Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castilhos_mbm_me_sjrp.pdf: 1071030 bytes, checksum: f14702dde72be9a4e5de9ce2792b0040 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A atividade vitivinícola do estado de São Paulo é caracterizada pela produção de vinhos de mesa. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou desenvolver e caracterizar os vinhos, de duas safras, das uvas Bordô e Isabel, provenientes da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, obtidos de três tratamentos: tradicional, pré-secagem e bagaço estático e suas avaliações sensoriais frente a marcas comerciais de grande aceitação. Todos os vinhos apresentaram propriedades físico-químicas conformes à legislação, exceto os vinhos do tratamento pré-secagem que apresentaram índice de acidez além do limite máximo. Os vinhos pré-secagem apresentaram elevados teores de extrato seco, teor de fenólicos totais e índices de cor, pressupondo a concentração desses compostos pela ação do calor. Sensorialmente, os vinhos produzidos foram mais aceitos que os vinhos comerciais, em ambas as safras. Os vinhos pré-secagem foram mais aceitos na primeira safra, em contrapartida, os vinhos do tratamento bagaço estático foram mais aceitos na segunda safra. As propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais mostraram uma intensa relação do teor alcoólico com o aroma e o corpo, assim como a influência do teor de fenólicos totais e índices de cor com a aparência e a aceitação global. Além disso, em alguns casos, o extrato seco foi relacionado com o corpo dos vinhos e da acidez com o sabor. O teor de açúcares redutores também influenciou na aceitação do aroma. Os resultados físico-químicos mostraram que os aspectos inerentes às safras influenciaram algumas determinações físico-químicas como acidez, extrato seco e teor de fenólicos totais. A maior aceitação sensorial dos vinhos desenvolvidos no estudo em relação às marcas comerciais e a qualidade físico-química e sensorial comprovaram o potencial dos tratamentos alternativos de vinificação / The wine production in São Paulo, considered, nowadays, as an ascending region in vitiviniculture, is characterized by the production of table wines. In this context, this study aimed to develop and characterize the wines, from two vintages, of Bordô and Isabel grapes from the northwest region of São Paulo state, regarding to three treatments: traditional, pre-drying and static pomace and their sensory evaluations when compared to commercial wines with high acceptance. All wines presented physicochemical in accordance to law, and the pre-drying wines showed the highest levels of acidity, dry extract, total phenolic content and color indexes, assuming the concentration of these compounds by the action of the heat. In sensory approach, the studied wines were more accepted when compared to commercial wines in both seasons. The wines from pre-drying process presented higher acceptance in first vintage and static pomace wines were more accepted in second season. It was possible to observe intense relationship between alcoholic content with aroma and body, as well as the influence of the total phenolic content and color indexes in the appearance and overall acceptance. Moreover, in some cases, dry extract and acidity showed relationship with body and flavor acceptance, respectively. Reducing sugar content also influenced the acceptance of the aroma. All these relationships were reported in several scientific studies that researched wines from American and European grapes. Physicochemical results revealed that the inherent characteristics of the seasons affected some chemicals as acidity, dry extract and total phenolic content. The highest sensory acceptance of studied wines in comparison to commercial ones, and the physicochemical profile demonstrated the potential of these vinification processes as alternative in wine industry

