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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

På lika villkor? : En utvärdering av svenska webbplatsers tillgänglighet

Hallstensson, Gustav, Zalamans, Filip January 2019 (has links)
En viktig aspekt av webbutveckling är att skapa webbplatser som är tillgängliga för så mångaanvändare som möjligt. Från och med 2019 gäller en lag i Sverige som reglerar webbplatserstillgänglighet i enlighet med ett EU-direktiv. Denna uppsats beskriver en utvärdering av 32svenska webbplatsers tillgänglighet med EU-direktivet om webbtillgänglighet som måttstock.Utvärderingen visar vilka tillgänglighetsproblem som är vanligt förekommande. Majoritetenav de utvärderade webbplatserna uppfyller inte krav på text som kan förstoras till 200%, kravpå tydliga markörer av fokuserade element vid tangentbordsnavigation, krav på alternativabeskrivningar av innehåll som inte är text, samt krav på kod som validerar. / An important aspect of web development is making websites that are accessible for as manyusers as possible. In 2019, a new law is applied in Sweden which regulates the accessibilitydemands of websites according to an EU directive. This thesis presents an evaluation made onthe accessibility of 32 Swedish websites using the EU directive as a standard. The evaluationshows the most common accessibility problems. The majority of evaluated websites do notcomply with demands on text that can be magnified by 200%, demands on distinct markers offocused elements when navigating with the keyboard, demands on alternative descriptions ofcontent that is not text, and demands on code that validates.
72

Avaliação de acessibilidade e usabilidade na Web: um apoio com foco nos usuários senescentes / Web accessibility and usability evaluation: a support focusing on the older users

Rodrigues, Sandra Souza 26 October 2016 (has links)
A constante evolução da Web tem se mostrado como um fenômeno mundial que rapidamente precisa responder aos diversos segmentos da sociedade atual, com websites e aplicativos de compras, governo, bancos, entretenimento e outros. Nesse contexto, é necessário que o conteúdo Web possibilite acesso aos mais diferentes perfis de usuários, independentemente de suas deficiências ou necessidades especiais. Um outro fenômeno mundial é o envelhecimento da população. Os usuários senescentes (pessoas que estão em processo de envelhecimento, o qual acarreta declínio físico e mental gradual, ocorrendo geralmente nos indivíduos a partir de 60 anos de idade), apresentam algumas de suas capacidades reduzidas e, encontram, naturalmente, barreiras ao interagir com os serviços e conteúdos disponibilizados na Web. Essa população tem apresentado um índice de crescimento demográfico grande neste século em relação ao que se via nas gerações passadas. Apesar das exigências de legislação específica, recomendações e diretrizes que auxiliam o desenvolvimento de conteúdo acessível e usável, ainda há muitos problemas de acessibilidade e usabilidade que precisam ser resolvidos, diante do rápido avanço tecnológico observado nos recursos da Web atual. Em especial, observa-se pouca atenção às dificuldades que usuários senescentes possuem, pois a maioria de websites são projetados considerando como público-alvo, pessoas mais jovens e especializadas, muitas vezes, treinadas para interagir nos websites. Portanto, é relevante um apoio para avaliação das páginas Web, visando atender as necessidades dos usuários senescentes. A proposta deste projeto foi desenvolver um apoio para a avaliação de acessibilidade e usabilidade na Web, considerando-se o perfil dos senescentes, com vistas a proporcionar um feedback objetivo, aos desenvolvedores e especialistas. Esse apoio foi elaborado por meio de um Checklist que foi desenvolvido, com base em procedimentos científicos, e análises realizadas, sobre sua aplicação. / The constant evolution of the Web has proven to be a worldwide phenomenon that quickly needs to address the various segments of current society (websites and web applications, government, banks, entertainment and others). In this context, it is necessary that the Web content provides the possibility of access to the different user profiles, regardless of their disabilities or special needs. Another worldwide phenomenon is the aging population. The senescent users (people who are in the aging process, which leads to gradual physical and mental decline, usually occurring in individuals from the age of 60) have some of their capacities limited and they face barriers to interact with services and content available on the Web. This population has shown a high growth rate in this century in comparison to what was observed in past generations. Despite of the demands for specific legislation, recommendations and guidelines that assist the development of content accessible and usable, there are still many problems of accessibility and usability that need to be solved, given the rapid technological advances seen in the current Web resources. In particular, there is little attention to the difficulties that senescent users have, given that most websites are designed considering target audience that usually is composed of young people and specialists, often trained to interact on websites. Therefore, it is important to support evaluation of Web pages, to meet the requirements of senescent users. The purpose of this project is to develop a support for the evaluation of web accessibility and usability, focusing on the older people, in order to provide clear feedback to developers and experts. This support was prepared by a Checklist that was developed based on scientific procedures, and analyzes on its application.
73

