Universidade Salgado de Oliveira / A transmigração da Corte portuguesa para a América no ano de 1808 implicou na transferência de boa parte do aparato administrativo existente em Lisboa, de modo a permitir que o príncipe regente, D. João, pudesse governar o Império, a partir do Rio de Janeiro. Esta tese de doutorado analisa um dos órgãos então estabelecidos: a Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil. Partindo-se do princípio de que a dominação se estabelece pela administração, pretendeu-se, pelo estudo dessa instituição, atentar para determinados aspectos que envolveram a instalação dos órgãos de poder no continente americano. Nesse sentido, duas questões nortearam a estruturação e o desenvolvimento dos capítulos deste trabalho. Em um nível mais recortado, atentou-se para um exame sobre as principais caraterísticas da estrutura administrativa dessa instituição, percebendo quem eram os seus oficiais, os cargos ocupados e os seus respectivos ordenados, de modo a compreender as especificidades, o perfil do seu corpo burocrático; bem como a importância desse grupo de funcionários na configuração de um estilo administrativo na nova Corte. No tocante a um âmbito mais amplo, inseriu-se a Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil no quadro que a relaciona a outros órgãos de poder então existentes. A partir deste aspecto, tentou-se apreender o eixo da política do príncipe regente para o Brasil. O exame dos tópicos de ação político-administrativa dessa instituição permitiu demonstrar o sentido da administração joanina, durante os quatro primeiros anos de permanência no Rio de Janeiro. / The migration of the Portuguese Court to America in 1808 caused the transference of a great deal of the existing administrative system in Lisbon, so that the Royal Prince D. João could govern the Empire, from Rio de Janeiro. This thesis analyzes one of the agencies established then: Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil The State Secretariat of Affairs in Brazil. Departing from the principle that domination takes place through administration, it was intended, through the study of this institution, draw attention to certain aspects that involved the installation of the agencies of power in the American continent. In that sense, two issues conducted the framework and the development of the chapters of this work. At a more specific level, an examination of the main characteristics of the administrative structure of this institution was carried out, realizing who their officers were, the posts occupied and their respective assigned, in order to understand its particular features, the profile of its bureaucratic work group as well as the importance of this group of employees in the establishment of an administrative style in the new Court. Regarding a broader level, the State Secretariat of Business in Brazil was inserted in the structure which relates it to other existing power agencies of that time. From this aspect, this work tried to apprehend the core of the politics of the Royal Prince for Brazil. The analysis of the political and administrative action topics of this institution allowed to show the sense of the D.João administration, during the first four years of his stay in Rio de Janeiro.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:23:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:29:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853923.pdf: 4776683 bytes, checksum: 85849f54ce31a919d81119c5445b2858 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-11-22T13:09:55Z: 000853923_sub.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-11-22T13:10:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853923.pdf: 4769879 bytes, checksum: f4a9efe481a82a1c56ff9d97bd7ca51e (MD5) / A presente dissertação analisa a originalidade do pensamento de Mário Pedrosa na área da História. Para isso será utilizada a sua tese Da Missão Francesa - Seus Obstáculos Políticos, escrita na ocasião do concurso à Cátedra de História Geral e do Brasil do Colégio Pedro II (CPII), em 1955. Nessa tese Pedrosa trabalha como um historiador, principalmente no manejo cuidadoso com as fontes e na pesquisa detalhada sobre os fatos e personagens que cercaram a vinda da Missão Artística Francesa de 1816 ao Brasil. A originalidade da tese consiste