Orientador: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Coorientador: Ana Carolina Conti e Silva / Banca: Waldemar Gastoni Venturini Filho / Banca: Roberto da Silva / Resumo: A atividade vitivinícola do estado de São Paulo é caracterizada pela produção de vinhos de mesa. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou desenvolver e caracterizar os vinhos, de duas safras, das uvas Bordô e Isabel, provenientes da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, obtidos de três tratamentos: tradicional, pré-secagem e bagaço estático e suas avaliações sensoriais frente a marcas comerciais de grande aceitação. Todos os vinhos apresentaram propriedades físico-químicas conformes à legislação, exceto os vinhos do tratamento pré-secagem que apresentaram índice de acidez além do limite máximo. Os vinhos pré-secagem apresentaram elevados teores de extrato seco, teor de fenólicos totais e índices de cor, pressupondo a concentração desses compostos pela ação do calor. Sensorialmente, os vinhos produzidos foram mais aceitos que os vinhos comerciais, em ambas as safras. Os vinhos pré-secagem foram mais aceitos na primeira safra, em contrapartida, os vinhos do tratamento bagaço estático foram mais aceitos na segunda safra. As propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais mostraram uma intensa relação do teor alcoólico com o aroma e o corpo, assim como a influência do teor de fenólicos totais e índices de cor com a aparência e a aceitação global. Além disso, em alguns casos, o extrato seco foi relacionado com o corpo dos vinhos e da acidez com o sabor. O teor de açúcares redutores também influenciou na aceitação do aroma. Os resultados físico-químicos mostraram que os aspectos inerentes às safras influenciaram algumas determinações físico-químicas como acidez, extrato seco e teor de fenólicos totais. A maior aceitação sensorial dos vinhos desenvolvidos no estudo em relação às marcas comerciais e a qualidade físico-química e sensorial comprovaram o potencial dos tratamentos alternativos de vinificação / Abstract: The wine production in São Paulo, considered, nowadays, as an ascending region in vitiviniculture, is characterized by the production of table wines. In this context, this study aimed to develop and characterize the wines, from two vintages, of Bordô and Isabel grapes from the northwest region of São Paulo state, regarding to three treatments: traditional, pre-drying and static pomace and their sensory evaluations when compared to commercial wines with high acceptance. All wines presented physicochemical in accordance to law, and the pre-drying wines showed the highest levels of acidity, dry extract, total phenolic content and color indexes, assuming the concentration of these compounds by the action of the heat. In sensory approach, the studied wines were more accepted when compared to commercial wines in both seasons. The wines from pre-drying process presented higher acceptance in first vintage and static pomace wines were more accepted in second season. It was possible to observe intense relationship between alcoholic content with aroma and body, as well as the influence of the total phenolic content and color indexes in the appearance and overall acceptance. Moreover, in some cases, dry extract and acidity showed relationship with body and flavor acceptance, respectively. Reducing sugar content also influenced the acceptance of the aroma. All these relationships were reported in several scientific studies that researched wines from American and European grapes. Physicochemical results revealed that the inherent characteristics of the seasons affected some chemicals as acidity, dry extract and total phenolic content. The highest sensory acceptance of studied wines in comparison to commercial ones, and the physicochemical profile demonstrated the potential of these vinification processes as alternative in wine industry / Mestre

Afin de tester l’impact de l’égrappage à la floraison et de la maturité sur les cépages hybrides Seyval blanc et Vandal-Cliche, un dispositif expérimental incluant trois niveaux de charge fruitière (100, 70, 40 %) et de maturité (prématurité, maturité, postmaturité), répété trois fois, a été mis en place en 2012 et 2013. Chez le Seyval blanc, malgré une réduction du rendement de 22%, l’égrappage a permis d’augmenter le ratio de la surface foliaire/kg fruits de 41% et d’augmenter de la teneur en solides solubles totaux des moûts de 8%. Chez le Vandal-Cliche, l’égrappage a permis d’augmenter le ratio de la surface foliaire/kg fruits (68%), mais a causé une augmentation des C6 herbacés. Chez les deux cépages, l’impact de la maturité a été similaire sur la composition chimique, mais différente sur les composés volatils. La résistance de la pellicule a été un descripteur sensoriel efficace pour évaluer la maturité.

