Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:00:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2935405 bytes, checksum: a27c6a172bf89039f257e78b64b11891 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A microbiological screening tested ten essential oils and three phytochemicals in solid discs with a sterile medium to evaluate the susceptibility of diferent fungal strains. Oils from C. zeylanicum, O. majorana, O. vulgare were chosen due to their efficient antifungical activity against twenty-one strains analyzed. The tests that determine CIM and CFM have proven through essential oils from C. zeylanicum and O. vulgare were able of causing death on yeast and filamentous strains. The analyze about of the inhibition mycelial growth potential by kinetics of microbial death indicates which essential oils from cinnamon and oregano obtained a important antifungal activity compared with essential oil of marjoram. The oils were able to interfere accentually in the logarithmic phase of yeast during twenty-four hours exposure. This antifungal activity was compared with fungistatic and fungicidal effect of ketoconazole. In regard to count of yeasts, there was not a significant difference (p> 0.05) between to essential oils and the standard antifungal, ketoconazol. The fumigant effect of the essential oils examined in an optical microscope indicates that the possible mechanism of action is an interference with cell wall formation. In agreement with what research suggests, this study tested the effect of sorbitol, an osmotic protector which is a complement, this way, microscopic changes, such as: decreased percentage of cytoplasm, loss of pigmentation, deficient development of hyphae and empty hyphae were observed. This present study also analyzed the essential oils tested against resistant strains caused in part by the presence of efflux proteins on the membrane of some them. / Após triagem microbiológica por meio de difusão, avaliou-se a susceptibilidade fúngica de dez óleos essenciais e três fitoconstituintes. Os óleos de C. zeylanicum, O. majorana, O. vulgare foram escolhidos por apresentarem elevada atividade antifúngica sobre vinte e uma cepas testadas. Os ensaios para determinação da CIM e a CFM mostraram que os óleos essenciais de canela e orégano foram letais sobre as cepas leveduriformes e filamentosas, o que confirmou a boa atividade antifúngica destes óleos. A avaliação do potencial de inibição do crescimento micelial, pela cinética de morte microbiana, mostra que os óleos essenciais de canela e orégano, exibiram atividade antifúngica relevante em relação ao óleo essencial de manjerona. Os óleos foram capazes de interferir acentuadamente na fase logarítmica da levedura, num período de 24 horas, com pronunciado efeito fungicida e fungistático, após 4 horas de exposição. Esta atividade antifúngica foi comparada ao efeito fungistático e fungicida do cetoconazol. Não houve diferença significativa (p> 0,05), encontrada entre as contagens das leveduras frente aos óleos essenciais e o antifúngico padrão, cetoconazol. O efeito fumigante, dos óleos essenciais, quando analisado sob a luz da microscopia óptica, mostra que o possível mecanismo de ação destes óleos essenciais acontece por interferir na formação da parede celular. Para confirmar o modo de ação sugerido, o presente trabalho testou o efeito do sorbitol, protetor osmótico, adicionado ao meio. Observaram-se modificações microscópicas, como: diminuição do teor de citoplasma, perda de pigmentação, desenvolvimento distorcido de hifas e hifas vazias. Também, verificou-se grande resistência dos fungos, causadas em parte, pela presença de proteínas de efluxo na membrana de algumas cepas.

The task of this graduation thesis is a composition and verification of the climbing methodology for pupils of 6th {--} 9th classes of an elementary school. The theoretical part is concerned with the illustration of individual knowledge, skills and technics unnecessary for bouldering. Secondly, the question of safety and suitability of this sport for children of the older school age including frequent mistakes in the teaching methodology as well as climbing itself is dealt. The content of the practical part submits especially fourteen teaching units elaborated in the methodological range and analysis of six chosen verification units realized at two groups of probands including their reflection and expert evaluation of the observer. The main part of verification lessons is documented on a video record, which is instrumental to the retrospective appreciation of the verification lesson process.

