From the Proceedings of the 1975 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 11-12, 1975, Tempe, Arizona / In direct (normal, forward) osmosis water automatically flows through a semipermeable membrane from a "source" solution of low concentration to a "driving" solution with higher solute content. The process requires a membrane which is impermeable to the solutes; hydrostatic pressure differences are not directly involved and can be set equal to zero. In principle, direct osmosis is a low -technology, low-power consumption method for reducing the water volume of industrial effluents or liquid agricultural products, and for reclaiming brackish irrigation water. In the latter application the driving solution may utilize fertilizer as a solute; the source solution is drainage that contains harmful salt components. This type of operation has been experimentally demonstrated. This paper summarizes basic physical principles and introduces some quantitative design factors which must be understood on both a fundamental and on an applications level.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / This study investigated the potential of a soil-turf filter to renovate secondary effluent applied in excess of consumptive use. Lysimeter plots were filled with a sand and a sand mix, and seeded to winter ryegrass. In spring, plots were scalped and seeded to bermudagrass. Plots were drip irrigated twice a week with secondary effluent at rates of 10, 17, 22, 34, and 43 mm/day. Leachate and effluent were analyzed for NH -N, NO,-N, and organic-N. Grass clippings were oven dried, weighed, and analyzed for organic -N. Percent of leachate available for groundwater recharge was 50% at the lowest rate and 68% at the highest rate when values were averaged for both soils. The amount of nitrogen removed by the soil-turf filter using sand was 42 to 87% and 52 to 90% on the mix, decreasing as application rate increased. The highest nitrogen removal and utilization occurred at the lowest application rate. Turf utilization of nitrogen was 10 to 28% on sand and 18 to 36% on mix, decreasing as rate of application increased. The sand-turf filter renovated 22 mm/day and the mix-turf filter renovated 43 mm/day, yielding leachate averaging less than 10 ppm NO₃-N.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / As a part of the ongoing Phoenix Urban Study, Federal legislation mandates that land treatment of wastewater be seriously considered as a treatment option. Land treatment is a particularly viable alternative in the Phoenix area because in this arid desert climate, all water is a scarce and valuable resource and land treatment offers a positive opportunity for the conservation of this resource. In addition, land treatment systems are generally less expensive and have lower energy requirements than other conventional treatment processes while resulting in comparable treatment. The analysis of wastewater treatment systems for populated urban areas necessitates the preliminary investigation and comparison of a large number of alternatives to allow for a realistic engineering and economic evaluation. The site specific nature of land application adds additional variables that must be considered. A preliminary systems approach indicated that to minimize the effect of a human judgement factor between sites and yet maximize the depth of the initial analysis, computer techniques should be utilized for analysis and data storage. A summary of this analysis with appropriate cost, power usage, land requirements and other pertinent factors will be presented.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Water shortages in the Western United States have intensified the search for new sources. Wastewater reuse is being increasingly called upon to augment existing supplies. One potential impediment to the continued expansion of wastewater reuse efforts is the accumulation of toxic heavy metals and other salts in the recycled water. Conventional and advanced wastewater treatment effect the removal of a portion of the heavy metals added during use. Removal is by chemical precipitation and adsorption and disposed of with the sludges. Potential uses of treated wastewater effluents include irrigation and groundwater recharge. Care must be taken to prevent contamination of groundwater, especially since existing wells have been reported to have concentrations of heavy metals in excess of drinking water standards. Percolation of wastewaters through soils (especially fine soils) results in a reduction in heavy metal concentrations. It is postulated that removal of these metals is by a combination of chemical precipitation with filtration of the precipitates, and adsorption on soil particles (thus the effectiveness of fine soils). Long term saturation of the soils with heavy metals may result in a "breakthrough" contamination of the groundwater. A predictive model of heavy metal-wastewater-soil interactions is proposed to aid in the design and regulation of wastewater reuse systems to eliminate or minimize this problem.

Rückläufige Bevölkerungszahlen und Siedlungsflächenwachstum führen zu steigenden Kosten für leitungsgebundene Infrastrukturen. Dies gilt besonders für die Abwasserentsorgung, die in Deutschland überwiegend über die öffentliche Kanalisation erfolgt. Bei Neuerschließung können im Falle geringer Siedlungsdichten dezentrale Abwassersysteme Kostenvorteile gegenüber zentralen Systemen aufweisen. Lassen sich aber durch Dezentralisierung auch Kosten im bereits erschlossenen, von Schrumpfung betroffenen, Siedlungsbestand reduzieren? Um hierauf Antworten zu geben, werden Kosten der Transformation zentraler Abwassersysteme hin zu stärker dezentral angelegten Strukturen berechnet. Am Beispiel eines realen Abwasser-Entsorgungsgebietes wird ein Verfahren entwickelt, das eine Kostenbewertung der schrittweisen Dezentralisierung technischer Abwassersysteme ermöglicht. / Declining populations and an expansion in settlement areas have led to a rise in the cost of pipeline networks for household supply and waste removal. This is particularly true of waste-water removal, which in Germany is primarily managed using public sewage systems. The work at hand tries to give answer to the question, if decentralisation can lower costs in the building stock affected by shrinkage, which is already connected to the waste-water network.