em ser o primeiro trabalho a desmistificar a versão difundida por Afonso E. Taunay que afirmava ser a missão francesa uma iniciativa exclusiva de D. João VI e do seu ministro Conde da Barca. Analisando os documentos diplomáticos entre o chefe da missão francesa Joachim Lebreton e os agentes portugueses, o nosso crítico levanta a hipótese da não oficialidade do convite, sendo que os artistas vieram para o Brasil por conta própria, precipitado pelas perseguições políticas que assolou a França depois da queda do Governo dos Cem Dias de Napoleão Bonaparte. As suas reflexões sobre a vinda desta missão francesa ao Brasil serão abordadas com a finalidade de compreender o seu papel e as suas consequências na história da arte brasileira

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_lm_dr_fran.pdf: 720312 bytes, checksum: 4cdbdcd7baab72c7bcc31da6c1ec461d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / L'écriture de l'histoire du Brésil a été but de l'attention des lettrés anglais. Vers XIX siécle, les anglais ont écrit des récits intitulés des History of Brazil. Récits des voyageurs des dernier siècles , chroniques, ainsi de suite, ils ont exercé un rôle crucial dans l'écriture de ces histoires qui présentaient au lecteur anglais les informations précis sur les principaux événements d'une région qu'excitait de plus en plus la curiosité européenne. La présentation de certains épisodes de l'histoire coloniale comme la découverte et l'occupation hollandaise divisent l'espace avec des sections dédiés à la description des caractéristiques géographiques et climatiques de vaste territoire brésilien. Dans une période où la connaissance historique ne connaissait pas de frontières rigides, ces histoires offrent au public anglais la trajectoire depuis la découverte, en soulignant la présence hollandaise, la performance des missionnaires jésuites, jusqu'à l'épisode de l'arrivée de la Cour Portugaise à Rio de Janeiro, en 1808. Le texte présente aussi quelques chapitres dediés aux territoires voisins, comme Argentine, Paraguay et Uruguay, régions dont les destinations étaient entrelacées avec les territoires du Brésil. De trajectoires distinctes néanmoins avec intérêts communs, les récits du médecin Andrew Grant, du poète Robert Southey et du diplomate James Henderson divulguent en plus de certains curiosité, une interprétation du Brésil et de leur histoire. Interpréter et analyser ces History of Brazil, la compréhension divulguée dans ces textes a été l'essieu de présente thèse de doctorat / A escrita da história do Brasil foi alvo da atenção de letrados ingleses que, em meados do século XIX, redigiram narrativas intituladas Histórias do Brasil. Relatos de viajantes dos séculos anteriores, crônicas, entre outros, exerceram um papel crucial na escrita dessas histórias que buscavam apresentar ao leitor inglês as informações mais acuradas sobre os principais eventos de uma região que despertava cada vez mais a curiosidade europeia. A apresentação de certos episódios da história colonial, como o descobrimento e a ocupação holandesa dividem espaço com seções dedicadas à descrição das características geográficas e climáticas do extenso território brasileiro. Num período em que o conhecimento histórico não conhecia fronteiras rígidas, essas histórias oferecem ao público inglês a trajetória desde o descobrimento, com destaque para a presença holandesa, a atuação dos missionários jesuítas, até o episódio da chegada da Corte Portuguesa no Rio de Janeiro, em 1808. Apresenta também alguns capítulos dedicados aos territórios vizinhos, como Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai, regiões cujos destinos estavam entrelaçados com os do Brasil. De trajetórias distintas porém com interesses comuns, as narrativas do físico Andrew Grant, do poeta Robert Southey e do diplomata James Henderson divulgam além de algumas curiosidades, uma interpretação do Brasil e de sua história. Mapear e analisar essas Histórias do Brasil e a compreensão divulgada nesses textos foi o eixo da presente tese de doutoramento / The writing of the history of Brazil was an object of attention of Englishmen that in the mid – nineteenth century composed narratives intitled History of Brazil. Travellers narratives, chronicles and among others, had a crucial role in the writing process of this