De 1154 à 1453, Bordeaux se trouve sous l’obédience du roi d’Angleterre.L’ouverture du marché anglais favorise le développement d’un vignoble à vocation commerciale autour de la ville. De nombreux travaux sont consacrés à cette période faste du vignoble et du commerce du vin bordelais. En revanche, la situation du vignoble au lendemain de la fin de la guerre de Cent Ans (après la prise de Bordeaux par Charles VII en 1453) est très souvent restée dans l’ombre.Ce travail propose donc d’étudier les caractéristiques et les dynamiques du vignoble bordelais dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle, après les crises de la fin du Moyen Âge. En raison de la nature des sources employées, l’approche adoptée est celle du point de vue des Bordelais sur le vignoble, ce qui permet d’analyser l’emprise urbaine sur les vignes des alentours. Nous verrons comment les stratégies foncières et économiques des élites urbaines, essentiellement composées de marchands, influencent l’évolution du vignoble bordelais après la guerre de Cent Ans. / From 1154 to 1453, Bordeaux is under the king of England's obedience. The opening of the English trade promotes the development of a turned-for-business vineyard around the town. Several researches are devoted to this lucky time for vineyardand Bordeaux wine trading. In return the state of the vineyard shortly after the end of the Hundred Years War (after the taking of Bordeaux by Charles VII in 1453) is very often remained in the background.Therefore this work purposes to study the Bordeaux vineyard characteristics and dynamics in the second half of the XVth century after the crisis of the end of the MidlleAges. On account of the nature of the used documents, the adopted approach is theBordeaux point of view about the vineyard, and this allows an analysis of the urbangrasp on the surrounding vineyards. We will see how the land and economic strategiesof the urban elites, mainly composed by merchants, influence the development of theBordeaux vineyard after the Hundred Years War.

De 1154 à 1453, Bordeaux se trouve sous l'obédience du roi d'Angleterre.L'ouverture du marché anglais favorise le développement d'un vignoble à vocation commerciale autour de la ville. De nombreux travaux sont consacrés à cette période faste du vignoble et du commerce du vin bordelais. En revanche, la situation du vignoble au lendemain de la fin de la guerre de Cent Ans (après la prise de Bordeaux par Charles VII en 1453) est très souvent restée dans l'ombre.Ce travail propose donc d'étudier les caractéristiques et les dynamiques du vignoble bordelais dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle, après les crises de la fin du Moyen Âge. En raison de la nature des sources employées, l'approche adoptée est celle du point de vue des Bordelais sur le vignoble, ce qui permet d'analyser l'emprise urbaine sur les vignes des alentours. Nous verrons comment les stratégies foncières et économiques des élites urbaines, essentiellement composées de marchands, influencent l'évolution du vignoble bordelais après la guerre de Cent Ans.

Orientadores: Helena Teixeira Godoy, Isidro Hermosín-Gutiérrez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T07:59:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barcia_MileneTeixeira_D.pdf: 4811486 bytes, checksum: f7f9e34df585b2658347bb259cbf89e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Bagaço (cascas e sementes) e borra (sedimentos sólidos) são os mais abundantes subprodutos do processo de vinificação, pois o primeiro representa aproximadamente 5% do total de uva processada e, o segundo, 4% do volume total de vinho produzido. Alguns estudos demonstraram que os resíduos vinícolas contêm importantes compostos fenólicos, potentes antioxidantes, que não foram totalmente transferidos ao vinho durante o processo de vinificação, assim despertando interesse econômico e funcional. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os compostos fenólicos de resíduos vinícolas, e correlacionar os seus teores com a capacidade antioxidante. Foi determinado o teor de compostos fenólicos das uvas in natura, do bagaço (casca e semente) e borras, obtidas em duas safras (2011 e 2012), das variedades BRS Violeta, BRS Lorena, Cabernet sauvignon e Cabernet franc, por SPE e HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS. Também foi avaliado o efeito de três técnicas de secagem aplicadas aos subprodutos da vinificação (bagaço e borra): secagem em estufa a 50 °C (D50), secagem por spray-drying (SP), e secagem por liofilização (FD), assim como a estabilidade dos subprodutos secos D50 e SP, submetidos a 25 °C durante 0, 30 e 90 dias. A capacidade antioxidante foi avaliada por ORAC, FRAP, ABTS e ß-caroteno/ácido linoleico, e suas correlações com antocianinas e fenólicos totais. Foram identificadas 25 antocianinas e 9 piranoatocianinas nas diferentes amostras analisadas. A composição de antocianinas de BRS Violeta foi principalmente