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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Chemical composition of indiginous of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Tthunb) Matsum. and Nakai)) landrace seeds from the Sekhukhune and Capricorn District in the Limpopo Province

Mogotlane, Emmanuel Alpheus January 2015 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc. (Botany)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of indigenous watermelon landraces (Citrullus lanatus) seeds grown in two districts in the Limpopo Province. Watermelon seeds are the most undermined oilseeds. The seeds have nutritional values that compare favourably with those of soybean, sunflower and ground nuts. Many cucurbit seeds such as watermelon seeds are rich in protein and oil, although none of these products have been used on an industrial scale. Nine indigenous watermelon landraces seeds (four from the Sekhukhune district and five from the Capricorn district) were examined. The landrace 06CDGM was found to have the highest mass per one hundred seeds (10.95 g per 100 seeds) with 07CDGM having the lowest mass (8.05 g per 100 seeds). The landrace 10CDGM was found to have the highest oil (41.5%), protein (20.39%) and fibre content (23.98%) with 01SDPW having the lowest oil yield (30.00%), 02SDPW was found to have the highest saponification value (184.57 mg KOH/g oil) and 09CDGM had the highest iodine value (138.575 g I2/100 g oil). The landrace 01SDPW had the highest total sugar content. All landraces were found to have the essential amino acid leucine. Antioxidant activity (66.95%) and total flavonoids (0.295 mg/g as catechin equivalents) were found to be highest in the 09CDGM landrace, and total phenolic content (0.91 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) was found to be highest in 05SDPW. The landrace 06CDGM was found to have the highest copper content (0.088 mg/g); 02SDPW was found to have the highest iron content (0.194 mg/g); 10CDGM had the highest zinc (0.312 mg/g) and sulphate content (0.129 mg/g); while both 10CDGM and 03SDPW had the highest content of calcium (9.13 mg/g). The landraces were found to differ slightly in the content and quality of components tested. Each of the landraces was found to have some qualities that render them superior to the other landraces. The qualities and content of the landraces compare favourably with those of commercial oil seeds such as the sunflower and soybean. Overall, the landraces from the Capricorn district were observed to have superior qualities than those from the Sekhukhune district. The findings indicated that the landraces from Capricorn district had more mean oil, mean protein, crude fibre content, total phenolics and total flavonoid content than those from the Sekhukhune district. The landraces from Sekhukhune district had high carbohydrate, ash content and high content of the minerals iron and calcium. The landrace 10CDGM was found to have overall high vi values with regard to most analyses, thus making the landrace superior to the others. The results indicate that landraces from both districts have complementary qualities to each other; however the landraces from the Capricorn are more superior in most aspects. The watermelon seeds have the potential to be used as a cost-effective and easily accessible source of nutrients and oil to meet nutritional challenges in developing countries. KEY CONCEPTS Citrullus lanatus; Landrace; Sekhukhune district; Capricorn district; Indigenous watermelon; Oil seeds; Essential amino acids; Antioxidant activity; Total phenolics; Total flavonoids; Mineral content; Total sugars; Crude fibre; Oil content; Saponification value; Iodine value.
62

Breeding Melons for Resistance to Viral and Fungal Diseases. Exploiting the Multi-Resistant Accession TGR-1551