Representation and Reorganization of Web Accessibility Guidelines Using Goal Graphs and Design Patterns

Kabir, Imran 30 July 2008 (has links)
Web accessibility guidelines have textual representation and provide little support in systematic analysis and usage. The study hypothesizes that the guidelines can be reorganized and represented using the goal oriented technique and design patterns which will allow their usage in a more systematic manner and accommodate detailed analysis of the guidelines with other competing goals. For this study, knowledge from web designers’ experiences in using the guidelines, researchers’ findings, and the actual guidelines have been amalgamated. Six web designers have been consulted on a one-on-one basis and difficulties in using the guidelines for (1) specific scenarios, (2) systematic application, and (3) detailed systems analysis have been reported. Goal oriented modeling and design patterns have been introduced for (1) graphical representation of the guidelines using goal graphs, and (2) keeping the technical details separate from the goal graphs. The proposed representation allows for the accessibility guidelines to be systematically applied into interface design, and systems design using the goal oriented modeling technique.
74

Representation and Reorganization of Web Accessibility Guidelines Using Goal Graphs and Design Patterns

Kabir, Imran 30 July 2008 (has links)
Web accessibility guidelines have textual representation and provide little support in systematic analysis and usage. The study hypothesizes that the guidelines can be reorganized and represented using the goal oriented technique and design patterns which will allow their usage in a more systematic manner and accommodate detailed analysis of the guidelines with other competing goals. For this study, knowledge from web designers’ experiences in using the guidelines, researchers’ findings, and the actual guidelines have been amalgamated. Six web designers have been consulted on a one-on-one basis and difficulties in using the guidelines for (1) specific scenarios, (2) systematic application, and (3) detailed systems analysis have been reported. Goal oriented modeling and design patterns have been introduced for (1) graphical representation of the guidelines using goal graphs, and (2) keeping the technical details separate from the goal graphs. The proposed representation allows for the accessibility guidelines to be systematically applied into interface design, and systems design using the goal oriented modeling technique.
75

INTERFACES ACESSÍVEIS NO MOODLE BASEADAS NO PADRÃO WCAG 2.0 PARA ALUNOS CEGOS / MOBILE DEVICES IN INNOVATIVE MIDDLE SCHOOL: A DISPUTE STUDY FROM THE ACTOR-NETWORK THEORY