The theoretical part of my diploma thesis entitled {\clqq} The Snooper : multifunkcional designer study ``, is analysing problem of the intersection into the personal privacy. This problem had stimulated the author to create a work of visual art. Hereafter it documents examples of historical use of ceramic wall tiles with relief decoration . Also it presents the technology of producing wall tiles. The practical part of my diploma thesis contains design, production and installation of wall tiles with relief motive of a{\clqq}snooper`` in the interior of public toilettes . It also photographically doocuments this happening.

O estudo do processo de fusão e solidificação da água contida dentro de materiais confinantes tem sido amplamente discutido em química, biologia, física, geologia, e com diversas aplicações tecnológicas, tais como aplicação na fabricação de etanol de segunda geração, ou etanol celulósico, separação de fases, fabricação de nanomateriais. Pesquisas mostraram que as temperaturas de transição da água nanoconfinada são muito sensíveis ao diâmetro do poro, mas que podem ser pouco afetadas pela natureza, hidrofóbica ou hidrofílica, da superfície do poro. Outra importante constatação em experimentos de fusão e congelamento em nanoporos é que nem toda água presente nos poros pode ser cristalizada até gelo. A existência de uma camada de água pré-fundida em nanoporos tem sido confirmada através de experimentos. Com o objetivo de entender mais profundamente como a temperatura de transição da água confinada depende da natureza da parede confinante e do tamanho do confinamento, propõe-se um modelo de nanoporos de celulose para o confinamento, onde varia-se o diâmetro e comprimento do nanoporo, além da natureza da parede do nanoporo. Nossos estudos, mostram que para sistemas hidrofóbicos, com formação de camada de água líquida na parede, as temperaturas de transição variam desde relativamente baixas, para menores valores de calor latente, até atingindo a temperatura de transição da água bulk, para calor latente mais alto. Enquanto que para sistemas hidrofílicos, para nenhum dos valores de calor latente trabalhados, e para nenhum tamanho do sistema, a temperatura de transição atinge o valor de bulk. / The study of the fusion process and water solidification inside confining materials has been widely discussed in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, and Geology, and has various technological applications as the usage and fabrication of second generation ethanol or cellulosic ethanol, phase separation, and nanomaterials fabrications. Researches have shown that nanoconfined water’s transition temperature are highly sensitive to the pore. Another interesting remark on freezing and fusion experiments on nanopores is that not all water present in pores can be crystallized into ice. The existence of a water layer pre-melted on nanopores has been confirmed through experiments. Aiming at understanding deeply how water’s transition temperature depends on the nature of the confining wall and size, a cellulose nanopore model is proposed to the confinement, where the nanopore diameter and length are varied, besides the nature of the wall of the nanopore. Our studies show that for hydrophobic systems, with the liquid water layer formation on the wall, the transition temperatures vary from relatively low latent heat to smaller values, even reaching the temperature transition on bulk water to higher latent heat. While for hydrophilic systems, for none of the latent heat used and no system size the transition temperature reaches bulk value.