history that present to the reader the most accurate information about one of region that increasingly the European curiosity. The presentation of certain events of colonial history as the discovery and the ducth occupation share espace with the section dedicated to the description of the geographical and climatical characteristics of the extensive Brazilian territory. In a period which the historical knowledge did not know rigid borders, these historias offer to the English public the trajectory since the discovery with emphasis on dutch presence, the jesuitcs missionaries, until the episode of the transmigration of the Portuguese Court at the Rio de Janeiro, in 1808. Present too some chapters dedicated to the neighboring territories as Argentine, Paraguay and Uruguay, regions whose destiny were intertwined with those of the Brazil. From distints trajectories but common interests, the narratives of Andrew Grant’s, Robert Southey’s and James Henderson’s divulged beyond some curiosities, an interpretation of Brasil and its history. Map and analyze these History of Brazil, the comprehension disseminate in these texts was the purpose of this doctoral thesis

Realizamos um estudo transversal prospectivo com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência de apnéia obstrutiva do sono em um grupo de pacientes sul-americanos com mucopolissacaridose tipo VI sem tratamento prévio ou atual com terapia de reposição enzimática ou transplante de medula óssea. Os critérios de inclusão foram: ter 4 anos ou mais de idade e confirmação bioquímica da doença (níveis reduzidos da atividade da arilsulfatase B, aumento de glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) urinários e atividade normal de outra sulfatase). Foram avaliados 28 pacientes através de anamnese, exame físico, ecocardiograma Doppler transtorácico e polissonografia realizada em noite inteira. A amostra estudada tinha 14 (50%) meninos. No momento da avaliação, a média de idade foi de 98,5 meses e a média de idade do diagnóstico de MPS VI foi de 48,4 meses. Em 88% da amostra os sintomas iniciaram com menos de 36 meses e em 27% das famílias houve relato de consangüinidade entre os pais. As manifestações clínicas mais freqüentes durante o sono foram roncos e apnéias observadas. Ao exame físico, 78,6% apresentavam macroglossia e 82,1% deformidade torácica tipo pectus carinatum. Três (10,71%) pacientes já tinham realizado adenotonsilectomia e 6 (21,42%) adenoidectomia isoladamente. Os dados polissonográficos evidenciaram apnéia obstrutiva do sono em 23 (85,1%) pacientes, sendo 4 com transtorno leve, 5 moderado e 14 grave. A média do índice de apnéia hipopnéia (IAH) foi de 19,84 ± 26,25 eventos/hora, da saturação periférica da oxihemoglobina (SpO2) 93,25 ± 5,06%, do nadir da SpO2 80,29 ± 10,01% e do pico do dióxido de carbono final exalado (EtCO2) 44,1 ± 6,01 mmHg. A ocorrência de apnéias centrais foi rara. Quatorze indivíduos da amostra (50%) tiveram evidência de hipertensão pulmonar (HP) documentada através de ecocardiograma. Foi observada associação positiva entre a média e o nadir da SpO2 mais baixos e a presença de HP. No grupo com HP, a média e o nadir da SpO2 foram de 91,2 ± 6,4% e 75,4 ± 10,9% respectivamente, enquanto que nos pacientes sem HP os valores de média e nadir da SpO2 foram 95,3 ± 1,8% e 85,2 ± 6,1% respectivamente (p=0,037 para média; p=0,007 para nadir). A presença de apnéias observadas durante o sono foi a variável mais importante em predizer HP nessa amostra (p=0,016; OR 9,9; IC 1,5 a 63,7). As manifestações clínicas sugestivas de alterações respiratórias durante o sono não apresentaram correlação significativa com o IAH, a média e o nadir de SpO2 e o pico de EtCO2. Também não houve correlação significativa entre a excreção urinária de GAGS e a atividade enzimática com resultado da polissonografia e do ecocardiograma. Concluímos que a prevalência de apnéia obstrutiva do sono nos pacientes com mucopolissacaridose tipo VI é elevada e o nível de dessaturação apresenta correlação positiva com a presença de hipertensão pulmonar. Os sintomas durante o sono não apresentaram associação com o resultado da polissonografia. A presença de apnéias observadas durante o sono foi a variável mais importante para predizer HP. / This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in