition of JNK with SP600125 caused down-regulation in c-Jun in both cell types. Interestingly this down-regulation was in parallel with increases in the subunits JunB, JunD, c-Fos and Fra-1 in RASMCs or JunB and Fra-1 in J774 macrophages. Since, SP600125 was able to exert inhibitory effects in the latter cell type but not in RASMCs, it is possible that the compensatory up-regulation of certain AP-1 subunits in the smooth muscle cells may compensate for c-Jun inhibition thereby preventing suppression of iNOS expression. This notion clearly needs to be confirmed but it is potentially likely that hetero-dimers formed between JunB, JunD, c-Fos and Fra-1 could sustain gene transcription in the absence of c-Jun. The precise dimer required has not been addressed but unlikely to exclusively involve JunB and Fra-1 as these are up-regulated in macrophages but did not sustain iNOS, NO or induced L-arginine transport in the presence of SP600125. To further support the argument above, the dominant negatives caused varied effects on the activation of the different subunits. a-Fos down-regulated c-Jun, c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1 whereas TAM-67 reduced c-Jun and c-Fos but marginally induced Fra-1 activity. Associated with these changes was an up-regulation of iNOS-NO by a-Fos and inhibition by TAM-67. Taken together, the data proposes a complex mechanism(s) that regulate the expression of the inducible L-arginine-NO pathway in different cell systems and the complexity may reflect diverse intracellular changes that may be different in each cell type and not always be apparent using one experimental approach especially where this is pharmacological. Moreover, these findings strongly suggest exercising caution when interpreting pure pharmacological findings in cell-based systems particularly where these are inconsistent or contradictory.

La sclérose systémique (ScS) est une maladie auto-immune dont l’un des principaux auto-anticorps, dirigé contre la protéine centromérique B (CENP-B), est fortement associé à l’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire, l’une des causes majeures de décès dû à la ScS. L’hypertension résulte de l’occlusion progressive des vaisseaux suite à une hyperactivation des cellules musculaires lisses (CML) de la paroi vasculaire. Cependant, les facteurs responsables de ce remodelage vasculaire restent inconnus. Plusieurs études récentes ont démontré que certains auto-antigènes possèdent des fonctions biologiques additionnelles lorsqu'ils se retrouvent dans le milieu extracellulaire. En effet, une fois libérés par nécrose ou apoptose, ces auto-antigènes adoptent une activité biologique qui s'apparente à celles des cytokines et peuvent ainsi participer aux processus normaux de réparation de blessure et/ou acquérir une activité pathogène qui contribue au développement de certaines maladies auto-immunes. Nos résultats suggèrent que la CENP-B peut être ajoutée à cette liste de molécules bifonctionnelles. À l'aide des techniques d'immunofluorescence, d'ELISA cellulaire et de cytométrie en flux, nous avons démontré que la CENP-B se liait spécifiquement à la surface des CML vasculaire de l’artère pulmonaire avec une plus grande affinité pour le phénotype contractile que synthétique. Cette liaison provoquait la migration des cellules ainsi que la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires telles que l’interleukine 6 et 8. Les mécanismes par lesquels la protéine exerçait ces effets impliquaient la phosphorylation de FAK et Src ainsi que la voie des MAP kinases, avec ERK1/2 et p38. Des études de signalisation intracellulaire effectuées à l’aide de plusieurs inhibiteurs spécifiques ainsi que des études de désensibilisation nous ont permis d’identifier le récepteur de la CENP-B en plus d’identifier les mécanismes complets de sa signalisation membranaire. Nous avons démontré que la CENP-B se liait de manière spécifique aux CML vasculaire via le récepteur de chémokine 3 (CCR3) pour ensuite transactiver le récepteur EGF, selon un mécanisme métalloprotéase-dépendant qui implique le relargage du HB-EGF. Cette transactivation est un processus important dans l’activation de la voie des MAP kinases ainsi que dans la sécrétion d’IL-8 induite par la CENP-B. Finalement, nous avons démontré que les auto-anticorps anti-CENP-B pouvaient abolir cette cascade de signalisation, empêchant ainsi la CENP-B d’exercer son rôle de cytokine. L’identification de la CENP-B comme ligand du CCR3 ouvre donc plusieurs perspectives quant à l’étude du rôle pathogène des auto-anticorps anti-CENP-B dans la ScS. / CENP-B is a highly conserved, centromere associated protein and is a major autoantigen in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Anti-CENP-B autoantibodies are associated with prominent vascular manifestations such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the limited cutaneous subset of SSc. PAH occurs as a consequence of progressive obliteration of small arteries due to vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction, migration and proliferation. However, the factors driving this obliteration are unknown. Earlier in vitro studies have demonstrated that some autoantigens have an additional role when they are released in the extracellular environment during the course of injurious insults resulting in cell death. Indeed, it was previously suggested that extracellular autoantigens participate in normal wound repair processes by acting like cytokines and/or chemokines and subsequently displaying pathogenic activities that contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. Our present findings suggest that the nuclear autoantigen CENP-B can be added to this set of bifunctional molecules. The present study clearly indicates that exogenous CENP-B bound specifically to the surface of human pulmonary artery SMCs. Binding of CENP-B to SMC stimulated their migration during in vitro wound healing assays, as well as their secretion of interleukins 6 and 8. The mechanism by which CENP-B mediated these effects involved the focal adhesion kinase, Src, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK pathways. Moreover, CENP-B released from apoptotic endothelial cells was found to bind to SMC, thus indicating a plausible in vivo source of extracellular CENP-B. Here, we also report several lines of evidence indicating that CENP-B, which has no obvious primary or secondary structural homology to chemokines, induced SMC activation by interacting with CCR3. Moreover, the present study clearly demonstrates the involvement of EGFR in CENP-B signaling leading to IL-8 secretion. Finally, anti-CENP-B autoantibodies were found to abolish this signaling pathway, thus preventing CENP-B from transactivating EGFR and exerting its cytokine-like activities toward vascular SMCs. The present study sheds new light on the possible role of extracellular CENP-B and its potent biological effects on human pulmonary artery SMCs. The identification of CENP-B as a CCR3 ligand opens up new perspectives for the study of the pathogenic role of anti-CENP-B autoantibodies.