Dalcin, Eduardo 12 August 2015 (has links)
This work is part of the development of research online Educational Technology Network, the Graduate Program in Educational Technology Network of the Federal University of Santa Maria, conducting an investigation based on a case study, qualitative, proposing the development of accessible interfaces on the AVEA Moodle. From the blind user's perspective, the objective is to develop accessible interfaces in accordance with the principles defined by the WCAG 2.0 accessibility standard. The theoretical framework behind information related to Visual Impairment, Assistive Technologies, Web accessibility, Web Application Design and Web Development Standards. During the observations and analyzes were listed all the elements for the format, resources and environment activities that may suffer some change to meet the principles proposed by WCAG 2.0. After the records from the observations and analyzes made by the blind student, subject of this research, he elaborated the final product of this dissertation, the AVEA Moodle interface design, containing the user's characteristics, definition of use cases, prototype mapping goals, defining the set of tasks associated with each action, screen images development for each share of interface and identification of user interface objects used in the implementation. After preparing the final design Web interface, it moved to the implementation phase of the survey recorded changes, following the development of standards for web accessibility. After the implementation process, finalized to research by performing the validation process following two scenarios with different technologies using the browsers Internet Explorer and Google Chrome, and the screen reader Jaws and NVDA, respectively. Research has shown through the made observations and analyzes that, in this scenario, much remains to be done, but many of these obstacles are solvable. The weaknesses relating to the accessibility of the AVEA Moodle interface identified in the survey, confirm the belief that various aspects of accessibility can only be detected by blind users, confirming the importance of manual validation. / Esta dissertação faz parte da linha de pesquisa de Desenvolvimento em Tecnologias Educacionais em Rede, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Educacionais em Rede da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, realizando uma investigação baseada em um estudo de caso, de caráter qualitativo, propondo o desenvolvimento de interfaces acessíveis no AVEA Moodle. A partir da perspectiva do usuário cego, objetiva-se desenvolver interfaces acessíveis de acordo com os princípios definidos pelo padrão de acessibilidade WCAG 2.0. O referencial teórico traz informações relacionadas à Deficiência Visual, Tecnologias Assistivas, Acessibilidade na Web, Projeto de Aplicações Web e Padrões de Desenvolvimento Web. Durante as observações e análises foram elencados todos os elementos referentes ao formato, recursos e atividades do ambiente que podem sofrer alguma alteração para atender aos princípios propostos pelo WCAG 2.0. Após os registros provenientes das observações e análises efetuadas pelo aluno cego, sujeito desta pesquisa, elaborou-se o produto final desta dissertação, o Projeto de Interface do AVEA Moodle, contendo as características do usuário, definição dos casos de uso, protótipo, mapeamento de objetivos, definição do conjunto de tarefas associadas a cada ação, desenvolvimento de imagens de tela para cada ação da interface e identificação dos objetos de interface do usuário utilizados na implementação. Após a elaboração do projeto final da interface Web, passou-se para a fase de implementação das mudanças registradas na pesquisa, seguindo os padrões de desenvolvimento web para a acessibilidade. Após o processo de implementação, finalizou-se a pesquisa realizando-se o processo de validação seguindo dois cenários com tecnologias diferentes, utilizando os navegadores Internet Explorer e Google Chrome, e os leitores de tela Jaws e NVDA, respectivamente. A pesquisa mostrou, através das observações e análises efetuadas que, nesse cenário, muito ainda há por se fazer, mas que vários desses obstáculos são passíveis de solução. As fragilidades referentes à acessibilidade da interface do AVEA Moodle, apontadas na pesquisa, confirmam a convicção de que vários aspectos de acessibilidade só podem ser detectados por usuários cegos, confirmando a importância da validação manual.
76

Smart web accessibility platform : dichromacy compensation and web page structure improvement / Titre non disponible

Mereuta, Alina 15 December 2014 (has links)
Dans ces travaux, nous nous concentrons sur l’amélioration de l’accessibilité web pourdes utilisateurs handicapés visuels à travers d’outils s’intègrant dans la plateforme SmartWeb Accessibility Platform (SWAP). Après une synthèse sur l’accessibilité, un panoramade SWAP est présenté. Notre première contribution concerne la compensation de la pertede contraste textuel dans les pages web pour les daltoniens tout en maintenant les intentionsde l’auteur retranscrites par les couleurs. Ce problème est modélisé sous la forme d’unproblème de minimisation d’une fonction numérique dépendante des couleurs initiales, desrelations entre les couleurs de la page et des couleurs modifiées. L’intérêt et l’efficacité detrois méthodes d’optimisation (mass-spring system, CMA-ES, API) ont été évaluées surdeux jeux de données (réel, artificiel). Notre deuxième contribution cherche à améliorer lastructure de pages web pour des utilisateurs de lecteurs d’écran afin de compenser la perted’information due à la linéarisation du contenu. Grâce à l’utilisation d’heuristiques et detechnique d’apprentissage, les zones caractéristiques de la page sont identifiées. La pageest complétée en utilisant des liens supplémentaires et les marqueurs ARIA afin de permettreune meilleure identification des zones par les lecteurs d’écran. Nos expérimentationsmontrent l’efficacité de notre proposition. / This thesis works are focused on enhancing web accessibility for users with visual disabilities using tools integrated within the SmartWeb Accessibility Platform (SWAP). After a synthesis on accessibility, SWAP is presented. Our first contribution consists in reducing the contrast loss for textual information in web pages for dichromat users while maintaining the author’s intentions conveyed by colors. The contrast compensation problem is reduced at minimizing a fitness function which depends on the original colors and the relationships between them. The interest and efficiency of three methods (mass-spring system, CMA-ES, API) are assessed on two datasets (real and artificial). The second contribution focuses on enhancing web page structure for screen reader users in order to overcome the effect of contents’linearization. Using heuristics and machine learning techniques, the main zones of the page are identified. The page structure can be enhanced using ARIA statements and access links to improve zone identification by screen readers.
77

