O presente trabalho visa compreender a vida de Victor Klemperer (1881 1960) durante a Alemanha Nazista e através de seus relatos entender as condições em que a sociedade alemã esteve submetida. Filólogo de formação, alemão e judeu assimilado, convertido ao Protestantismo ainda jovem, Victor Klemperer sofreu todo tipo de humilhação ao longo dos anos do regime nazista na Alemanha. O casamento com Eva Klemperer lhe reiterou sua germanidade, visto que Eva era ariana. O que pensara ser uma loucura passageira, aos poucos foi se tornando um pesadelo desanimador e angustiante; eram constantes os pensamentos de morte e a depressão em relação ao cotidiano vivido. Tudo se intensifica quando ele perde sua cátedra de romanística na Universidade Técnica de Dresden e, somado a isso, também foi destituído de todos os direitos associados à cidadania alemã. Este trabalho busca entender, através de seus escritos, a realidade de um judeu que testemunhou de perto as atrocidades do regime nazista. As fontes aqui analisadas são seus diários escritos de 1933-1945 e sua obra LTI (Lingua Tertii Imperti) publicada no pós-guerra. A peculiaridade de seus escritos está no fato de Klemperer não ter emigrado da Alemanha durante o Nazismo, em contraponto às obras de caráter autobiográfico produzidas sobre esse período. / The present work tends to comprehend the life of Victor Klemperer (1881 1960) during Nazi Germany and, through his reports, to understand the conditions in which German society was submitted. Philologist by formation, German and assimilated Jewish, converted to Protestantism still young, Victor Klemperer suffered every kind of humiliation during the years of the Nazi polity in Germany. His marriage to Eva Klemperer reaffirmed his germaneness, for Eva was Arian. What he thought to be a passing madness soon became a discouraging and distressful nightmare; constant were the thoughts of death and depression in relation to the everyday living. Everything intensifies when he loses his romanistic chair at the Dresden Technical University and, summed to this, he was also destituted from the associated rights to German citizenship. This work seeks to understand, through his writings, the reality of a Jewish who closely witnessed the atrocities of the Nazi polity. The fonts here analyzed are his diaries written between 1933 and 1945 and his work LTI (Lingua Tertii Imperii) published in the post-war. The peculiarity of his writings is in the fact that Klemperer has not emigrated from Germany during Nazism, in counterpoint to the autobiographic compositions produced in this period.

O presente trabalho visa compreender a vida de Victor Klemperer (1881 1960) durante a Alemanha Nazista e através de seus relatos entender as condições em que a sociedade alemã esteve submetida. Filólogo de formação, alemão e judeu assimilado, convertido ao Protestantismo ainda jovem, Victor Klemperer sofreu todo tipo de humilhação ao longo dos anos do regime nazista na Alemanha. O casamento com Eva Klemperer lhe reiterou sua germanidade, visto que Eva era ariana. O que pensara ser uma loucura passageira, aos poucos foi se tornando um pesadelo desanimador e angustiante; eram constantes os pensamentos de morte e a depressão em relação ao cotidiano vivido. Tudo se intensifica quando ele perde sua cátedra de romanística na Universidade Técnica de Dresden e, somado a isso, também foi destituído de todos os direitos associados à cidadania alemã. Este trabalho busca entender, através de seus escritos, a realidade de um judeu que testemunhou de perto as atrocidades do regime nazista. As fontes aqui analisadas são seus diários escritos de 1933-1945 e sua obra LTI (Lingua Tertii Imperti) publicada no pós-guerra. A peculiaridade de seus escritos está no fato de Klemperer não ter emigrado da Alemanha durante o Nazismo, em contraponto às obras de caráter autobiográfico produzidas sobre esse período. / The present work tends to comprehend the life of Victor Klemperer (1881 1960) during Nazi Germany and, through his reports, to understand the conditions in which German society was submitted. Philologist by formation, German and assimilated Jewish, converted to Protestantism still young, Victor Klemperer suffered every kind of humiliation during the years of the Nazi polity in Germany. His marriage to Eva Klemperer reaffirmed his germaneness, for Eva was Arian. What he thought to be a passing madness soon became a discouraging and distressful nightmare; constant were the thoughts of death and depression in relation to the everyday living. Everything intensifies when he loses his romanistic chair at the Dresden Technical University and, summed to this, he was also destituted from the associated rights to German citizenship. This work seeks to understand, through his writings, the reality of a Jewish who closely witnessed the atrocities of the Nazi polity. The fonts here analyzed are his diaries written between 1933 and 1945 and his work LTI (Lingua Tertii Imperii) published in the post-war. The peculiarity of his writings is in the fact that Klemperer has not emigrated from Germany during Nazism, in counterpoint to the autobiographic compositions produced in this period.