López Martín, María 15 January 2024 (has links)
[ES] Las cucurbitáceas son la segunda familia de hortícolas más importante a nivel mundial, solo por detrás de las solanáceas. Tradicionalmente su cultivo se ha llevado a cabo en las zonas templadas del planeta. Sin embargo, las condiciones de cambio climático, el comercio internacional y los modelos de agricultura intensiva favorecen la aparición de nuevas virosis y enfermedades fúngicas en zonas donde antes no estaban presentes. En este sentido, resulta esencial el monitoreo periódico de las principales zonas productoras, para así poder detectar los virus y hongos emergentes en cada territorio y adaptar los programas de mejora a los objetivos específicos de cada zona. En el caso concreto del melón (Cucumis melo) existe una gran variabilidad intraespecífica que puede servir como fuente de alelos de resistencia frente a estos patógenos. Sin embargo, las fuentes de resistencia suelen encontrarse dentro del germoplasma silvestre, normalmente originario de África o Asia, y en el que el nivel de domesticación es reducido. Para un mejor aprovechamiento de las accesiones resistentes, resulta necesario un estudio del control genético de los caracteres de interés, que permita localizar las regiones asociadas a la resistencia y diseñar marcadores moleculares asociadas a las mismas. Esto facilita los programas de mejora orientados a la introgresión de las resistencias manteniendo el fondo genético de las variedades de interés En la presente tesis doctoral, durante las campañas de verano de 2019 y 2020, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de la incidencia y diversidad genética de 9 especies virales potencialmente limitantes para el cultivo de cucurbitáceas en el sur este español. Se ha podido observar que los virus transmitidos por pulgones son prevalentes frente a los transmitidos por mosca blanca. Dentro del primer grupo destacó la presencia de watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), cucurbits aphid borne yellows virus (CABYV) y cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), ya que fueron detectados en todas las zonas y cultivos estudiados, apareciendo frecuentemente en infecciones mixtas. Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) y tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) también fueron detectados en algunas zonas, pero con porcentajes de infección más bajos y normalmente en infecciones mixtas con WMV. Los análisis filogenéticos de los distintos aislados encontrados ha permitido la identificación de 7 nuevos perfiles moleculares de WMV y de aislados recombinantes de CMV, lo que es consistente con los resultados obtenidos en otros países y pone de manifiesto la gran variabilidad de estos patógenos. Las accesiones silvestres de melón recogidas en distintos bancos de germoplasma son un valioso recurso para los programas de mejora genética frente a estreses bióticos. La accesión africana TGR-1551 ha sido descrita previamente como resistente a WMV, CYSDV (cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus), CABYV y el hongo Podosphaera xanthii (Px, razas 1, 2 y 5) agente causal del oídio en melón. Además, es tolerante a la mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci) y portadora del gen Vat (virus aphid transmission), el cual limita la transmisión de virus por pulgón. Por lo tanto, esta accesión constituye una buena fuente de alelos de resistencia y, al poder utilizar un único parental donante, su uso acortaría los programas de mejora. En el marco de la presente tesis doctoral, mediante el desarrollo de poblaciones segregantes de mapeo y el aprovechamiento de las tecnologías de genotipado masivo se han podido cartografiar los QTLs asociados a la resistencia a CYSDV derivados de esta entrada. En el caso de la resistencia a CYSDV, se han detectado dos QTL en el cromosoma 5. El primero de ellos es de efecto mayor y herencia dominante, estando asociado al desarrollo de síntomas. El segundo QTL, de efecto menor y también de herencia dominante, no confiere resistencia por sí mismo y está asociado a la carga viral durante la infección. Siguiendo una estrategia similar se han podido cartografiar y estrecha / [CA] Les cucurbitàcies són la segona família d'hortícoles més important a nivell mundial, només per darrere de les solanàcies. Tradicionalment el seu cultiu s'ha dut a terme a les zones temperades del planeta. No obstant això, les condicions de canvi climàtic, el comerç internacional i els models d'agricultura intensiva afavoreixen l'aparició de noves virosis i malalties fúngiques en zones on abans no estaven presents. En aquest sentit, resulta essencial el monitoratge periòdic de les principals zones productores, per a d'aquesta manera, poder detectar els virus i fongs emergents en cada territori i adaptar els programes de millora als objectius específics de cada zona. En el cas concret del meló (Cucumis melo) existeix una gran variabilitat intraespecífica que pot servir com a font d'al·lels de resistència enfront d'aquests patògens. No obstant això, les fonts de resistència solen trobar-se dins del germoplasma silvestre, normalment originari d'Àfrica o Àsia, i en el qual el nivell de domesticació és reduït. Per a un millor aprofitament de les accessions resistents, resulta necessari un estudi del control genètic dels caràcters d'interés, que permeta localitzar les regions associades a la resistència i dissenyar marcadors moleculars associats a aquestes. Això facilita els programes de millora orientats a la introgressió de les resistències mantenint el fons genètic de les varietats d'interés. En la present tesi doctoral, durant les campanyes d'estiu de 2019 i 2020, s'ha dut a terme un estudi de la incidència i diversitat genètica de nou espècies virals potencialment limitants per al cultiu de cucurbitàcies en el sud-est espanyol. S'ha pogut observar que els virus transmesos per pugons són prevalents enfront dels transmesos per mosca blanca. Dins del primer grup va destacar la presència de watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), cucurbits aphid born yellows virus (CABYV) i cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), ja que van ser detectats en totes les zones i cultius estudiats, apareixent sovint en infeccions mixtes. Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) i tomatoleaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) també van ser detectats en algunes zones, però amb percentatges d'infecció més baixos i normalment en infeccions mixtes amb WMV. Les anàlisis filogenètiques dels diferents aïllats trobats ha permés la identificació de set nous perfils moleculars de WMV i d'aïllats recombinants de CMV, la qual cosa és consistent amb els resultats obtinguts en altres països i posa de manifest la gran variabilitat d'aquests patògens. Les accessions silvestres de meló recollides en diferents bancs de germoplasma són un valuós recurs per als programes de millora genètica enfront d'estressos biòtics. L'accessió africana *TGR-1551 ha sigut descrita prèviament com a resistent a WMV, CYSDV (cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus), CABYV i el fong Podosphaera xanthii (Px, races 1, 2 i 5) agent causal de l'oïdi en meló. A més, és tolerant a la mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci) i portadora del gen Vat (virus aphid transmission), el qual limita la transmissió de virus per pugó. Per tant, aquesta accessió constitueix una bona font d'al·lels de resistència i, en poder utilitzar un únic parental donant, el seu ús acurtaria els programes de millora. En el marc de la present tesi doctoral, mitjançant el desenvolupament de poblacions segregants de mapatge i l'aprofitament de les tecnologies de genotipat massiu s'ha pogut cartografiar els QTLs associats a la resistència a CYSDV derivats d'aquesta entrada. En el cas de la resistència a CYSDV, s'han detectat dues QTL en el cromosoma cinc. El primer d'ells és d'efecte major i herència dominant, estant associat al desenvolupament de símptomes. El segon QTL, d'efecte menor i també d'herència dominant, no confereix resistència per si mateix i està associat a la càrrega viral durant la infecció. Seguint una estratègia similar s'han pogut cartografiar i estrényer els *QTLs de resistència enfront de Px. En aquest cas es tracta d'una epistàsia dominant-re / [EN] Cucurbits represent the second most important horticultural family worldwide, second only the Solanaceae family. Traditionally, their cultivation has been concentrated in temperate regions across the globe. However, climate change conditions, international trade, and intensive agricultural practices are contributing to the emergence of new viral and fungal diseases in regions where they were previously absent. In this regard, it is crucial to regularly monitor major production areas to detect emerging viruses and fungi specific to each region. This monitoring allows for the adaptation of breeding programs to the unique goals of each area. In the case of melon (Cucumis melo), it exists significant intraspecific variability that can serve as a source of resistance alleles against these pathogens. However, sources of resistance are often found within wild germplasm, typically originating from Africa or Asia, and characterized by limited domestication. To better utilize these resistant accessions, a study of the genetic control of desirable traits is necessary. This study aims to locate regions associated with resistance and design molecular markers linked to these regions. Such an approach streamlines breeding programs focused on introgressing resistance traits while preserving the genetic background of the desired varieties. During the summer campaigns of 2019 and 2020, this doctoral thesis conducted a study on the incidence and genetic diversity of nine viral species potentially affecting cucurbit cultivation in southeastern Spain. It was observed that viruses transmitted by aphids were more prevalent than those transmitted by whiteflies. Within the first group, the presence of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), cucurbits aphid borne yellows virus (CABYV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) stood out, as they were detected in all the studied areas and crops, often in mixed infections. Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) were also detected in some areas but with lower infection percentages, typically in mixed infections with WMV. Phylogenetic analyses of the found isolates have identified seven new molecular profiles of WMV and recombinant CMV isolates, which is consistent with results from other countries, highlighting the extensive variability of these pathogens. Wild melon accessions preserved in various germplasm banks represent a valuable resource for breeding programs against biotic stresses. The African accession TGR-1551 has been previously described as resistant to WMV, CYSDV (cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus), CABYV, and the fungus Podosphaera xanthii (Px, races 1, 2, and 5), which causes powdery mildew in melons. Additionally, it is tolerant to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and carries the Vat gene (Virus Aphid Transmission), limiting virus transmission by aphids. Therefore, this accession constitutes as an excellent source of resistance alleles, and its use, as a single donor parent, can expedite breeding programs. Within the scope of this doctoral thesis, through the development of segregating mapping populations and the utilization of high-throughput genotyping technologies, the QTLs associated with CYSDV resistance from this accession have been mapped. In the case of CYSDV resistance, two QTLs have been detected on chromosome 5. The first of these, with major effects and dominant inheritance, is associated with symptom development. The second QTL, with minor effects and also dominant inheritance, does not confer resistance by itself and is linked to viral load during infection. A similar strategy was employed to map and narrow down the QTLs for resistance against Px. In this case, it involves a dominant-recessive epistasis, with the recessive gene located on chromosome 12 and the dominant gene on chromosome 5, specifically in the same region where the major CYSDV resistance QTL is located. Regarding resistance against WMV, previous studies conducted by the research / This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), grant number PID2020-116055RB (C21 and C22), and by the Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esports de la Generalitat Valenciana, grant number PROMETEO/2021/072 (to promote excellence groups, cofinanced with FEDER funds). M.L. is a recipient of a predoctoral fellowship (PRE2018-083466) of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades co-financed with FSE funds. / López Martín, M. (2023). Breeding Melons for Resistance to Viral and Fungal Diseases. Exploiting the Multi-Resistant Accession TGR-1551 [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202060
63