Acessibilidade em websites de comércio eletrônico: avaliação através da interação com usuários cegos.

Guimarães, Ítalo José Bastos 21 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-27T19:25:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3711153 bytes, checksum: 7cb2552e2a4b6fcab6b1c82e6e7ad2f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T19:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3711153 bytes, checksum: 7cb2552e2a4b6fcab6b1c82e6e7ad2f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / This study presents an approach about the accessibility in e-commerce, whose research objective is to outline its structure through interaction with blind users in most accessed websites in Brazil, like Americanas.com, Neshoes.com.br and Walmart.com.br. Among the methodological aspects, was adopted the review literature with the realization of an exploratory and descriptive research through one qualitative and quantitative approach. The deployment of this research was divided into two stages: (1) automatic accessibility evaluation on websites that are part of the search and (2) accessibility test with five blind users divided into three tasks, namely: recognition navigation, search a product on the website and realize the purchasing procedures. For aspects related to the understanding of visual impairment, the concept of blindness was defined and explained specific aspects related to its classification and causes, as well as presenting the main legislation in force in the country and the use of technologies such as social inclusion. The accessibility as support for blind users on the web is approached with the purpose of deepening the theme, as well as major initiatives undertaken by international and national institutions. It also presents aspects related to e-commerce in Brazil, in which it discusses its concepts and characterization, describes the overview of the electronic market in Brazil and lists the main websites, considering the number of access. The automatic accessibility test reports showed that the websites analyzed did not pass by the test battery with a minimum level recommended by WCAG 2.0. In addition, the results with the user test showed that the websites have accessibility barriers that hindered navigation blind users in the analyzed pages, making it impossible, at least one user, to complete the purchase procedures. Therefore, are needed changes in the structure of pages tested with the objective of correcting the barriers reported in this study. Thus, companies involved in the study should understand the differences between the navigation of the blind users and sighted users, in order to provide inclusive and accessible digital information environments. / Apresenta uma abordagem acerca da acessibilidade em websites de comércio eletrônico, cujo objetivo é delinear sua estrutura através da interação com usuários cegos nos websites mais acessados no Brasil, das empresas Americanas, Netshoes e Walmart. Dentre os aspectos metodológicos, foi adotado o levantamento bibliográfico com a realização de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva através de uma abordagem quali-quantitativa. A aplicação da pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: (1) avaliação automática de acessibilidade nos websites que fazem parte da pesquisa e (2) teste de acessibilidade com cinco usuários cegos dividido em três tarefas, a saber: navegação de reconhecimento, pesquisa de um produto no website e realização dos procedimentos de compra. Em relação aos aspectos relacionados à compreensão da deficiência visual, foi definido o conceito da cegueira e explanados aspectos peculiares referentes a sua classificação e causas, além de apresentar as principais legislações vigentes no país e o uso de tecnologias como processo de inclusão social. A acessibilidade como suporte aos usuários cegos na web é abordada com a finalidade de aprofundamento da temática, bem como principais iniciativas desenvolvidas por instituições internacionais e nacionais. Apresenta, ainda, aspectos relacionados ao comércio eletrônico no Brasil, em que se discorre sobre seus conceitos e caracterização, descreve o panorama do mercado eletrônico no Brasil e elenca os principais websites, considerando o número de acessos. Os relatórios do teste automático de acessibilidade apontaram que os websites analisados não passaram na bateria de testes com o nível mínimo recomendado pelo WCAG 2.0. Além disso, os resultados com o teste de usuários demonstraram que os websites apresentam barreiras de acessibilidade que dificultaram a navegação de usuários cegos nas páginas analisadas, impossibilitando, pelo menos um usuário, de concluir os procedimentos de compra. Conclui-se, portanto, que são necessárias alterações na estrutura das páginas testadas com o objetivo de corrigir as barreiras relatadas no presente estudo. Deste modo, as empresas envolvidas no estudo devem compreender as diferenças entre a navegação dos usuários cegos e os videntes, com a finalidade de proporcionar ambientes informacionais digitais inclusivos e acessíveis.
78