Den Nachlass Victor Klemperers konnte die Sächsische Landesbibliothek 1977 von seiner Witwe erwerben. Zum 50. Todestag des Romanisten veranstaltete die SLUB Dresden gemeinsam mit der TU Dresden und der Gesellschaft für Deutsche Sprache eine Gedenkveranstaltung. Auf dieser wurde aus den Tagebüchern gelesen und Bilder aus dem Leben Klemperers gezeigt. Die digitale Edition der Tagebücher wird durch Walter Nowojski ständig erweitert.

Den Nachlass Victor Klemperers konnte die Sächsische Landesbibliothek 1977 von seiner Witwe erwerben. Zum 50. Todestag des Romanisten veranstaltete die SLUB Dresden gemeinsam mit der TU Dresden und der Gesellschaft für Deutsche Sprache eine Gedenkveranstaltung. Auf dieser wurde aus den Tagebüchern gelesen und Bilder aus dem Leben Klemperers gezeigt. Die digitale Edition der Tagebücher wird durch Walter Nowojski ständig erweitert.

Der Dresdner Romanist Victor Klemperer (1881–1960), der nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in Halle, Greifswald und vor allem an der Berliner Humboldt-Universität lehrte, wurde von vielen Kollegen, nicht zuletzt aus dem westlichen Teil Deutschlands, belächelt. Sie warfen ihm vor, journalistisch zu schreiben, was in den Kreisen der strengen Wissenschaft keineswegs als Kompliment gemeint war. Keiner von ihnen, und am wenigsten der Gescholtene selber, hätte geglaubt, dass er einmal der weltweit bekannteste Romanist deutscher Zunge werden würde, noch bekannter als Ernst Robert Curtius, Karl Vossler oder Hugo Friedrich. Klemperer verdankt sein Ansehen jedoch nicht so sehr seinen romanistischen Arbeiten, obgleich seine informativ und fesselnd geschriebenen Literaturgeschichten nach wie vor Beachtung verdienen, sondern seinen Tagebüchern, vor allem denen aus den finsteren Jahren 1933 bis 1945. Klemperers bis Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs reichende Autobiographie Curriculum vitae. Jugend um 1900, die 1989 gleichzeitig beim Ost-Berliner Rütten & Loening- und beim West-Berliner Siedler-Verlag erschien, blieb noch relativ unbeachtet. Gleichwohl stand diese doppelte Publikation schon im Zeichen des Mauerfalls, der die beiden Teile Deutschlands näher aneinanderrückte.

This master thesis explores how the use of relatively new conceptual compositions such as "virtue signaling" and "social justice warriors" can alter and/or change the original connotations of "virtue" and "social justice". The study proposes that these compositions can become carriers of ideological structures. Further, it examines what effects these compositions have on the public debate. Using quantitative and qualitative digital text analysis on a selection of articles in Swedish alternative and mainstream media, the thesis finds the new compositions of the words "virtue" and "social justice" to be essentially contested concepts and that they have migrated from alternative media into the mainstream media. The thesis concludes that 1) the new compositions are carriers of the prevailing ideology in alternative media and that 2) the polemic and locked positions in the debate about virtue signaling calls for a discussion about language and its use.