Integrating Pest and Pollinator Management: Assessing the Impact of Commercial Watermelon Production on Pests and Pollinators

John Jay Ternest (6635369) 14 May 2019 (has links)
Fruit set in cucurbit crops such as watermelon is entirely dependent upon pollinators, which makes them an important aspect of grower management. This reliance on pollinators means that growers must consider them when making pest management decisions, especially when using pesticides, which can have a negative impact on pollinators. Thus, pest management in watermelon production faces a potential trade-off between pests and pollinators. The ways in which growers manage this trade-off could have a large impact on the communities of both groups and the yield of the crop. <br>
64

Adubação orgânica, nítrica e aplicação exógena de prolina em melancia irrigada com água salina. / Organic fertilization, nitric and exogenous application of proline in watermelon irrigated with saline water.

FERREIRA, Elisdianne Freires. 10 May 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-10T15:15:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ELISDIANNE FREIRES FERREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT 2014..pdf: 1333743 bytes, checksum: 62340fefcead3cf72c705fee7ed759f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T15:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELISDIANNE FREIRES FERREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT 2014..pdf: 1333743 bytes, checksum: 62340fefcead3cf72c705fee7ed759f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-09 / Capes / A irrigação tem sido considerada uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento sócioeconômico das regiões semiáridas. Entretanto, quando utilizada de maneira inadequada pode favorecer a salinização dos solos e a degradação dos recursos hídricos e edáficos. Sendo assim, objetivouse com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito da adubação orgânica, nítrica e da aplicação exógena de prolina na redução dos efeitos negativos a cultura da melancia irrigada com água salina. O experimento foi realizado, em condição de campo, no município de São João do Rio do Peixe – Paraíba, utilizando-se o híbrido de melancia “Quetsali’’, no período de 14/07/12 a 16/09/2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de duas doses de esterco bovino (0 e 20 t ha-1), dois níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,3 e 4,0 dS m-1) e dose dos osmorreguladores prolina (5 mmol L-1) e N na forma de nitrato de potássio (5 mmol L-1). As características avaliadas foram: taxa fotossintética (A), condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (E), concentração intercelular de CO2 (Ci), número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca das folhas, do caule, dos frutos e total, massa média de frutos, número de frutos por planta e produção de frutos. A utilização de água com baixa condutividade elétrica (0,3 dS m-1) foi mais eficiente na melhoria dos parâmetros fisiológicos, de crescimento e de produção na melancieira em relação a água com elevada concentração de sais (4,0 dS m-1). A prolina foi mais eficiente que KNO3 no processo de osmorregulação da melancieira por proporcionar maior desempenho na fotossíntese, concentração intercelular de CO2, número de folhas e produção de melancia. O esterco proporcionou alterações fisiológicas, morfológicas e de produção em plantas de melancia irrigadas com água salina. / Irrigation has been considered as an alternative to the socioeconomic development of semi arid regions. However, when used improperly can favor the salinisation and degradation of water and soil resources. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate management techniques, such as the effect of organic fertilizer , nitric and exogenous application of proline in reducing the negative effects of the crop irrigated with saline water watermelon. The experiment was conducted under field condition in the municipality of São João do Rio do Peixe – Paraiba, using the hybrid watermelon 'Quetsali', in the period from 14/07/12 to 16/09/2012. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2 design with four replications. The treatments consisted of two doses of cattle manure (0 and 20 t ha - 1), two levels of salinity of irrigation water (0.3 and 4.0 dS m-1) and doses of proline (5 mmol L- 1) and N in the form of potassium nitrate. The characteristics evaluated were: dry photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf number, leaf area, dry mass of leaves, stem and fruit and total dry mass, production of fruits, average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant . The use of water with low electrical conductivity (0.3 dS m-1) was more effective in improving the physiology, growth and yield on watermelon in relation to water with high salt concentration (4.0 dS m-1). Proline was more efficient than KNO3 in the osmoregulation of watermelon process by providing higher performance in photosynthesis, intercellular CO2 concentration, leaf number and production. The manure provided physiological, morphological changes and production in watermelon plants subjected to irrigation with saline water.
65

Effects of maturity and processing on quality properties of the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit juice