A partir da minha produção de fotografias da série Paredes, este estudo investiga a representação de paredes brancas e relaciona as imagens produzidas com as reflexões dos teóricos contemporâneos de arte Hanneke Grootenboer, sobre fundos de naturezas-mortas da Holanda seiscentista, e Georges Didi-Huberman, sobre a representação de paredes em alguns afrescos de Fra Angelico. As interpretações de ambos apontam como tais imagens de paredes, usualmente encontradas em fundos pictóricos, podem ser consideradas como áreas onde há a ocorrência de algo que excede a representação. A série Paredes propõe a análise de imagens que qualificamos como rarefeitas e neutras com a intenção de verificar se elas apresentam ou evocam algo diverso da cena fotografada, como o vazio proposto por Grootenboer ou o infinito divino sugerido por Didi-Huberman em imagens similares. Ao utilizar o conceito de “neutro” de Roland Barthes, podemos situar essas imagens, por serem representações de superfícies inexpressivas e sem importância, em um campo de oscilação no qual elas não aderem a nenhuma posição fixa quanto à definição de seu conteúdo. A condição de deriva – inerente ao neutro – que as imagens de parede carregam as tornam potências com capacidade de suscitar quaisquer ideias, inclusive opostas e extraordinárias, como as de vazio e de infinito. / This study is based on my photographic work the Paredes series and investigates the representation of white walls, relating the images to the work of the contemporary art theorists Hanneke Grootenboer and Georges Didi-Huberman, the former reflecting on the backgrounds of 17th-century Dutch still-life painting and the latter considering the representation of walls in some of Fra Angelico’s frescos. Their interpretations indicate how such images of walls usually found in the backgrounds of paintings might be considered as areas where something occurs that goes beyond representation. The Paredes series proposes an analysis of images that we consider neutral or less dense, with the aim of testing whether they present or evoke something other than the photographic scene, such as the void proposed by Grootenboer or the divine infinity suggested by Didi-Huberman in similar images. By employing Roland Barthes’s concept of the “neutral” we might, due to their being representations of inexpressive surfaces of no importance, situate these images in a field of fluctuation, in which they adopt no fixed position in terms of definition of content. The condition of drift – inherent to the neutral – contained in the images of walls, gives them potential to support any idea, including contrasting and exceptional ones such as the void and infinity.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-26T14:20:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÁUDIA DA SILVA BATISTA - TESE (PPGEP) 2009.pdf: 3258402 bytes, checksum: 334bd2bbc1cb52f81aa523fd16f4b763 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T14:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÁUDIA DA SILVA BATISTA - TESE (PPGEP) 2009.pdf: 3258402 bytes, checksum: 334bd2bbc1cb52f81aa523fd16f4b763 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-06 / Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal apresentar um estudo teórico e experimental da vazão mássica e do fluxo de produtos granulares para subsidiar o projeto estrutural em silos. Foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático para predizer a vazão de descarregamento para distintos produtos. Estudou-se as características físicas e de fluxo de cinco produtos granulares: painço, areia fina e três farelos de milho, e avaliou-se o comportamento do fluxo das partículas em um silo cilíndrico, equipado com fundo plano e tremonhas de 30 e 45 de inclinação com a vertical; diferentes orifícios de descarga, 3,5 e 5 cm de diâmetro; e três rugosidades das paredes, 0,06, 6,56 e 11,9 m. Concluiu-se que a rugosidade da parede, para a faixa estudada, não influenciou na vazão de descarregamento, para todos os produtos. As maiores vazões de descarregamento no silo foram registradas para a areia e as menores foram observadas para o farelo de milho M1, cuja razão aproximada foi de 2,5 para as diversas formas de descarregamento. As maiores vazões de descarga foram observadas quando o diâmetro do orifício de saída foi de 5 cm chegando a um valor de 1,35 kg/s. As menores vazões de descarregamento dos produtos foram registradas quando se utilizou a tremonha com inclinação de 30 com o valor de 0, 16 kg/s para o produto que apresentou as menores vazões, farelo de milho M1.O fenômeno “slip stick” foi verificado para as diferentes granulometrias do farelo de milho, sendo mais intenso para o M2. O modelo proposto apresentou ajuste razoável em relação aos dados experimentais. / This work was aimed at presenting a theoretical and experimental study of the mass flow and the flow of granular products to support the structural design of silos. We developed a mathematical model to predict the flow of discharge for different products. We studied the physical characteristics and flow of five granular products: millet, fine sand and three meals of corn, and evaluated the flow behavior of particles in a cylindrical silo, equipped with flat bottom hoppers 30 and 45 inclination to the vertical, different discharge outlets, 3.5 and 5cm in diameter and three m.roughness of the walls, 0.06, 6.56 and 11.9 It was concluded that the roughness of the wall, in the range studied did not influence the flow of discharge for all products. The highest rates of discharge were recorded in the silo for sand and the lowest was observed for the corn bran M1, whose approximate ratio was 2.5 for the various forms of discharge. The highest rates of discharge were observed when the diameter of the exit hole was 5 cm reaching a value of 1.35 kg / s. The lowest flow rate of discharge of the products were recorded when using the to the value of 0, 16 kg/s for the product hopper with an inclination of 30 that had the lowest flow rates, corn bran M1.O phenomenon "slip stick" was observed for different particle size of corn bran, being more intense for the M2. The proposed model presented a reasonable adjustment in relation to the experimental data.