a group of South American patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI who had no previous or current treatment with enzyme replacement or bone marrow transplant. Inclusion criteria were: age 4 years or older; and biochemical confirmation of the disease – reduced arylsulfatase B activity, increased glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in urine, and normal activity of at least one other sulfatase. Twenty-eight patients were examined and data were collected from clinical history, physical examination, transthoracic Doppler echocardiogram and overnight polysomnography. Of the 28 participants, 14 (50%) were boys; mean age at evaluation was 98.5 months, and mean age at MPS diagnosis, 48.4 months. Symptoms started before 38 months of age in 88% of the sample; 27% reported parental consanguinity. The most frequent clinical symptoms during sleep were snoring and witnessed apnea. Physical examination revealed that 78.6% had macroglossia, and 82.1%, pectus carinatum. The most frequent clinical symptoms during sleep were snoring and witnessed apnea. Physical examination revealed that 78.6% had macroglossia, and 82.1%, pectus carinatum. Three (10.71%) patients had already undergone adenotonsillectomy, and 6 (21.42%), isolated adenoidectomy. Polysomnography results showed that 23 (85.1%) patients had obstructive sleep apnea: 4 mild, 5 moderate, and 14 severe. Mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 19.84 ± 26.25 events/hour, oxygen saturation (SpO2), 93.25 ± 5.06%, SpO2 nadir, 80.29 ± 10.01%, and peak end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), 44.1 ± 6.01 mmHg. Central apneas were rare. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was detected by echocardiography in 14 (50%) patients. Lower SpO2 mean and nadir were positively associated with PH. In the group of patients with PH, SpO2 mean and nadir were 91.2 ± 6.4% and 75.4 ± 10.9%, and in the group without PH, 95.3 ± 1.8% and 85.2 ± 6.1% (p=0.037 for mean; p=0.007 for nadir). Witnessed apneas during sleep were the most important variable to predict PH in this sample (p=0.016; OR 9.9; CI, 1.5 to 63.7). Clinical signs suggestive of respiratory abnormalities during sleep were not significantly correlated with AHI, SpO2 mean and nadir, or peak EtCO2. There was no significant correlation between GAGs in urine or enzyme activity and polysomnography or echocardiogram results. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI was high, and the level of desaturation was positively correlated with the presence of pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms observed during sleep were not associated with polysomnography results. Witnessed apneas during the sleep were the most important variable to predict PH.

Desinfecção é um processo empregado no tratamento de água potável e de efluente líquido. Cloro e seus derivados (desinfetantes mais utilizados) apresentam o inconveniente de formar produtos perigosos à saúde, resultantes de reações com compostos orgânicos. Os compostos Trihalometanos (THMs) e os ácidos haloacéticos (HAAs) estão entre os principais grupos de subprodutos encontrados. Vários fatores interferem na formação de tais produtos, como por exemplo: pH, temperatura, tempo reacional, nitrogênio amoniacal etc. O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo da geração de subprodutos provindos da desinfecção de quatro distintos efluentes de estações de tratamento biológico. Hipoclorito de sódio e ferrato(VI) de sódio foram usados como desinfetantes em concentrações e tempos reacionais variados. Análises de pH, demanda química de oxigênio, nitrogênio amoniacal, cloro combinado, THMs e HAAs foram realizadas. A concentração dos subprodutos foi proporcional à concentração e ao tempo reacional do desinfetante hipoclorito de sódio. Para a mais alta concentração empregada de hipoclorito (20 mg L-1) e maior tempo reacional (168 h), o total de THMs não excedeu ao valor máximo de descarga permitido para efluentes tratados (1 mg L-1 de clorofórmio). Os THMs e os HAAs apresentaram-se inversamente correlacionados com a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal presente no efluente. Para o desinfectante ferrato(VI) não houve formação de subprodutos halogenados, uma vez que este desinfetante não contribui com átomos de cloro.