Maoto, Makaepea Mossa 17 May 2019 (has links)
MSCFST / Department of Food Science and Technology / Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice is rich in phytochemicals that possess antioxidant properties which are known to have a positive contribution to human health. Colour, pH, total soluble solids, lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total polyphenolic content and antioxidants activity are quality properties that characterise watermelon juice. However, these quality properties undergo some chemical changes throughout the stages of maturity of the fruit as well as during thermal processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maturity and filtration on the physicochemical properties (colour, pH, total soluble solids) and the phytochemicals (lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total polyphenolic content and antioxidants activity) of fresh watermelon juice. It further investigated thermosonication effects on these quality properties using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM considering temperature (25 – 52ºC), time (2 – 10 min) and amplitude level (24.1 – 60 μm) at a constant frequency of 20 kHz were the independent variables while colour variables (L*, a* and b*, C* and h*), pH, total soluble solids, lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total polyphenolic content and antioxidants activity were the dependent variables. Results showed that colour, pH, total soluble solids, lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total polyphenolic content and antioxidants activity of watermelon fruit juice are maturity dependent. All the physicochemical and phytochemical properties increased with maturity. The combination of the CIELAB parameters (L*, a*, b*) was clearly explained by the Chroma (C*) and hue (hº). The (C*) and hº values of the watermelon fruit juice were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the stages of maturity. The red colour was observed to be more saturated in the fully - ripe sample as indicated by the highest Chroma (7.35) values. The half - ripe sample which was observed to be pink - red had a C* of 5.88 while the lowest (4.32) value was observed from the unripe sample. The highest hº value was obtained from unripe sample (83.89), while lower value was observed from the fully - ripe (76.03) sample because of the saturation of the red colour in the fully - ripe sample. The total soluble solids also increased with stages of maturity 6.66 to 6.60 at half - ripe while at fully - ripe redness changed from 9.3 to 8.99 and TSS 8.37 to 8.02. Filtration has shown a significant (p < 0.05) on the C* and hº values. There was a higher retention of all dependent variables at lower thermosonication treatment (25ºC; 24.4 μm), especially the lycopene which increased by 127%. Model predictions for the colour properties and phytochemicals were closely correlated to the experimental results obtained. Prediction models were found to be significant (p < 0.05) with low standard errors and high coefficients of determination (R2). / NRF
66