abstract: This study focused on investigating the ability of a polymeric-enhanced high-tenacity fabric composite called CarbonFlex to mitigate damages from multi-natural hazards, which are earthquakes and tornadoes, in wood-framed structures. Typically, wood-framed shear wall is a seismic protection system used in low-rise wood structures. It is well-known that the main energy dissipation of the system is its fasteners (nails) which are not enough to dissipate energy leading to decreasing of structure's integrity. Moreover, wood shear walls could not sustain their stiffness after experiencing moderate wall drift which made them susceptible to strong aftershocks. Therefore, CarbonFlex shear wall system was proposed to be used in the wood-framed structures. Seven full-size CarbonFlex shear walls and a CarbonFlex wrapped structures were tested. The results were compared to those of conventional wood-framed shear walls and a wood structure. The comparisons indicated that CarbonFlex specimens could sustain their strength and fully recover their initial stiffness although they experienced four percent story drift while the stiffness of the conventional structure dramatically degraded. This indicated that CarbonFlex shear wall systems provided a better seismic protection to wood-framed structures. To evaluate capability of CarbonFlex to resist impact damages from wind-borne debris in tornadoes, several debris impact tests of CarbonFlex and a carbon fiber reinforced storm shelter's wall panels were conducted. The results showed that three CarbonFlex wall panels passed the test at the highest debris impact speed and the other two passed the test at the second highest speed while the carbon fiber panel failed both impact speeds. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2013

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’emploi des motifs géométriques, végétaux ou empruntés à l’architecture, dans le décor peint des monuments funéraires de Macédoine antique. Il s’agit d’une approche intégrale qui est effectuée à travers la documentation et l’analyse stylistique, technique et physico-chimique des motifs tels qu’ils apparaissent dans un riche corpus de soixante-huit monuments datés de l’époque hellénistique et le début de l’époque romaine. La thèse est organisée en trois parties. La première partie présente la documentation des motifs rencontrés, leur occurrence dans les monuments avec des observations sur le rendu, les combinaisons chromatiques et les pigments employés. Cette partie comprend une étude comparative des motifs dans l’art de l’antiquité en Grèce et ailleurs, et des commentaires sur l’origine et le symbolisme des motifs et leur transposition de la réalité ou de l’architecture dans la peinture.La deuxième partie concerne l’étude archéométrique des matériaux picturaux employés. Des prélèvements ponctuels ont été effectués sur le décor de vingt tombes et analysés au moyen de méthodes photographiques et physico-chimiques, in situ et en laboratoire. La présentation de la méthodologie et les résultats obtenus au cours de cette étude se fait de façon analytique et systématique. La troisième partie présente un catalogue illustré des tombes peintes de Macédoine classé selon leur type architectural, comprenant les données de fouille, la description du décor peint des surfaces pariétales et de l’aménagement intérieur et des informations concernant l’architecture et les matériaux picturaux. Les différents types de motifs ornementaux rencontrés et les types de moulures sur lesquelles ils sont réalisés sont présentés dans un lexique illustré. / The objective of this thesis is the study of the architectural, geometric and vegetal motifs that decorate the funerary monuments of Macedonia. An integral approach has been applied, combining detailed documentation with the stylistic, technical and physicochemical analysis of the motifs, as they appear in a rich corpus of sixty-eight monuments that date in the Hellenistic and early Roman period. The thesis is organised in three parts. The first part provides the documentation of the motifs, their occurrence in the monuments, along with observations on their design, the chromatic combinations and the pigments employed. This part includes a comparative study of the motifs in the art of ancient Greece and elsewhere, as well as commentaries on their origin and symbolism or the transformation from real objects or architectural elements into painted motifs. The second part concerns the archaeometrical study of the painting materials used. Samples from twenty tombs have been collected and analysed by means of photographical and physicochemical methods, both in situ and in the laboratory. The methodology and the results obtained during this study are presented systematically and in detail. The third part consists of an illustrated catalogue of the painted tombs of Macedonia, according to their architectural structure, which comprises the excavation data, the description of the painted decoration on the walls surface and on the funerary pieces of furniture as well as information on the architecture and the painting materials. The different ornamental motifs and types of moulding on which they are painted, are presented in an illustrated glossary of terms.