pelos derivados diglicosídeos. No entanto, nas amostras de Cabernet sauvignon e Cabernet franc as antocinaninas majoritárias foram 3-glicosídeos. As piranoantocianinas foram encontradas somente em cascas fermentadas das cultivares Cabernet sauvignon e Cabernet franc e nas borras de todas as cultivares. Os flavonois encontrados foram principalmente, quercetina, isoramnetina, miricetina, laricitrina e siringetina. Nas uvas predominaram os glicosilados, e nos resíduos obtiveram maiores proporções de agliconas livres, especialmente nas borras de vinho (85%). Na BRS Lorena, quercetina foi o flavonol majoritário nas cascas (91%) e nas borras (95%). Já em todas as amostras de BRS Violeta, os derivados do ácido caféico foram predominantes. Os ácidos caftárico (53%) e cutárico (17%) foram superiores nas amostras das cultivares Cabernet sauvignon e Cabernet franc. Em todas as amostras de uvas e borras detectou-se a presença de trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid e cis-piceid (com exceção da BRS Violeta). Nos resíduos secos em estufa a 50°C e spray-drying observou-se uma redução de até 50% no teor de compostos fenólicos totais dos diferentes resíduos das quatro variedades de uva no tempo zero, quando comparado com o liofilizado. Em todos os métodos de capacidade antioxidante, as amostras BRS Violeta demonstraram valores superiores quando comparadas a BRS Lorena, Cabernet sauvignon e Cabernet franc. Os subprodutos da vinificação secos apresentaram concentração elevada de compostos fenólicos totais, em média os valores oscilaram de 810 à 8557 mg/kg para casca fermentada; de 1515 à 9520 mg/kg para semente; e 1148 à 4261 mg/kg para borra, nas cultivares estudadas. Nas uvas inteiras secas utilizadas no processamento do vinho o teor de compostos fenólicos encontrados foi de 530 à 4330 mg/kg. Sendo assim, os subprodutos analisados possuem elevado teor de compostos antioxidantes e, portanto, com potencial para reaproveitamento industrial / Abstract: Grape marc (skins and seeds) and lees (sediment solids) are the most abundant by-products of the winemaking process, because the first represents approximately 5% of the total grapes processed and the second, 4% of the total volume of wine produced. Some studies have shown that winery residues contain phenolic compounds, potent antioxidants that were not fully transferred to the wine during the winemaking process, thus with economic and functional interest. Thus, the objective of this work was characterize the phenolic compounds of industrials residues generated by the vinification and correlate their levels with the antioxidant capacity. The phenolic content of grapes in natura, grape marc (skins and seeds), and lees, in two consecutive years (2011 and 2012), of varieties BRS Violeta, BRS Lorena, Cabernet sauvignon and Cabernet franc, was determined by SPE and HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS. The effect of three drying techniques applied to vinification by-products (grape marc and lees) was also evaluated: dried at 50 °C, drying by spray-drying and freeze-drying, as well as the stability of by-products dried submited at 25°C in 0, 30 and 90 days. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by ORAC, FRAP, ABTS and ß-caroteno/linoleic acid, and their correlations with total anthocyanins and phenolics. Were identified 25 anthocyanins and 9 piranoathocyanins in the samples analyzed. The composition of anthocyanins BRS Violeta was mainly derived by diglucosides. However, in samples of Cabernet sauvignon and Cabernet franc antocynanins 3-glucosides were majority. The pyranoanthocyanins were found only in fermented skins of the cultivars Cabernet sauvignon and Cabernet franc and the lees of all cultivars. Flavonols were found mainly quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, laricitrin, and syringetin. In grape glycosides predominated, and residues were obtained higher proportions of free aglycones, especially the lees of wine (85%). In BRS Lorena, type flavonol quercetin was the majority in the skin (91%) and the lees (95%). Already in all samples BRS Violeta, derivatives of caffeic acid were predominant. The caftaric acids (53%) and coutaric acid (17%) were high in the samples of the cultivars Cabernet sauvignon and Cabernet franc. In all samples of grapes and lees were detected the presence of trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid and cis-piceid (except BRS Violeta). In the residue dried at 50 °C and spray-drying showed a 50% reduction in the total phenolic content of the residues of four different varieties of grape at time zero when compared to the lyophilized. In all methods of antioxidant capacity, BRS Violeta samples showed higher values when compared to BRS Lorena, Cabernet sauvignon and Cabernet franc. The byproducts of winemaking had elevated total phenolics, average values ranged from 810 to 8557 mg/kg for fermented skins; 1515 to 9520 mg/kg for seeds, and 1148 to 4261 mg/kg for lees. In grapes used in the processing of wine the phenolic content was found of 530 to 4330 mg/kg dried grape. Thus, the by-products have a high content of antioxidant compounds and therefore have the potential for industrial reuse / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