abstract: There has been recent interest in demonstrating solar cells which approach the detailed-balance or thermodynamic efficiency limit in order to establish a model system for which mass-produced solar cells can be designed. Polycrystalline CdS/CdTe heterostructures are currently one of many competing solar cell material systems. Despite being polycrystalline, efficiencies up to 21 % have been demonstrated by the company First Solar. However, this efficiency is still far from the detailed-balance limit of 32.1 % for CdTe. This work explores the use of monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe and ZnTe/CdTe/MgCdTe double heterostructures (DHs) grown on (001) InSb substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for photovoltaic applications. Undoped CdTe/MgCdTe DHs are first grown in order to determine the material quality of the CdTe epilayer and to optimize the growth conditions. DH samples show strong photoluminescence with over double the intensity as that of a GaAs/AlGaAs DH with an identical layer structure. Time-resolved photoluminescence of the CdTe/MgCdTe DH gives a carrier lifetime of up to 179 ns for a 2 µm thick CdTe layer, which is more than one order of magnitude longer than that of polycrystalline CdTe films. MgCdTe barrier layers are found to be effective at confining photogenerated carriers and have a relatively low interface recombination velocity of 461 cm/s. The optimal growth temperature and Cd/Te flux ratio is determined to be 265 °C and 1.5, respectively. Monocrystalline ZnTe/CdTe/MgCdTe P-n-N DH solar cells are designed, grown, processed into solar cell devices, and characterized. A maximum efficiency of 6.11 % is demonstrated for samples without an anti-reflection coating. The low efficiency is mainly due to the low open-circuit voltage (V_oc), which is attributed to high dark current caused by interface recombination at the ZnTe/CdTe interface. Low-temperature measurements show a linear increase in V_oc with decreasing temperature down to 77 K, which suggests that the room-temperature operation is limited by non-radiative recombination. An open-circuit voltage of 1.22 V and an efficiency of 8.46 % is demonstrated at 77 K. It is expected that a coherently strained MgCdTe/CdTe/MgCdTe DH solar cell design will produce higher efficiency and V_oc compared to the ZnTe/CdTe/MgCdTe design with relaxed ZnTe layer. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2014

abstract: Carbon nanomaterials have caught tremendous attention in the last few decades due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Tremendous effort has been made to develop new synthesis techniques for carbon nanomaterials and investigate their properties for different applications. In this work, carbon nanospheres (CNSs), carbon foams (CF), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were studied for various applications, including water treatment, energy storage, actuators, and sensors. A facile spray pyrolysis synthesis technique was developed to synthesize individual CNSs with specific surface area (SSA) up to 1106 m2/g. The hollow CNSs showed adsorption of up to 300 mg rhodamine B dye per gram carbon, which is more than 15 times higher than that observed for conventional carbon black. They were also evaluated as adsorbents for removal of arsenate and selenate from water and displayed good binding to both species, outperforming commercial activated carbons for arsenate removal in pH > 8. When evaluated as supercapacitor electrode materials, specific capacitances of up to 112 F/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g were observed. When used as Li-ion battery anode materials, the CNSs achieved a discharge capacity of 270 mAh/g at a current density of 372 mA/g (1C), which is 4-fold higher than that of commercial graphite anode. Carbon foams were synthesized using direct pyrolysis and had SSA up to 2340 m2/g. When used as supercapacitor electrode materials, a specific capacitance up to 280 F/g was achieved at current density of 0.1 A/g and remained as high as 207 F/g, even at a high current density of 10 A/g. A printed walking robot was made from common plastic films and coatings of SWNTs. The solid-state thermal bimorph actuators were multifunctional energy transducers powered by heat, light, or electricity. The actuators were also investigated for photo/thermal detection. Electrochemical actuators based on MnO2 were also studied for potential underwater applications. SWNTs were also used to fabricate printable electrodes for trace Cr(VI) detection, which displayed sensitivity up to 500 nA/ppb for Cr(VI). The limit of detection was shown to be as low as 5 ppb. A flow detection system based on CNT/printed electrodes was also demonstrated. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2015

Chapter 1 introduces the problem in terms of multifarious views regarding the phrase ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ in Galatians 6:2. I place my work within broader scholarship’s trajectory by explaining my thesis–that the νόμος in the phrase refers to “principle,” unwritten law, rather than written law such as the Mosaic law and another law–briefly addressing my intended method. Chapter 2 briefly investigates the usages of νόμος from 7th century BC and AD 2nd century and paves the way for its various possible meanings. With the certainty that the meaning of a word is revealed in the context in which it is found, I argue that νόμος in the phrase in 6:2 refers to “principle,” unwritten law in the situational context of Galatians. I also reveal that the verb ἀναπληρόω, which takes the phrase as a direct object, means conforming to a certain standard. Chapter 3 focuses on the new era referred to in the phrase in 6:2. In order to highlight how the new era is depicted in Galatians, I explore the ὑπὸ phrases to signify the old era. Along with the coming of Christ in history, I give much attention to the fact that two epochal events, the crucifixion and the resurrection of Christ, brought about the end of the old era and the beginning of the new era. Chapter 4 centers on Paul’s exhortation to conform to the principle of the new era in 6:2 within the broader context of Galatians. Specifically, after investigating Paul’s eschatology in Galatians, I reveal that Paul emphasizes the aspects of the “already” and of the overlapping ages rather than the “not yet” to awaken the identity of the Galatians who are the people of the new era. Chapter 5 summarizes and synthesizes the material, showing that in 6:2 Paul’s appeal to bear one another’s burdens refers to the believers’ conformity to the principle of the new era inaugurated by the crucified and risen Christ in the overlapping ages.