Le rayonnement joue un rôle important dans de nombreuses applications industrielles, en particulier celles mettant en jeu un processus de combustion. Cependant, son influence sur les écoulements turbulents, notamment les couches limites, n’est pas encore bien connu. L’objectif est ici d’analyser en détail l’effet du rayonnement sur les écoulements turbulents. Utilisant le modèle CK pour décrire les propriétés radiatives des gaz, une approche optimisée de la méthode de Monte-Carlo (OERM) basée sur l’émission et le principe de réciprocité est développée. La méthode OERM permet de contrôler localement l’imprécision des résultats tout en corrigeant l’inconvénient de la méthode originale en introduisant une nouvelle fonction de répartition des fréquences basée sur la température maximale du domaine. Plusieurs écoulements de canal plan turbulent sous différentes conditions de pression, de températures et d’émissivités de parois sont résolus par simulation numérique directe (DNS). Les simulations DNS de l’écoulement et du champ de rayonnement par la méthode OERM sont entièrement couplées. L’impact du rayonnement sur le champ moyen de température et ses fluctuations est analysé en détail. La modification du profil de température moyenne induit un changement des flux de chaleur conductifs aux parois et de nouvelles lois de paroi pour la température lorsque le rayonnement est pris en compte. L’impact sur les fluctuations de température et le flux de chaleur par transport turbulent est étudié au travers de leurs équations de transport respectives dont l’équilibre est modifié par le rayonnement. Une nouvelle normalisation (wall-scaling) basée sur le bilan d’énergie est proposée pour améliorer le recouvrement des profils obtenus sous les différentes configurations étudiées avec et sans transfert radiatif. Cette normalisation permet d’introduire un modèle pour le nombre de Prandtl turbulent lorsque le rayonnement est pris en compte. Afin de prédire l’effet du rayonnement sur la zone proche paroi et sa modification des lois de paroi, un modèle de paroi pour la simulation aux grandes échelles (LES) est développé. Les équations 1D de couche limite turbulente à l’équilibre sont résolues sur une grille intégrée au maillage LES pour traiter la zone interne. La contrainte pariétale et le flux de chaleur conductif obtenus sont renvoyés au code LES. La puissance radiative dans l’équation d’énergie du modèle de paroi 1D est évaluée à partir d’un modèle analytique. Le modèle de paroi est validé par comparaison avec les résultats des calculs couplés DNS/Monte-Carlo. Deux critères sont finalement proposés et validés. Le premier a pour but de prédire l’importance du flux radiatif pariétal tandis que le second détermine si un modèle de paroi prenant en compte l’effet du rayonnement dans la zone interne de la couche limite est nécessaire. Une étude paramétrique est ensuite réalisée où un modèle κ-ϵ et un modèle de nombre de Prandtl turbulent sont utilisés pour estimer les champs moyens de vitesse et température d’écoulements de canal plan sous différentes conditions. Les valeurs des critères obtenues sont analysées puis comparées. / If radiation plays an important role in many engineering applications, especially in those including combustion systems, influence of radiation on turbulent flows, particularly on the turbulent boundary layers, is still not well known. The objective is here to perform a detailed study of radiation effect on turbulent flows. An optimized emission-based reciprocal (OERM) approach of the Monte-Carlo method is proposed for radiation simulation using the CK model for radiative gas properties. OERM allows the uncertainty of results to be locally controlled while it overcomes the drawback of the original emission-based reciprocity approach by introducing a new frequency distribution function that is based on the maximum temperature of the domain. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) has been performed for turbulent channel flows under different pressure, wall temperatures and wall emissivity conditions. Flow field DNS simulations are fully coupled with radiation simulation using the OERM approach. The role of radiation on the mean temperature field and fluctuation field are analyzed in details. Modification of the mean temperature profile leads to changes in wall conductive heat fluxes and new wall laws for temperature when radiation is accounted for. The influence on temperature fluctuations and the turbulent heat flux is investigated through their respective transport equations whose balance is modified by radiation. A new wall-scaling based on the energy balance is proposed to improve collapsing of wall-normal turbulent flux profiles among different channel flows with/without considering radiation transfer. This scaling enables a new turbulent Prandtl number model to be introduced to take into account the effects of radiation. In order to consider the influence of radiation in the near-wall region and predict the modified wall law, a one-dimensional wall model for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is proposed. The 1D turbulent equilibrium boundary layer equations are solved on an embedded grid in the inner layer. The obtained wall friction stress and wall conductive flux are then fed back to the LES solver. The radiative power term in the energy equation of the 1D wall model is computed from an analytical model. The proposed wall model is validated by a comparison with the former DNS/Monte-Carlo results. Finally, two criteria are proposed and validated. The first one is aimed to predict the importance of wall radiative heat flux while the other one predicts whether a wall model accounting for radiation in the near wall region is necessary. A parametric study is then performed where a k-ǫ model and a turbulent Prandtl number model are applied to simulate the velocity and temperature field of different channel flows under various flow conditions. The obtained criteria values are analyzed and compared.

El estudio consiste en un monitoreo de deformaciones con el uso de un inclinómetro instalado a trasdós de un muro de concreto armado con ocho niveles de anclajes en una excavación de 32 metros de profundidad en un proyecto de edificación en el distrito de San Isidro. Debido a que la metodología del muro anclado es muy utilizada en los últimos años en la ciudad de Lima, se considera necesario realizar un estudio del comportamiento de este tipo de estructura de retención, con el objetivo de conocer si la máxima deformación está dentro de los rangos permitidos por las normas internacionales, más aún en nuestro entorno, en donde no se tiene una normativa que regule este tipo de obras. La tesis se apoya en una revisión bibliográfica que ha permitido conocer estudios de deformaciones en estructuras de retención, analizar aspectos generales del comportamiento de los muros anclados, así como aspectos relacionados a la instrumentación geotécnica específicamente a los inclinómetros. La metodología adoptada seguirá un método cuantitativo, asimismo será de nivel descriptiva y también explicativa. Por otro lado, se considera que será de tipo aplicada siguiendo un diseño no experimental, además de ser prospectiva y transversal. Se ha logrado concluir que la deformación máxima del muro instrumentado está dentro de lo esperado, cumpliendo los rangos de las normas y de otras experiencias mencionadas en el marco teórico de esta tesis, además, tanto los resultados entregados por el inclinómetro como los presentados por el modelo en PLAXIS 2D, son similares, ya que muestra la tendencia hacia donde se dan las deformaciones. The study consists of a strain monitoring using an inclinometer installed to backfill of a retaining wall with eight anchors levels at a 32 meters deep excavation, in a building project in the district of San Isidro. The methodology of the retaining wall is widely used in recent years in the city of Lima, for that reason it is considered necessary to study the behavior of this type of retaining structure, in order to determine whether the maximum deformation is within the range allowed by international standards, even in our environment, where there is no legislation regulating this type of work. The thesis is based on a literature review, including studies of deformation of retaining structures, general aspects of the behavior of anchored walls and also issues related to geotechnical instrumentation specifically inclinometers. The methodology is based on a quantitative method, considering a descriptive level and an explanatory level as well. On the other hand, it is considered to be a rate applied contemplating a non-experimental design, as well as being prospective and transversal. The maximum deformation of the wall is within the expectations, satisfying the standards ranges and other experiences mentioned in the theoretical literature of this thesis and the results delivered by the inclinometer as the results presented by the PLAXIS 2D model are similar, because it shows the trend where the deformations are given.