Biotechnological Application of Potyvirus-Based Vectors in Cucurbit Plants

Houhou, Fakhreddine 29 November 2021 (has links)
[ES] Hoy en día, los virus de las plantas no sólo se perciben como patógenos, sino que también son capaces de establecer una asociación beneficiosa con sus huéspedes y colaborar desde un punto de vista biotecnológico. El virus, como vector, puede ser una herramienta para introducir genes heterólogos en la planta, que se procesarán junto con la información viral y producirán valiosas proteínas recombinantes, metabolitos o nanopartículas. Los vectores virales también son capaces de interferir con la maquinaria de silenciamiento de la planta dando prioridad a los genes virales. Los potyvirus son virus de ARN de plantas, que codifican principalmente una poliproteína con unas diez proteínas maduras con diferentes funciones, de las cuales las responsables de la supresión del silenciamiento son la proteína componente auxiliar (HC-Pro) y la proteína viral ligada al genoma (VPg). En la primera parte de este trabajo, utilizamos un aislado suave del virus del mosaico de la sandía (WMV; género Potyvirus, familia Potyviridae) para construir un vector para el silenciamiento génico inducido por virus (VIGS) en plantas de melón. Utilizando este virus como vector, expresamos un fragmento de ARNm de la Fitoeno desaturasa (PDS) de melón en las modalidades sentido, antisentido y horquilla para investigar el efecto de la construcción viral en el silenciamiento génico. Los resultados mostraron una expresión estable del fragmento de secuencia insertado en la planta en ambas orientaciones, sentido y antisentido, mientras que en la modalidad de horquilla el inserto se perdió pronto. Sin embargo, las tres construcciones indujeron el silenciamiento del gen PDS endógeno. Se confirmó la utilidad del WMV para el análisis genético inverso en melón expresando un fragmento de la subunidad I de la quelatasa de magnesio (CHLI). En general, nuestros resultados apoyaron que el vector WMV es útil para aplicar la tecnología VIGS en melón y, posiblemente, en otras cucurbitáceas. En la segunda parte de este trabajo, con el objetivo de fortificar las frutas comestibles con metabolitos promotores de la salud, se utilizó un vector de ARN viral derivado del virus del mosaico amarillo del calabacín (ZYMV; género Potyvirus, familia Potyviridae) para expresar una fitoeno sintasa bacteriana (crtB) en los frutos del calabacín (Cucurbita pepo L.). Esta enzima cataliza el primer paso de la biosíntesis de carotenoides. La expresión de la crtB mediada por el ZYMV dio lugar a la sobreacumulación de una serie de metabolitos de carotenoides y tocoferoles, concretamente α- y β-caroteno (provitamina A), luteína y fitoeno, así como α- y γ-tocoferol (vitamina E), tanto en la piel como en la pulpa del calabacín. Este resultado ilustra cómo se pueden enriquecer metabólicamente las frutas comestibles utilizando vectores virales sin modificar el genoma de la planta. / [CA] A dia de hui, els virus de les plantes no sols es perceben com a patògens, sinó que també són capaços d'establir una associació beneficiosa amb els seus hostes i col·laborar des d'un punt de vista biotecnològic. El virus, com a vector, pot ser una eina per a introduir gens heteròlegs en la planta, que es processaran juntament amb la informació viral i produiran valuoses proteïnes recombinants, metabòlits o nanopartícules. Els vectors virals també són capaços d'interferir amb la maquinària de silenciament de la planta donant prioritat als gens virals. Els potyvirus són virus d'ARN de plantes, que codifiquen principalment una poliproteïna d'unes deu proteïnes madures amb diferents funcions, de les quals les responsables de la supressió del silenciament són la proteïna component auxiliar (HC-Pro) i la proteïna viral lligada al genoma (VPg). En la primera part d'aquest treball, utilitzem un aïllat suau del virus del mosaic del meló d'Alger (WMV; gènere Potyvirus, família Potyviridae) per a construir un vector per al silenciament gènic induït per virus (VIGS) en plantes de meló. Utilitzant aquest virus com a vector, expressem un fragment d'ARNm de la Fitoeno desaturasa (PDS) del meló en les modalitats de sentit, antisentit i forqueta per a investigar l'efecte de la construcció viral en el silenciament gènic. Els resultats van mostrar una expressió estable del fragment de seqüència inserit en la planta en totes dues orientacions, sentit i antisentit, mentre que en la modalitat de forqueta l'inserit es va perdre prompte. No obstant això, les tres construccions van induir el silenciament del gen PDS endogen. Es va confirmar la utilitat de la WMV per a l'anàlisi genètica inversa en meló expressant un fragment de la Subunitat I de la quelatasa de magnesi (CHLI). En general, els nostres resultats van secundar que el vector WMV és útil per a aplicar la tecnologia VIGS en meló i, possiblement, en altres cucurbitáceas. En la segona part d'aquest treball, amb l'objectiu de fortificar les fruites comestibles amb metabòlits promotors de la salut, es va utilitzar un vector d'ARN viral derivat del virus del mosaic groc de la carabasseta (ZYMV; gènere Potyvirus, família Potyviridae) per a expressar una fitoeno sintasa bacteriana (crtB) en els fruits de la carabasseta (Cucurbita pepo L.). Aquest enzim catalitza el primer pas compromés de la biosíntesi de carotenoides. L'expressió de la crtB mediada pel ZYMV va donar lloc a la sobreacumulación d'una sèrie de metabòlits de carotenoides i tocoferoles, concretament α- i β caroté (provitamina A), luteïna i fitoeno, així com α- i γ--tocoferol (vitamina E), tant en la pell com en la polpa de la carabasseta. Aquest resultat il·lustra com es poden enriquir metabólicamente les fruites comestibles utilitzant vectors virals sense modificar el genoma de la planta. / [EN] Nowadays, plant viruses are not only perceived as pathogens, but also able to build a beneficial partnership with their hosts and co-work together from a biotechnological view. The virus, as a vector, can be a tool to introduce heterologous genes into the plant, which will process together with the viral information and produce valuable recombinant proteins, metabolites or nanoparticles. Viral vectors are also able to interfere with plant silencing machinery giving priority to the viral genes. Potyviruses are plant RNA viruses, mainly encoding a polyprotein of about ten mature proteins with different functions, from which the responsible of silencing suppression are helper-component proteinase (HC-Pro) and the viral protein genome-linked (VPg). In the first part of this work, we used a mild isolate of Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV; genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) to build a vector for virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) in melon plants. Using this virus as a vector, we expressed a fragment of melon Phytoene desaturase (PDS) mRNA in sense, antisense, and hairpin modalities to investigate the effect of the viral construct on gene silencing. The results showed a stable expression of the inserted sequence fragment in the plant in both sense and antisense orientations, whereas in the hairpin modality the insert was soon lost. Yet, all three constructs induced silencing of the endogenous PDS gene. The usefulness of the WMV for reverse genetic analysis in melon was confirmed expressing a fragment of Magnesium chelatase subunit I (CHLI). Overall, our results supported that the WMV vector is useful to apply the VIGS technology in melon and, possibly, other cucurbits. In the second part of this work, with the aim to fortify edible fruits with health promoting metabolites, a viral RNA vector derived from Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV; genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) was used to express a bacterial phytoene synthase (crtB) in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) fruits. This enzyme catalyzes the first committed step of carotenoid biosynthesis. The crtB expression mediated by ZYMV resulted in the overaccumulation of a range of carotenoids and tocopherols metabolites, namely α- and ß-carotene (pro-vitamin A), lutein and phytoene, as well as α- and γ-tocopherol (vitamin E), in both zucchini rind and flesh. This result illustrates how edible fruits can be metabolically fortified using viral vectors without plant genome modification. / This research was supported by grants BIO2017-83184-R, AGL2017-85563-C2-1-R and RTA2017-00061-C03-03 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain), through Agencia Estatal de Investigación (cofinanced European Regional Development Fund). / Houhou, F. (2021). Biotechnological Application of Potyvirus-Based Vectors in Cucurbit Plants [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/177644 / TESIS
67

Effects of Short-term Chilling Stress on Seedling Quality and Post-transplanting Growth of Grafted and Nongrafted Watermelon