Avaliação de acessibilidade e usabilidade na Web: um apoio com foco nos usuários senescentes / Web accessibility and usability evaluation: a support focusing on the older users

Sandra Souza Rodrigues 26 October 2016 (has links)
A constante evolução da Web tem se mostrado como um fenômeno mundial que rapidamente precisa responder aos diversos segmentos da sociedade atual, com websites e aplicativos de compras, governo, bancos, entretenimento e outros. Nesse contexto, é necessário que o conteúdo Web possibilite acesso aos mais diferentes perfis de usuários, independentemente de suas deficiências ou necessidades especiais. Um outro fenômeno mundial é o envelhecimento da população. Os usuários senescentes (pessoas que estão em processo de envelhecimento, o qual acarreta declínio físico e mental gradual, ocorrendo geralmente nos indivíduos a partir de 60 anos de idade), apresentam algumas de suas capacidades reduzidas e, encontram, naturalmente, barreiras ao interagir com os serviços e conteúdos disponibilizados na Web. Essa população tem apresentado um índice de crescimento demográfico grande neste século em relação ao que se via nas gerações passadas. Apesar das exigências de legislação específica, recomendações e diretrizes que auxiliam o desenvolvimento de conteúdo acessível e usável, ainda há muitos problemas de acessibilidade e usabilidade que precisam ser resolvidos, diante do rápido avanço tecnológico observado nos recursos da Web atual. Em especial, observa-se pouca atenção às dificuldades que usuários senescentes possuem, pois a maioria de websites são projetados considerando como público-alvo, pessoas mais jovens e especializadas, muitas vezes, treinadas para interagir nos websites. Portanto, é relevante um apoio para avaliação das páginas Web, visando atender as necessidades dos usuários senescentes. A proposta deste projeto foi desenvolver um apoio para a avaliação de acessibilidade e usabilidade na Web, considerando-se o perfil dos senescentes, com vistas a proporcionar um feedback objetivo, aos desenvolvedores e especialistas. Esse apoio foi elaborado por meio de um Checklist que foi desenvolvido, com base em procedimentos científicos, e análises realizadas, sobre sua aplicação. / The constant evolution of the Web has proven to be a worldwide phenomenon that quickly needs to address the various segments of current society (websites and web applications, government, banks, entertainment and others). In this context, it is necessary that the Web content provides the possibility of access to the different user profiles, regardless of their disabilities or special needs. Another worldwide phenomenon is the aging population. The senescent users (people who are in the aging process, which leads to gradual physical and mental decline, usually occurring in individuals from the age of 60) have some of their capacities limited and they face barriers to interact with services and content available on the Web. This population has shown a high growth rate in this century in comparison to what was observed in past generations. Despite of the demands for specific legislation, recommendations and guidelines that assist the development of content accessible and usable, there are still many problems of accessibility and usability that need to be solved, given the rapid technological advances seen in the current Web resources. In particular, there is little attention to the difficulties that senescent users have, given that most websites are designed considering target audience that usually is composed of young people and specialists, often trained to interact on websites. Therefore, it is important to support evaluation of Web pages, to meet the requirements of senescent users. The purpose of this project is to develop a support for the evaluation of web accessibility and usability, focusing on the older people, in order to provide clear feedback to developers and experts. This support was prepared by a Checklist that was developed based on scientific procedures, and analyzes on its application.
79

Den tillgängliga informationen på internet – ett hinder bort : En översikt av svenska kommuners digitala tillgänglighet avseende deras webbsidor om våld i nära relationer / The accessible information on the internet – a obstacle away : An overview of Swedish municipalities’’ digital accessibility regarding their websites on violence in close relationships