I studien undersöks och analyseras hur lärare hanterar Sveriges kulturella mångfald i sin undervisning. Studiens empiriska material har samlats in genom semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer genomförda med fem respondenter, samtliga praktiserande lärare i skolor med ett mångkulturellt elevunderlag. Studien tar teoretiskt sett avstamp i ett postkolonialt och poststrukturalistiskt forskningsfält där språket anses betydande för människans sätt att skapa och reproducera kulturella identiteter och hierarkier. Bärande är det sätt som språket struktureras kring binära oppositioner, exempelvis man/kvinna, sant/falskt eller som i studiens fall, ett ”vi” och ”de Andra” (Eriksson, Baaz & Thörn 1999, s. 17-18; Von Brömssen 2003, s. 29). Huvudsakliga teorier som använts för att analysera det sätt som lärare hanterar Sveriges kulturella mångfald i sin undervisning är Halls representationsteori, vilken kortfattat går ut på att människan konstruerar och förmedlar mening genom sitt språk (Hall 2013, s. 11), samt Kumashiros modell för analys av antiförtryckande undervisningspraktiker, vilken består av fyra undervisningsmodeller. I resultatdelen presenteras respondenternas uppfattningar av begreppen ”kultur” och ”kulturell mångfald”, och lärarnas erfarenheter av en kulturell mångfald i skolan. Lärarna ser både fördelar och utmaningar med kulturell mångfald i skolan, nämnda utmaningar är framförallt kommunikationsrelaterade. Lärarna problematiserar hur det som representant för en svensk kulturellt homogen lärarkår är utmanande att undervisa om och för en kulturell mångfald. Slutligen presenteras de undervisningsstrategier som lärarna givit uttryck för att använda för att ge elever en ökad förståelse för den kulturella mångfalden. Slutsatser: En avsaknad av ett gemensamt språk kan inte som ensam variabel tillåtas sammanfatta skolans mångkulturella utmaningar. En eventuellt kulturellt homogen lärarkår och en vad det verkar rådande diskursiv åtskillnad i samhället mellan ett kulturellt ”vi och de Andra” bör även problematiseras. Lärare bör i relation till resultaten förhålla sig kritisk mot stereotypa föreställningar om den egna och ”de Andras” kulturella bakgrund (Coelho 1998, s, 198). Jag konstaterar vikten av att lärarutbildningar och obligatorisk fortbildning säkerställer att hela den svenska lärarkåren ska besitta erfarenhet av ett normkritiskt didaktiskt förhållningsätt.

This scientific essay describes a story of my professional experience. I am a future leisure-time teacher who sketches an event that shows how a mother of a student turns up with a visible bruise around her eye upon handing over her child. This causes a strong concern in my body, and there I make a report of the event with the help of feeling of power and visible signs. This leads to the student moving from the place and changing the school. This story that is experienced by the reader is a situation of how the student lived with violence in close relationship.  The theoretical perspectives that reinforce this essay are: the obligation to report, interculturality, the preschool's democracy, culture, cross-cultural, practical knowledge and violence. The results show that, using the theoretical perspectives contained in this scientific essay, a free-time teacher can create understanding and build on new experiences about similar situations.