La prise de conscience grandissante de la contamination des cours d'eau a entraîné l'établissement de réglementations de plus en plus strictes concernant les rejets urbains et la fixation d'objectifs de qualité à atteindre pour les milieux aquatiques. Cependant, l'échantillonnage ponctuel reste une limite importante dans l'estimation des flux de contaminants, et le besoin de suivis en continu est présent dans le milieu naturel et dans les réseaux d'assainissement urbains. Cette étude porte sur la quantification de la part des rejets urbains de l'agglomération grenobloise dans les flux totaux de matières en suspension (MES), nutriments (azote, phosphore), carbone organique et éléments traces métalliques (ETM) du milieu récepteur Isère (une rivière alpine). Ce travail s'est appuyé sur un réseau de mesures en continu de débits (Q) et de MES (par turbidimétrie) à l'amont et à l'aval de l'agglomération et sur une sonde spectrométrique à l'amont, associé à des campagnes de prélèvements réguliers et renforcés pendant les épisodes de crues. Des campagnes de mesures détaillées sur les principaux sous bassins du réseau d'assainissement ont été réalisées durant la période d'étude dans le cadre du schéma directeur d'assainissement de l'agglomération grenobloise. Le croisement de ces deux approches a permis de confronter les variations spatio-temporelles des MES, nutriments, carbone organique et ETM du réseau et du milieu récepteur en 2011 et 2012. Les flux sur ces deux années ont été établis afin de déterminer la contribution des rejets urbains dans les flux du milieu récepteur. La contamination en mercure a fait l'objet d'un suivi particulier du fait de la présence d'une source significative de mercure dans la région. Enfin, une réflexion sur l'amélioration des calculs de flux par l'utilisation de relations entre les ETM/carbone organique particulaire (COP) et un paramètre mesurable en continu (MES, Q) a été menée en parallèle de l'exploitation de ces résultats. Mots-clés : Matières en suspension ; Dynamique des flux ; Nutriments ; Eléments traces métalliques ; Mercure ; Rejets urbains (par temps de pluie et temps sec), sondes de turbidité et spectrométrique. / The growing awareness of the contamination of rivers has led to the establishment of more rigorous regulations related to urban waste, and to the setting of water quality objectives to be achieved for aquatic environment. However, grab sampling remains an important limitation for the estimation of contaminant flux, and the need for constant monitoring is present in both natural environment and urban sanitation. This study focuses on the quantification of the proportion of urban waste in the Grenoble area to the total flux of 1) suspended solids (TSS), 2) nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), 3) organic carbon and 4) metals trace element (MTE) of the receiving environment; the Isère (an alpine river). This work was supported by a network of continuous discharge measurements (Q) and TSS (turbidimetry), both upstream and downstream of Grenoble associated with regular sampling campaigns, with a higher measurement frequency during flood events. A spectrometric probe upstream was also placed upstream. Detailed measurement campaigns on major sub-basins of the sewerage network were performed during the study period as part of the sanitation master plan of Grenoble. The combination of these two approaches allowes to relate the spatio-temporal variations of TSS, nutrients, organic carbon and MTE in the urban water network of Grenoble and in the receiving environment (the Isère) for the years 2011 and 2012. Flows of the traced parameters have been established to determine the contribution of urban waste flows in the receiving environment, over these two years. Finally, a study on how to improve the flow calculations by the use of relations between MTE / particulate organic carbon (POC ) and a continuous measurable parameter (MES, Q ) was conducted in parallel with these results. Key words: suspended solids, Nutrients, metals trace element; Mercury; urban waste; turbidimetry and spectrometric probe

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WilaciEFJ.pdf: 1838358 bytes, checksum: 40ec11f34b65cc0544a9b15c91dae65a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present work had as objective to apply an experimental planning aiming at to improve the efficiency of separation of a new type of mixer-settler applied to treat waste water contaminated with oil. An unity in scale of laboratory, was installed in the Post-graduation Program of Chemical Engineering of UFRN. It was constructed in partnership with Petrobras S.A. This called device Misturador-Decantador a Invers?o de Fases (MDIF) , possess features of conventional mixer-settler and spray column type. The equipment is composed of three main parts: mixing chamber; chamber of decantation and chamber of separation. The efficiency of separation is evaluated analyzing the oil concentrations in water in the feed and the output of the device. For the analysis one used the gravimetric method of oil and greases analysis (TOG). The system in study is a water of formation emulsified with oil. The used extractant is a mixture of Turpentine spirit hydro-carbons, supplied for Petrobras. It was applied, for otimization of the efficiency of separation of the equipment, an experimental planning of the composite central type, having as factorial portion fractionary factorial planning 2 5-2, with the magnifying of the type star and five replications in the central point. In this work, the following independents variables were studied: contents of oil in the feed of the device; volumetric ratio (O/A); total flowrate ; agitation in the mixing chamber and height of the organic bed. Minimum and maximum limits for the studied variables had been fixed according previous works. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, revealed statistically significant and useful results for predictions ends. The variance analysis also presented the distribution of the error as a normal distribution and was observed that as the dispersions do not depend on the levels of the factors, the independence assumption can be verified. The variation around the average is explained by 98.98%, or either, equal to the maximum value, being the smoothing of the model in relation to the experimental points of 0,98981. The results present a strong interaction between the variable oil contents in the feed and agitation in the mixing chamber, having great and positive influence in the separation efficiency. Another variable that presented a great positive influence was the height of the organic bed. The best results of separation efficiency had been obtained for high flowrates when associates the high oil concentrations and high agitation. The results of the present work had shown excellent agreement with the results carried out through previous works with the mixer-settler of phase inversion / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a efici?ncia de separa??o de um novo aparelho do tipo misturador-decantador aplicado ao tratamento de ?guas residu?rias contaminadas com petr?leo. Foi utilizado um equipamento em escala de laborat?rio, instalado no Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Engenharia Qu?mica da UFRN, que foi constru?do em parceria com a Petrobras S.A. Este aparelho denominado Misturador-Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases (MDIF), possui caracter?sticas de um misturador-decantador convencional e de uma coluna tipo spray. O equipamento ? composto de tr?s partes principais: c?mara de mistura; c?mara de decanta??o e c?mara de separa??o. A efici?ncia de separa??o ? avaliada analisando-se as concentra??es de ?leo em ?gua na alimenta??o e na sa?da do aparelho. Para a an?lise utilizou-se o m?todo da an?lise de ?leo e graxas (TOG) por gravimetria. O sistema em estudo ? uma ?gua de forma??o emulsionada com ?leo. O extratante utilizado ? uma mistura de hidrocarbonetos denominada de Aguarr?s, fornecido pela Petrobras. Aplicou-se, para a otimiza??o da efici?ncia de separa??o do equipamento, um planejamento experimental do tipo central composto, tendo como por??o fatorial o planejamento fatorial fracion?rio 2 5-2, com a amplia??o do tipo estrela e cinco repeti??es no ponto central. Neste trabalho, estudam-se as seguintes vari?veis independentes: teor de ?leo na ?gua residu?ria de carga da coluna; rela??o volum?trica org?nico/aquoso (O/A); vaz?o efetiva total; agita??o na c?mara de mistura e altura do leito org?nico. Foram fixados limites m?nimos e m?ximos para as vari?veis estudadas de acordo com trabalhos realizados anteriormente. A an?lise de vari?ncia para a equa??o do modelo emp?rico, mostrou-se estatisticamente significante e ?til para fins preditivos. A an?lise de vari?ncia tamb?m apresentou a distribui??o do erro como uma distribui??o normal e observou-se que como as dispers?es n?o dependem dos n?veis dos fatores, a suposi??o de independ?ncia pode ser verificada. A varia??o em torno da m?dia ? explicada por 98,98%, ou seja, igual ao valor m?ximo explic?vel, sendo o ajuste do modelo em rela??o aos pontos experimentais de 0.98981. Os resultados apresentam uma intera??o muito forte entre as vari?veis teor de ?leo e agita??o na c?mara de mistura, tendo grande e positiva influ?ncia na efici?ncia de separa??o. Outra vari?vel que apresentou-se com grande e positiva influ?ncia foi a altura do leito org?nico. Os melhores resultados de efici?ncia de separa??o foram obtidos para altas vaz?es quando associadas a altas concentra??es de ?leo e alta agita??o. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho mostraram excelente concord?ncia com os resultados de trabalhos anteriores realizados com o misturador-decantador ? invers?o de fases