Ertle, John Michael January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
68

Valorisation of Watermelon and Persimmon Fruit Residues to Obtain Compounds of Interest in Food Applications

Méndez Reyes, Daniel Alexander 12 December 2023 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral ha sido la valorización de los residuos agroindustriales de los frutos de la sandía (Citrullus lanatus) y del caqui (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) para obtener compuestos de alto valor añadido con potenciales aplicaciones tecnológicas en la industria alimentaria. En concreto, la corteza de la sandía y los descartes del caqui se contemplan como una prometedora fuente de pectina, no sólo por la importancia económica de los cultivos, sino también por las interesantes características estructurales de la pectina extraída y sus propiedades funcionales. Además, se sabe que los frutos del caqui son una fuente de compuestos bioactivos que pueden utilizarse para diseñar productos alimentarios más saludables. En la primera parte de esta tesis, se llevó a cabo una metodología de superficie de respuesta para evaluar cómo afectan los diferentes parámetros del proceso a la composición, las características estructurales y el rendimiento de extracción de la pectina de la corteza de la sandía (WRP). A partir de estos resultados, se utilizó una combinación de herramientas reológicas, microestructurales y de dispersión para dilucidar el mecanismo de estabilización de la emulsión de WRP, que fue capaz de retener altas cantidades de aceite de girasol (>60%), evitando la coalescencia y la floculación. A continuación, se evaluó el efecto de la des-ramificación contralada enzimáticamente, la des-esterificación y la eliminación de proteínas, en la composición y la estructura molecular de la WRP, y se analizó en profundidad el potencial de la pectina tratada enzimáticamente para preparar hidrogeles con la adición de CaCl2, con el fin de comprender cómo la estructura de la pectina y la composición del extracto afectaban a la formación y las propiedades del gel. Se observó que las pequeñas cadenas laterales de arabinogalactano presentes en la pectina con bajo grado de esterificación, actuaban como refuerzo, induciendo la formación de redes más densamente empaquetadas y de hidrogeles más fuertes que sus homólogos menos ramificados. La pectina de sandía tratada enzimáticamente y con mejores propiedades de gelificación y rendimiento, se utilizó posteriormente para desarrollar estructuras de aerogeles utilizando secado con CO2 supercrítico. La formación de una estructura compactada durante la formación del aerogel lo convirtió en un buen candidato como sistemas de liberación de compuestos activos. En la segunda parte de la tesis, se estudió la potencial valorización de residuos de biomasa de caqui mediante la extracción de compuestos bioactivos y extractos ricos en pectina y la evaluación de sus propiedades funcionales. Un extracto rico en polifenoles obtenido a escala semi-industrial mostró actividad antiviral y fue capaz de reducir el envejecimiento celular y el contenido de grasa sin afectar al desarrollo del organismo modelo C. elegans. Además, se optimizaron y caracterizaron las condiciones de extracción de ingredientes funcionales a base de pectina y polifenoles, cuya composición dependió de la severidad de las condiciones de extracción. Estos extractos funcionales de pectina mostraron actividad antiviral, probablemente potenciada por la mayor estabilidad de los polifenoles que forman complejos con la pectina y se exploró, de manera exitosa, su aplicación como recubrimiento comestible en arándanos. / [CAT] L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral va ser la valorització de residus agroindustrials procedents de fruites de síndria (Citrullus lanatus) i caqui (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) per obtenir compostos d'alt valor afegit amb potencials aplicacions tecnològiques en la indústria alimentària. En concret, l'escorça de síndria i els descarts de caqui es preveuen com una prometedora font de pectina, no només per la importància econòmica dels cultius, sinó també per les interessants característiques estructurals de la pectina extreta i les propietats funcionals relacionades. A més, se sap que les fruites de caqui són una font de compostos bioactius que es poden utilitzar per dissenyar productes alimentaris més saludables. En la primera part d'aquesta tesi es va dur a terme una metodologia de superfície de resposta per avaluar com els diferents paràmetres de procés afecten la composició, les característiques estructurals i el rendiment d'extracció de la pectina de síndria (WRP). A partir dels resultats, es va utilitzar una combinació d'eines reològiques, microestructurals i de dispersió per dilucidar el mecanisme estabilitzador de l'emulsió de WRP, que va ser capaç de retenir altes quantitats d'oli de gira-sol (>60%), evitant la coalescència i la floculació. A continuació, es va avaluar l'efecte del de-brassament enzimàtic controlat, la des-esterificació i l'eliminació de proteïnes sobre la composició i l'estructura molecular del WRP i es va analitzar profundament el potencial de la pectina tractada enzimàticament per preparar hidrogels amb l'addició de CaCl2 per entendre com l'estructura de la pectina i la composició de l'extracte afectaven la formació i les propietats del gel. Es va observar que les petites cadenes laterals d¿arabinogalàctans presents a la pectina amb baix grau d'esterificació, actuaven com a reforç, induint la formació de xarxes més densament empaquetades i hidrogels més forts que els seus homòlegs menys ramificats. Posteriorment es va utilitzar la pectina de l'escorça de síndria tractada enzimàticament amb millors propietats gelificants i rendiment per desenvolupar estructures d'aerogel utilitzant CO2 supercrític. La formació d'una estructura compactada durant la formació d'aerogels la va convertir en un bon candidat per als sistemes de alliberació de compostos actius. En la segona part de la tesi es va estudiar la potencial valorització dels residus de biomassa de caqui mitjançant l'extracció de compostos bioactius i extractes rics en pectina i l'avaluació de les seves propietats funcionals. Un extracte obtingut a escala semi-industrialment ric en polifenols va mostrar una activitat antiviral i va ser capaç de reduir l'envelliment cel·lular i el contingut en greixos sense afectar el desenvolupament de l'organisme model de C. elegans. A més, es van optimitzar i caracteritzar les condicions d'extracció d'ingredients funcionals a base de pectina-polifenol, la composició de la qual depenia de la gravetat de les condicions d'extracció. Aquests extractes funcionals de pectina van mostrar una alta eficiència antiviral, probablement millorada per la major estabilitat dels polifenols com a complexos de pectina. De manera exitosa, es va explorar una potencial aplicació com a recobriment comestible sobre nabius. / [EN] The aim of this doctoral thesis was the valorisation of agro-industrial wastes from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruits to obtain high added-value compounds with potential technological applications in the food industry. Specifically, watermelon rind and persimmon discards are envisaged as a promising pectin source, not only because of the economic importance of the crops but also because of the interesting structural features of the extracted pectin and related functional properties. Furthermore, persimmon fruits are known to be a source of bioactive compounds which can be used to design healthier food products. In the first part of this thesis, a response surface methodology was carried out to evaluate how different process parameters affect the composition, structural features and extraction yield of watermelon rind pectin (WRP). Based on the results, a combination of rheological, microstructural and scattering tools was used to elucidate the emulsion stabilizing mechanism of WRP, which was able to retain high amounts of sunflower oil (>60%), avoiding coalescence and flocculation. Then, the effect of controlled enzymatic debranching, de-esterification and protein removal on WRP composition and molecular structure was evaluated and the potential of the enzymatically-treated pectin for preparing hydrogels with the addition of CaCl2 was deeply analysed in order to understand how pectin structure and extract composition affected gel formation and properties. It was observed that the small arabinogalactan side chains present in the pectin with low degree of esterification, acted as a reinforcement, inducing the formation of more densely packed networks and stronger hydrogels than their less-branched counterparts. An enzymatically-treated WRP with better gelling properties and yield was subsequently used to develop aerogel structures using supercritical CO2. The formation of a compacted structure during aerogel formation made it a good candidate for drug delivery systems. In the second part of the thesis, the potential valorisation of persimmon biomass waste through the extraction of bioactive compounds and pectin-rich extracts and the evaluation of their functional properties was studied. A semi-industrially scaled-up polyphenol-rich extract showed an effective antiviral efficiency and it was able to reduce the cellular ageing and fat content without affecting the development of C. elegans model organism. Furthermore, the extraction conditions of functional pectin-polyphenol-based ingredients were optimized and characterized, which composition was dependent on the severity of the extraction conditions. These functional pectin extracts showed high antiviral efficiency, probably enhanced by the higher stability of the polyphenols as pectin complexes. A successful potential application was explored with an edible coating on blueberries. / This research was funded by grant RTI-2018-094268-B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe". Mendez D. A. is supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Minciencias) of the Colombian Government (783-2017). M. J. Fabra and A. Martinez- Abad are recipients of Ramon y Cajal (RYC-2014-158) and Juan de la Cierva (IJDC-2017- 31255), respectively, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. This work was also funded by the grant INNVAL10-19-009-CA8250 from Agència Valenciana d ́Innovació (AVI). This research is part of the CSIC program for the Spanish Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan funded by the Recovery and Resilience Facility of the European Union, established by the Regulation (EU) 2020/2094. Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy+. (PTI-SusPlast+) is also acknowledged for financial support. Project INNEST/2021/27 was granted by Agencia Valenciana de Innovación (AVI) and co- financed by the European Union through the Operative Programme of FEDER from Comunitat Valenciana 2014-2020. We also appreciate the funding of the CERCA program (Centres de Recerca de Catalunya) of the Generalitat de Catalunya and from the CIEN project “BIOPRO” from CDTI. Nune Sahakyan is kindly acknowledged for experimental support / Méndez Reyes, DA. (2022). Valorisation of Watermelon and Persimmon Fruit Residues to Obtain Compounds of Interest in Food Applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191334 / Compendio

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