La Nouvelle-Écosse présente des conditions climatiques annuelles variables, ce qui en fait un environnement difficile pour la production de raisin pour la vinification. La relation entre la maturité des baies et la composition chimique du vin a été étudiée chez les cultivars de Vitis vinifera, mais peu d'études ont porté sur les hybrides interspécifiques Vitis sp. comme celles cultivés dans l'Est du Canada. Dans ce contexte, ce projet visait à étudier la relation entre la composition chimique du raisin et du vin, dont les composés volatils libres et liés, chez les hybrides interspécifiques Vitis sp. L'Acadie blanc, Osceola Muscat et Seyval blanc récoltés à trois stades de maturation en Nouvelle-Écosse, au cours des saisons 2019 et 2020. Parmi les trois variétés analysées dans cette étude, Osceola Muscat a montré des caractéristiques intéressantes pour la production de vin de climat froid pendant la saison chaude : au dernier stade de maturité (HD3), il a montré un niveau significativement plus élevé de terpènes dans le vin, ce qui suggère que le vin résultant était potentiellement de meilleure qualité, avec des notes florales désirables. Dans des conditions climatiques difficiles, une accumulation plus élevée de GDD (saisons plus chaudes) et une maturité plus tardive (HD3) ont eu un impact positif sur la composition aromatique du vin dans toutes les variétés hybrides interspécifiques de Vitis cultivées en Nouvelle-Écosse. / Nova Scotia shows variable yearly climatic conditions making it a challenging environment for grape production for wine making. The relationship between berry ripeness and wine chemical composition has been studied in Vitis vinifera cultivars, but few studies investigated the interspecific hybrid Vitis sp. such as those grown in Eastern Canada. In this context, this project aimed at investigating the relationship between the grape and wine chemical composition such as free and bound volatile compounds, in the interspecific hybrid Vitis sp. L'Acadie blanc, Osceola Muscat and Seyval blanc harvested at three ripening stages in Nova Scotia during 2019 and 2020. Among the three varieties analyzed in this study, Osceola Muscat showed valuable characteristics for cold-climate wine production in the warmer season at the latest maturity stage, with a significantly higher level of terpenes in wine, suggesting that the resulting wine was potentially of higher quality, with more desirable floral notes. Higher accumulation of GDD (warmer seasons) and later maturity had positively impacted wine aroma composition in all studied interspecific hybrid Vitis varieties in Nova Scotia within challenging climatic conditions.

Thermal processing has been used as a means of modifying the sensory aspects of wine. Cabernet Sauvignon wines were heated prior to dejuicing (3C per day from 25C to 42C) or after bottling (42C for 21 days) to determine the effects on total glycosides and glycosidic fractions. Total and phenol-free glycosidic concentrations in the wine and skins were quantified by analysis of glycosyl-glucose. Pre-dejuicing thermal vinification resulted in higher total glycosides (12%), phenol-free glycosides (18%), total hydroxycinnamates (16%), large polymeric pigments (LPP) (208%) small polymeric pigments (SPP) (41%), and lower monomeric pigments (42%) in wines. Skins had lower total glycosides (-16%), and no significant difference in phenol-free glycosides. Post-bottling heat treatment resulted in lower total (-15%) and phenol-free (-16%) glycosides, increased hue (25%), a 62% increase in LPP and a 29% decrease in monmeric pigments. A second study investigated the potential of enological spoilage microorganisms to affect wine aroma, flavor, and color. The activities of b-glucosidase were determined in model systems for fourteen strains of Brettanomyces bruxellensis yeast and nine strains of lactic acid bacteria (Oenococcus oeni). All Brettanomyces strains and seven Oenococcus strains exhibited enzymatic activity. B. bruxellensis b-glucosidase activity was primarily intracellular; O. oeni showed some extracellular activity. Yeasts and bacteria showing activity greater than 1000 nmole mL-1 g -1 for Brettanomyces, or 100 nmole mL-1 g -1 for Oenococcus, were evaluated for their effect on Viognier grape glycosides. Neither was active on native grape glycosides. / Master of Science

La vigne Vitis vinifera, appelée aussi «vigne européenne», est l’espèce la plus cultivée mondialement pour la production de vin. Dans les régions froides comme le Québec, les vins sont majoritairement produits à partir de cépages hybrides interspécifiques (CHI) qui offrent une plus grande tolérance au froid et aux maladies. Les vins rouges issus des CHI sont généralement décrits comme étant moins astringents et plus colorés que les vins rouges européens issus de V. vinifera, ce qui ne répond pas toujours aux goûts des consommateurs. Ces caractéristiques sont attribuables à des différences de composition entre les baies de CHI et de V. vinifera. Une meilleure compréhension des molécules affectant la rétention et la composition en tanins des vins de CHI rouges et des procédés de vinification affectant leurs profils pourrait permettre de modifier leur astringence et contribuer à augmenter la compétitivité des vins rouges issus de CHI sur le marché.Trois études ont été conduites sur ce thème dans le cadre de cette thèse. La première étude avait pour but d’étudier l’impact de l’utilisation de marc de raisin blanc (MRB) en co-fermentation avec du marc de raisin rouge (MRR) sur la teneur en tanins des vins, en utilisant les CHI Frontenac et Vidal. Les résultats ont montré que les vins produits avec du MRB présentaient plus de flavan-3-ols monomériques et oligomériques et davantagede terpènes. La manipulation du ratio MRR/MRB a permis de modifier le profil en anthocyanes des vins finis, résultant dans certains cas en des vins plus clairs. L’utilisation d’un ratio MRR/MRB approprié (30% MRR/6% MRB) a permis une meilleure stabilisation de la couleur des vins sans affecter significativement la couleur. L’utilisation de MRB en co-fermentation avec du MRR s’est avérée un outil intéressant pour moduler la couleur des vins ainsi que leur composition phénolique et volatile. La seconde étude avait pour objectif d’étudier l’impact de différents traitements seuls ou en combinaison (traitements pré-fermentaire du moût, fermentation en présence et absence de marc, addition de tanins œnologiques) sur la teneur en tanins, en protéines et en pigments des vins de Frontenac. L’élimination des protéines par chauffage du moût ou ajout de bentonite n’a pas permis une meilleure rétention des tanins dans le vin. Néanmoins, fermenter le moût sans marc de raisin a amélioré significativement leur rétention dans le vin, notamment celle des flavan-3-ols polymériques (jusqu’à 27,8%). L’addition de 3 g/L de tanins œnologiques dans les vins, fermentés en présence et absence de marc, s’est montrée nécessaire pour augmenter significativement la concentration en tanins des vins de Frontenac. La troisième étude consistait en une étude exploratoire et comparative de la teneur et de la nature des polysaccharides des vins de CHI Frontenac et Frontenac blanc avec celles du V.vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon. Les vins de Frontenac ont montré une concentration plus élevée en polysaccharides totaux et des polysaccharides plus ramifiés que les vins de Cabernet Sauvignon. Ces différences pourraient contribuer à la faible astringence des vins rouges issus de CHI par rapport à celle des vins rouges de variété V. vinifera. Ce projet a permis d’apporter de nouvelles connaissances sur le profil d’extraction et la rétention des tanins dans les vins de CHI cultivés au Québec. Une meilleure compréhension des facteurs impliqués dans la rétention des tanins dans ces vins a permis de fournir des pistes à envisager pour élaborer des procédés de vinification adaptés à la composition physico-chimique atypique des CHI rouges afin de produire des vins plus riches en tanins, ayant un potentiel accru de répondre aux goûts des consommateurs. / Vitis vinifera is the most cultivated grapevine species for wine production, worldwide. But in cold areas such as Quebec, Canada, most wine is produced from interspecific hybrid grape varieties (CHI) that better respond to harsh growing conditions such as cold temperature and high disease pressure. Red CHI wines are generally described as less astringent and more colourful than European V. viniferared wines, but those characteristics do not fully align with consumers taste and preferences. The low astringency of red CHI wine is largely attributable to differences between the respective chemical composition of CHI and V. vinifera berries. A better understanding of the molecules affecting tannin retention and composition of red CHI wines, and of the winemaking processes that affect their tannin profiles could provide solutions to impact their astringency and improve their competitiveness on the market. Three studies conducted on this topic as part of this thesis are presentedin this manuscript.The first study aimed at investigating the impact of the co-fermentation of white (WP) and red (RP) grape pomace on the tannin content of red wine, using the CHI varieties Frontenac and Vidal. The results showed that wines produced with WPcontained higher levels of monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ols and terpenes than wines issued from the RP treatment. Modifying the ratio of RP to WP during alcoholic fermentation modified the anthocyanin