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanilloLMF_DISSERT.pdf: 2643693 bytes, checksum: e8aa0f4d4535d4002a68928f7529ab75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-07 / In the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, there are about 80 sewage treatment systems being the predominant technology waste stabilization ponds. The Baldo s WWTP , due to its location and low availability of area, was designed as a hybrid conventional system (UASB reactor followed by activated sludge with biodiscs) at a tertiary level, being the most advanced WWTP in the State and also with the larger treatment capacity (1620 m3/h) .The paper presents the results of its performance based on samples collections from May to December 2012. Composite samples of the effluent of the grit chamber, UASB reactors, anoxic chambers, aeration tanks and treated effluent were collected weekly, every 4 hours for 24 hours. The results showed that the WWTP effluent presented adequate ranges of temperatures, pH and DO, however removal efficiencies of BOD and TSS were below the predicted by design. The UASB reactors also showed removals of BOD and TSS less than expected, due to the accumulation of sludge in the reactors, which eventually, was washed out in the effluent. The nitrification process was not satisfactory mainly due to problems in the oxygen distribution in the aeration tanks. The removal of ammonia and TKN were high, probably by the assimilation process / No Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil existe cerca de 80 sistemas de tratamento de esgotos sendo a tecnologia das lagoas de estabiliza??o a predominantemente utilizada. A ETE do Baldo, devido a sua localiza??o e disponibilidade de ?rea foi concebida como um sistema convencional h?brido (UASB lodos ativados com biodiscos) em n?vel terci?rio, sendo a ETE mais avan?ada do Estado e com maior capacidade de tratamento (1620 m 3 /h). O trabalho apresenta os resultados do seu monitoramento, atrav?s de coletas realizadas semanalmente no per?odo de junho a dezembro de 2012, com base em amostras compostas coletadas a cada 4 horas, durante 24 horas, do efluente da caixa de areia, reatores UASB, c?maras an?xicas, tanques de aera??o e efluente tratado. Os resultados mostraram que a ETE apresentou efluentes com temperaturas, pH e OD adequados, entretanto efici?ncias abaixo do projetado para os par?metros DBO e SST. Os reatores UASB tamb?m apresentaram remo??es de DBO e SST abaixo do esperado, devido ao ac?mulo de lodo nos reatores, uma vez que, este era expelido no efluente. O processo de nitrifica??o n?o foi satisfat?rio, pelas baixas concentra??es de nitrato encontradas nos efluentes dos tanques de aera??o, provavelmente por problemas no sistema de aera??o. As remo??es de am?nia e NTK foram altas, provavelmente pelo processo de assimila??o

The aim of this thesis is to determine the public awareness about the possibilities of financial support from the EU funds on enhancing the quality of environment with the special emphasis on waste water and the WWTPs in the Czech Republic. It was studied, whether the attitudes and the public awareness play a role in the construction of WWTPs. Whereas the weight of public opinion in decision-making also testifies the extent of public decision making power on the outcomes of decision making about environmental management, the goal of this work is also to verify the degree of public involvement into the public decision making processes.

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T21:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tonetti_AdrianoLuiz_M.pdf: 4911696 bytes, checksum: 17f72ad475f9781c9cc0c2be169415a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O objetivo deste projeto foi estudar os filtros de areia como um método de baixo custo para o pós-tratamento de filtros anaeróbios alimentados com esgoto sanitário. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se contribuir com o desenvolvimento deste sistema avaliando-se a eficiência de tratamento de quatro filtros de areia com diferentes profundidades de leitos (0,25; 0,50, 0,75 e 1,00 m). A alimentação era proveniente de reatores anaeróbios e foram empregadas cinco cargas diferentes de aplicação (20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 Lm-2). Cada uma delas dispostas diariamente pelo período de um mês. O esgoto bruto, afluente e efluente dos filtros de areia foram analisados semanalmente, permitindo constatar que no emprego de baixas cargas de efluente anaeróbio o sistema propiciava uma remoção superior a 96% da DBO, adequação na emissão de coliformes totais e completa nitrificação. Aumentando-se as cargas, ocorria uma pequena redução da eficiência, no entanto os resultados ainda eram satisfatórios / Abstract: The aim of this project was to study sand filters as a low cost method in the post treatment of upflow anaerobic filter effluent, fed by municipal wastewater. This research intends to contribute with the development of this system estimating the efficiency of the treatment of four sand filters with different depths of the sand layer (0,25; 0,50, 0,75 e 1,00 m). The feed (I think it's influent) was from the four upflow anaerobic filters. Five hydraulic loads (20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 Lm-2) were used to apply the effluent on the sand filters. Each one was applied for one month and later the frequency was increased for two and tree times per day. The municipal wastewater, influent and the effluent of the sand filter were weekly analyzed allowing to conclude that the treatment system had good removal of BOD, COD, TOC, nutrients and microorganisms like total and fecal coli forms. The effluent was good to be disposed or to reused. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil