Cette thèse traite de l'importance des Ordres professionnels qui constituent des institutions corporatives légales présentes dans certaines professions libérales. L'ensemble des membres d'une profession libérale encadrée par un Ordre a ainsi l'obligation d'adhérer à son Ordre. Les Ordres professionnels ont pour fin la déontologie de la profession qui constitue un droit disciplinaire. Le Conseil d'Etat reconnait que les Ordres professionnels accomplissent une mission de service public et sont dotés à cette fin de prérogatives de puissance publique. La déontologie vérifie que l'exercice professionnel est conforme à sa fin. Son respect est donc nécessaire, non seulement pour les professionnels mais également pour leurs clients ou patients et pour les tiers. L'existence des Ordres professionnels est dérogatoire au droit commun qui prohibe les corporations et les groupements obligatoires sauf lorsqu'il s'agit de personnes morales de droit public. En tant qu'ils sont des corporations, les Ordres professionnels voient leur légitimité contestée. Les Ordres professionnels ne sont pas directement contrôlés par l'Etat ni par les tiers qui sont pourtant concernés par leur activité. Rendre les Ordres professionnels responsables du fait de leurs membres (par présomption simple de faute) permettrait un contrôle juridictionnel renforcé de leur action. Il s'agit de vérifier que cette action poursuit bien la fin qui lui est dévolue : la déontologie professionnelle, dans l'intérêt des tiers et du bien commun. / This thesis stresses the importance of professional orders, which are legal guild institutions present in certain professions. All members of a profession regulated by a professional Order have the obligation to join the Order. Professional Orders aim at setting the ethics of the profession, which constitute a true disciplinary law. The "Conseil d'Etat" acknowledges that they perform a public service task and are granted powers of a public authority for the purpose thereof. Ethics ensure that the professional practice meets its end. As a consequence, compliance not only is necessary for professionals but also for their clients or patients as well as for third parties. The existence of the professional Orders are derogatory from general law that prohibits mandatory guilds and groups except when it comes to legal persons of public law. As they are guilds, their legitimacy is disputed. Professional Orders are not directly controlled by the State or by third parties who are nevertheless affected by their activities. To make them liable their members' actions (by rebuttable presumption of fault) would allow strengthened judicial review of their action. The purpose is to verify that this action actually pursues the end that is assigned to it: professional ethics, in the interests of third parties and of the common good.

Social workers are increasingly using eye movement, desensitization, and reprocessing (EMDR) to help clients recover from trauma. Little is known about how social workers who work with traumatic client material while using EMDR as their main psychotherapeutic modality experience vicarious trauma. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the experience of vicarious trauma among social workers in Eastern Canada who used EMDR in their practice with clients. Constructivist self-development theory was the framework that informed this study. Data were collected using semistructured interviews with 7 EMDR social work participants who were selected using purposive sampling. Participants were required to have a masters level social work designation, EMDR training, and practice with trauma material at least 40% of the time they see clients. Findings from the narrative analysis showed that participants' concepts of 'self' changed over time, with the changes becoming less acute. Understanding how EMDR social workers experience vicarious trauma has implications for policy, practice, future research, and for social change related to trauma. Social workers who are less likely to become traumatized may fit a prototype that may be more appealing to organizational stability. Clinicians may be able to see the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma and take more time for education and self-care. Finally, study findings may further research on vicarious trauma and EMDR.

In the past decade, the counseling profession has begun to recognize the impact of vicarious trauma on counselors who provide services to individuals who have experienced trauma. The constructivist self-development theory asserts that interpersonal frameworks can determine healthy versus unhealthy coping styles and impact a counselor's susceptibility to vicarious trauma. Researchers have explored vicarious trauma in a number of professions such as mental health counseling and social work however they have not examined potential risk factors specific to school counseling. The purpose of this correlational study was to investigate variables associated with vicarious trauma in school counselors. The research focused on the relationship between vicarious trauma and the level of exposure to student trauma, history of trauma in the counselor's personal life, self-other differentiation, level of school, and amount of trauma education. An electronic questionnaire was sent to 654 school counselors in four school districts in Virginia and was returned by 217. The survey included the Vicarious Trauma Scale, Self-Other Differentiation Scale, Adverse Childhood Experiences Inventory-Revised, and demographic survey. Data analysis conducted using multiple regression revealed a significant negative relationship between scores on the Self-Other Differentiation Scale and scores on the Vicarious Trauma Scale indicating counselors with less emotional differentiation from clients are more likely to have higher levels of vicarious trauma. Results of the study may be used to reduce the risk of vicarious trauma in school counselors so they can continue to support students who have been exposed to trauma.

This Master's degree thesis focus on introducing collective blame from the psychological point of view. The theoretical part begins by defining the phenomena in general, including the context of its occurrence. The key chapter follows, focusing on the mechanism of collective blame attribution, its model, theories, and approaches. Following chapter describes the intercultural comparison of collective blame. Next part address the related phenomena (vicarious retribution, collective punishments etc.). The final chapter is related to interventions in the context of collective blame phenomena. The experimental part focuses on the mechanism of collective blame in relation to relevant moderating factors, based on previous studies. The research itself is a replication study, following the work of Denson et al. (2006). It is a correlation study that mainly focuses on whether membership in different types of groups is related to different levels of assigned collective blame, and also to explore which other included variables are correlating with collective blame attribution. The research data were collected through an online questionnaire. Respondents were mostly recruited through the database of the PLESS laboratory. Our research's result mainly confirms the result of the original study from Denson et al....

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Sweden and its relationship with the former state church Church of Sweden and religion, is complicated. The country has been described as one of the most secular countries in the world, and yet one of the longer recurring public debates has been on the topic of whether schools’ end of year ceremonies should take place in local churches or not. The peak of this debate coincides with newly defined regulations from the Swedish National Agency for Education regarding what is considered appropriate and inappropriate religious features in school and its ceremonies. The aim of this study is to investigate how Swedish citizens contribute to this debate and to illuminate what different intents and purposes they associate with the end of year ceremony in church. The research questions asked were: What themes occur in the opinion pieces written by Swedish citizens in the years 2010–2012? What or which purposes do they ascribe to the end of year ceremony in church within these themes? In what ways can these intents and purposes be seen and understood through Grace Davie’s” Vicarious religion” and religion as a public utility? The study was conducted by performing a qualitative content analysis on 28 articles published in public debate or opinion pieces in Swedish regional press through the years 2010–2012. The result was then analyzed with Grace Davie’s theory” Vicarious religion” and the notion of religion as a public utility within that theory. The results and analysis showed that the citizens had different understandings of the political decisions that concerned the end of year ceremony, which in turn led to different opinions on the purpose of the ceremony taking place in church. The differences in opinion showed that the Swedish people considered religious features and locales as either going against the school’s non-confessional policies and the freedom of religion, or as a necessity to fulfill a culturally traditional or educational role. The citizens who want the end of year ceremonies to take place in church and potentially include religious aspects can be understood as participating in vicarious religion in the sense that they defend continued access to religious locales and features as part of education and tradition, and by consequence, religion as a useful public utility.

Working within the field of domestic violence can result in the occurrence of vicarious traumatization. The literature supports that collegial support and supervision are effective tools organizations can implement to assist in minimizing vicarious trauma. This study, guided by constructive self development theory and feminist theory, examines whether the level of vicarious trauma is impacted by knowledge base, collegial support, and supervision. Staff within certified shelters in the state of Florida were surveyed using a research designed instrument and the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale. A total of 112 participants were recruited using the Tailor Design Method of surveying. Findings indicate that uniquely none of the independent variables significantly impacted vicarious trauma symptoms. However, collectively knowledge base, collegial support and supervision did impact minimizing vicarious trauma. Further, five of the ten subscales of vicarious trauma showed a statistically significant relationship with the independent variables. Implications for domestic violence agencies, practitioners, and future research are drawn.

This study investigates the “the cost of caring” (Figley, 1995) for educators who teach and work with traumatized children; that is children who live in challenging social environments with ongoing stressors, such as family physical abuse, sexual assault, neglect, community violence, bereavement and loss issues, parental mental health and substance abuse, and homelessness. This study examines the theoretical framework of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS). The phenomenon of STS has been investigated in depth for professionals, such as social workers, counselors/therapists, hotline/crisis workers, law enforcement officers, nurses, emergency medical technicians/paramedics, firefighters, and disaster relief workers (Bride et al, 2007). This study explores how teachers address the emotional stressors of teaching traumatized children, the impact of their work on them both personally and professionally, if teachers are able to incorporate self-care strategies, and explores the applicability of STS to elementary educators

Racial trauma is linked to issues such as psychological distress, lower well-being, anxiety, and depression. The present research investigated some of the potential effects of viewing overt instances of racially violent media on trauma and, in general, on the psychological well-being of individuals. Specifically, the present study utilized physiological and psychological measures to explore how different racial groups on college campuses are impacted by exposure to vicariously traumatizing stimuli when the victim is either an in-group or an out-group member. The present study posited that higher ethnic-racial identity can serve as a buffer to the deleterious effects of racial trauma. In addition, this study explored the role that ethnic-racial identity of the perceiver plays in this relationship. Findings indicate that Black students exhibited the greatest level of emotional arousal in response to both the neutral and negative video depicting a police officer. Black students were also more likely to watch or be exposed to vicarious, racially traumatizing content. Additionally, greater ethnic-racial salience was associated with increased physiological response to both neutral and negative, video content depicting police officers.

This thesis examines the concept of parental liability and the effect it has in deterring juvenile delinquency, with an emphasis on Florida Law. It will also consider the concept's ability to properly compensate victims of juvenile offenses. The thesis focuses on the circumstances in which a parent or guardian may be liable for the actions of a child and how liability insurance law plays a key role in compensating innocent victims. It discusses Florida's public policy of seeking justice by holding parents responsible and the problems that it faces by doing so. The thesis further examines what issues arise when parents are found vicariously liable for their negligence or contribution to a child's offense, but are not covered by liability insurance coverage or the insurers deny coverage.