profile of the wines, sometimes resulting in lighter coloured wines. A ratio of 30% RP to 6% WP improved colour stabilisation without significantly affecting wine colour. The use of WP in co-fermentation with RP proved to be an interesting tool to modulate wine colour as well as its phenolic and volatile composition.The second study aimed at exploring the impact of different wine making treatments (pre-fermentative treatment of the must, fermentation with andwithout pomace, additionof enological tannins), alone or in combination, on the tannin, protein and pigment content of Frontenac wines. Wine protein removal by heat or bentonite addition did not improve tannin retention in wine. In contrast, fermenting the must without pomace significantly improved tannin retention, especially for polymeric flavan-3-ols (up to 27.8%). With or without pomace, the addition of enological tannins at a minimal rate of 3 g/L, was necessary to increase tannin concentration in Frontenac wine significantly.The third study explored the content and, to some extent, the molecular weight and structure of the polysaccharides from the CHI Frontenac and Frontenac Blanc, in comparison with wines from theV. vinifera variety Cabernet Sauvignon. Frontenac wines showed a higher concentration of total polysaccharides with more branched polysaccharides than wines from Cabernet Sauvignon. Results showed that significant differences exist between the polysaccharides content and structure of the studied CHI varieties and Cabernet Sauvignon variety. Those differences could contribute to the low astringency of CHI wines when compared with red wines from V. vinifera varieties. This project has brought new knowledge on the tannin, protein and polysaccharide content of red CHI varieties grown in Quebec and how they impact tannin retention in CHI wines. Understanding the chemistry of phenolic compounds and macromolecules in CHI wines made possible the development of new wine making processes adapted to the atypical biochemical composition of red CHI wine. As such, results from this study provide new venues to vary and improve the style and the quality of CHI wines and better meet consumers taste and preferences.

There is an increasing focus on environmental conservation worldwide, evidenced by such events as the signing of the Kyoto Protocol by developing countries, and by consumers becoming more environmentally conscious. The purpose of this study was to investigate how government could, through tax law, incentivise businesses to invest in environmental conservation. One of the major South African industries contributing to the GDP is the wine industry. South Africa, new in world wine production, is ranked among the top 10 wineproducing countries, together with countries such as Australia. The average foreign consumer is more environmentally conscious, which means that South African wineries also have to become environmentally aware to ensure that their products are competitive in the foreign markets. A negative aspect of investing in environmental conservation is that a substantial upfront capital investment is normally required, which could lead to wineries not investing unless they can see a significant benefit as a result. Given this, the purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is an income tax benefit for wineries when investing in environmental conservation in terms of the Income Tax Act no.58 of 1962 (hereafter “the Act”). Government can, through tax law, either reward people for doing the right thing or punish them by imposing taxes for doing the wrong thing. The sections of the Act that have been identified as incentivising environmental conservation are Sections 11D, 12B, 12K, 12L, 37B and 37C, all with specific requirements before the incentives can be used. The study contains an analysis of the type of environmental conservation that wineries can carry out and considers whether those conservation activities would enable them to use the incentives stated in the Act. Some of the environmental conservation activities identified that wineries could perform include the use of solar power to minimise their energy consumption, thereby reducing their impact on the environment. Further, there are industrial codes which encourage recycling and waste management, certain aspects of which would enable a winery to use some of the sections in the Act. The incentives available in the Income Tax Acts of other wine-producing countries, such as France, Australia and the Oregon state in the USA, were also reviewed to see how the incentives in their Acts compare with those in the South African Income Tax Act. Lastly, a limited empirical study was conducted to determine the wineries’ perspective in respect of the incentives indicated in the Act and whether or not they find that the incentives encourage them to carry out further environmental conservation. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015