Der Dresdner Romanist Victor Klemperer (1881–1960), der nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in Halle, Greifswald und vor allem an der Berliner Humboldt-Universität lehrte, wurde von vielen Kollegen, nicht zuletzt aus dem westlichen Teil Deutschlands, belächelt. Sie warfen ihm vor, journalistisch zu schreiben, was in den Kreisen der strengen Wissenschaft keineswegs als Kompliment gemeint war. Keiner von ihnen, und am wenigsten der Gescholtene selber, hätte geglaubt, dass er einmal der weltweit bekannteste Romanist deutscher Zunge werden würde, noch bekannter als Ernst Robert Curtius, Karl Vossler oder Hugo Friedrich. Klemperer verdankt sein Ansehen jedoch nicht so sehr seinen romanistischen Arbeiten, obgleich seine informativ und fesselnd geschriebenen Literaturgeschichten nach wie vor Beachtung verdienen, sondern seinen Tagebüchern, vor allem denen aus den finsteren Jahren 1933 bis 1945. Klemperers bis Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs reichende Autobiographie Curriculum vitae. Jugend um 1900, die 1989 gleichzeitig beim Ost-Berliner Rütten & Loening- und beim West-Berliner Siedler-Verlag erschien, blieb noch relativ unbeachtet. Gleichwohl stand diese doppelte Publikation schon im Zeichen des Mauerfalls, der die beiden Teile Deutschlands näher aneinanderrückte.

Of all fields of historical enquiry, Germany’s Third Reich is perhaps the richest in sources and historiography. Therefore, it is logical to assume that this is where we see history done at its best. The chief interest of this dissertation is how historians select their sources and how they use the evidence they find in their sources. I have taken relations between Jewish Germans and non-Jewish Germans as a case study because of the enormous quantity of primary source material and because so many historians have commented on the issue. I do not attempt to make any claims about what happened between Jewish Germans and their non-Jewish compatriots nor do I make a moral assessment of behaviours and attitudes among the ‘ordinary’ people of Germany under the Third Reich. Rather, this is a technical exercise to examine how well the historians have done history in this particular area. My systematic review of the historians’ methodologies reveals that many either distort the evidence they cite or put forward arguments that go well beyond what the evidence warrants, perhaps because of pre-conceived theories which shape their approaches to the evidence. Moreover, they fail to make the best possible use of some types of source such as personal narratives. In order to ascertain whether these sources can be better used, I systematically analyse a selection of personal narratives which are sometimes quoted by historians, in particular the 1933-1945 diaries of Victor Klemperer. My question is: Do these testimonies really say what the historians claim they say about relations between Jewish and non-Jewish Germans? And if not, how can we analyse them to determine what they actually do say? The two kinds of problems which emerge are how to select a balanced range of sources and how to use them properly. My argument is that there are six methodological principles that should underpin good historical practice. Because historians are not scrupulous to apply these common-sense rules, their arguments are methodologically flawed and they do not use some sources to the full extent of their value. This raises the question of whether these problems are confined to this particular field or whether they are endemic to the history profession as a whole.

This study explores the manner in which Anne Michaels uses figurative language, particularly metaphor, in her poetry and prose. In her first novel, Fugitive Pieces, and in certain of her poems, Michaels demonstrates the powers of language to destroy and to recuperate. For her, metaphor is not simply a literary device; it is an essential mechanism in the creation of an authentic story or poem. Moreover, in contrast to other figurative language such as euphemism, which she feels can be used to conceal the truth and make moral that which is immoral, metaphor in her view can be used to gain access to the truth and is therefore moral. Thus, as this study demonstrates, Michaels proposes as well as utilises the moral power of language. The ideas of four language theorists provide the basis of this study, and prove highly useful in application to Michaels’s work. With the aid of Certeau and Bourdieu, we examine Michaels’s participation in and literary presentation of the relationship of domination and subordination in which people seem to interact and which takes place partly through language. In the light of Ricoeur’s explication of the precise functions of metaphor, we discuss Fugitive Pieces as a novel whose engagement with the topic of the Holocaust in intensely emotive and figurative language makes it controversial in terms of what may or may not constitute the appropriate manner of Holocaust literary representation. Klemperer’s meticulous, first-hand study of the Nazis’ use of the German language during the period of the Third Reich proves illuminating in our exploration of the works of Michaels that feature themes of oppression and dispossession. In certain of her poems, Michaels stands in for real people and speaks in their voices. This is also a form of metaphor, this study suggests, as for the duration of each poem Michaels requires us to imagine that she is the real-life person who expresses him- or herself in the first person singular, which she patently is not. We could see this as appropriation and misrepresentation of those people’s lives and thoughts; however, with the aid of the notion of empathic identification we learn that Michaels’s approach is always empathic – she imaginatively places herself in various situations and people’s positions without ever losing her sense of individuality and separate identity, and her portrayal of their stories is always respectful and carefully considered. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / English / unrestricted