Ganebo Eriksson, Elin, Sjöstrand, Emilia January 2021 (has links)
Avsaknaden av digital tillgänglighet i en alltmer digitaliserad värld bidrar till en exkludering av personer med olika funktionsnedsättningar, trots att dessa människor skulle kunna dra stor nytta av internet. Sveriges kommuner är skyldiga att erbjuda digitalt tillgängliga hemsidor enligt Lagen (2018:1937) om tillgänglighet till digital offentlig service. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga kommunernas digitala tillgänglighet rörande deras webbsidor om våld i nära relationer. Studien var av deskriptiv karaktär med en kvantitativ strategi. Begreppet digital tillgänglighet operationaliserades till 23 indikatorer som fick utgöra det granskningsprotokoll som webbsidorna sedan granskades efter. Resultatet visade att ingen av Sveriges kommuner uppmätte full digital tillgänglighet. Vidare visade resultatet att kommunerna i regel var bättre på digital tillgänglighet för motorik och synnedsättningar, än för hörselnedsättning. Utöver det var kommunerna bättre på att uppfylla lagkrav än andra aspekter av digital tillgänglighet. Den digitala tillgängligheten tycktes inte ha något samband med kommunens befolkningsmängd. / The lack of web accessibility risks excluding people with different disabilities. Sweden's municipalities are legally obliged to offer digitally accessible websites. The purpose of this study was to examine the municipalities' web accessibility regarding their websites about intimate partner violence. The study was descriptive in nature with a quantitative strategy. The concept of web accessibility was operationalized into 23 indicators which constituted the protocol according to which the web pages were then reviewed. The results showed that none of Sweden's municipalities measured full web accessibility. Furthermore, the results showed that the municipalities were generally better at fulfilling web accessibility for some impairments, such as vision, than others. The municipalities were also better at meeting legal requirements than other aspects of web accessibility. The web accessibility did not seem to have anything to do with the municipality's population.
80

Tillgänglighetstestning av webbplatser / Website accessibility testing

Nilsson, Simon, Lindberg, Christoffer January 2022 (has links)
Bakgrund: Webbtillgänglighet är mer aktuellt än någonsin med införandet av nya lagkrav och då webben har en så viktig roll i samhället. Bristande tillgänglighet på webbplatser kan orsaka problem för individer med olika funktionsvariationer att interagera med webben och vara delaktiga på lika villkor.  Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur tillgänglighetstester av webbsidor kan genomföras för att säkerställa att de lagkrav som finns följs, samt att undersöka vilka delar av testprocessen som kan automatiseras. Metod: Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ studie där datainsamlingen har skett i form av intervjuer. För att utröna vilka delar av testprocessen som kan automatiseras utvecklades en webbsida med ett antal tillgänglighetsbrister, som evaluerades med olika valideringsverktyg. Resultat och slutsatser: Av de automatiska valideringsverktyg som utvärderades presterade Axe DevTools i kombination med Axe Linter bäst och upptäckte flera tillgänglighetsbrister. Att automatisera tillgänglighetstestning underlättar testarbetet och medför att många tillgänglighetsbrister upptäcks som kan vara svåra att upptäcka manuellt, vilket är ett argument att för att implementera det i testprocessen. / Background: Web accessibility is more relevant than ever with the introduction of new legal requirements and when the web has such an important role in society. Lack of accessibility on websites can cause problems for individuals with different functional variations to interact with the web and participate on equal terms. Purpose: The purpose with the essay is to investigate how accessibility tests of websites can be carried out to ensure that the legal requirements are complied with, and to investigate which parts of the testing process can be automated. Method: The authors have used a qualitative study where data collection has taken place in the form of interviews. To find out which parts of the test process can be automated, a website was developed with a number of accessibility shortcomings that various validation tools evaluated. Results and conclusions: Of the automatic validation tools that were evaluated, Axe DevTools in combination with Axe Linter performed best and discovered several accessibility shortcomings. Automating accessibility testing facilitates the test work and means that many accessibility shortcomings are discovered that can be difficult to detect manually, which is an argument for implementing it in the testing process.

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