A tese discute como sujeitos de diferentes inserções socioeconômicas têm vivenciado o projeto de "ter um filho". Partindo da compreensão de que o "desejo" de ser mãe ou pai não é algo dado, mas construído socialmente, a pesquisa buscou mapear como esse desejo tem sido expresso e quais têm sido as alternativas criadas para sua consecução quando do enfrentamento da "dificuldade para ter filho". Considerando que o sofrimento gerado pela "ausência de filhos" só surge na medida da estimulação desse desejo, investigaram-se os processos pelos quais a noção de infertilidade enquanto categoria médica se consolida e o caminho pelo qual se dissemina no processo de medicalização da vida. A partir de investigação etnográfica em um hospital público que oferece serviços de reprodução assistida e em comunidades na periferia de Porto Alegre, pôde-se identificar como não é automática a transformação da "ausência de filhos" em um "problema de saúde". A percepção de formas diferenciadas de encarar a adoção, bem como o tipo de relação estabelecido com os serviços de saúde permite considerar que o acesso a saúde, de uma forma geral, não está desvinculado do acesso às tecnologias reprodutivas, de forma particular. Considerando a desigualdade econômica da sociedade brasileira e a estrutura desigual de acesso a serviços públicos de saúde, a tese problematiza o discurso de garantia de acesso a essas tecnologias por todos e mapeia as diferentes vozes que articulam esse discurso. Nesse processo a vontade das pessoas de terem filhos se mescla com os demais atores envolvidos como médicos, a indústria farmacêutica e o Estado a partir da definição das políticas de assistência à saúde. / This dissertation discusses how persons of different socioeconomic insertions have experienced the project of "having a child". Starting from the comprehension that the "wish" to be a mother or a father is not a given, but a social construct, the research sought to map out how this wish has been expressed and which have been the alternatives created to achieve this wish when one copes with the "difficulty to have a child". Considering that the suffering generated by the "absence of children" only arises when this wish is stimulated, this dissertation investigated the process by which the notion of infertility is consolidated as a medical category and the route through which it is disseminated in the process of medicalization of life. From an ethnographic research in a public hospital that offers assisted reproduction services and in suburban communities in the city of Porto Alegre, in the southern part of Brazil, this dissertation was able to identify how the transformation of the "absence of children" into a "health problem" is not automatic. The different ways to face adoption and also the kind of relationship established with the health services allows one to consider that the access to health, in general, is not unbounded to the access to reproduction technologies, in particular. Considering the economic inequality of the Brazilian society and the unequal structure of access to public health services, this dissertation problematizes the discourse that guarantees access to these technologies by all parts and maps the different voices that articulate this discourse. In this process, people's will to have children blends in with the other actors involved, as doctors, the pharmaceutical industry and the State defining the health assistance policies.

A tese discute como sujeitos de diferentes inserções socioeconômicas têm vivenciado o projeto de "ter um filho". Partindo da compreensão de que o "desejo" de ser mãe ou pai não é algo dado, mas construído socialmente, a pesquisa buscou mapear como esse desejo tem sido expresso e quais têm sido as alternativas criadas para sua consecução quando do enfrentamento da "dificuldade para ter filho". Considerando que o sofrimento gerado pela "ausência de filhos" só surge na medida da estimulação desse desejo, investigaram-se os processos pelos quais a noção de infertilidade enquanto categoria médica se consolida e o caminho pelo qual se dissemina no processo de medicalização da vida. A partir de investigação etnográfica em um hospital público que oferece serviços de reprodução assistida e em comunidades na periferia de Porto Alegre, pôde-se identificar como não é automática a transformação da "ausência de filhos" em um "problema de saúde". A percepção de formas diferenciadas de encarar a adoção, bem como o tipo de relação estabelecido com os serviços de saúde permite considerar que o acesso a saúde, de uma forma geral, não está desvinculado do acesso às tecnologias reprodutivas, de forma particular. Considerando a desigualdade econômica da sociedade brasileira e a estrutura desigual de acesso a serviços públicos de saúde, a tese problematiza o discurso de garantia de acesso a essas tecnologias por todos e mapeia as diferentes vozes que articulam esse discurso. Nesse processo a vontade das pessoas de terem filhos se mescla com os demais atores envolvidos como médicos, a indústria farmacêutica e o Estado a partir da definição das políticas de assistência à saúde. / This dissertation discusses how persons of different socioeconomic insertions have experienced the project of "having a child". Starting from the comprehension that the "wish" to be a mother or a father is not a given, but a social construct, the research sought to map out how this wish has been expressed and which have been the alternatives created to achieve this wish when one copes with the "difficulty to have a child". Considering that the suffering generated by the "absence of children" only arises when this wish is stimulated, this dissertation investigated the process by which the notion of infertility is consolidated as a medical category and the route through which it is disseminated in the process of medicalization of life. From an ethnographic research in a public hospital that offers assisted reproduction services and in suburban communities in the city of Porto Alegre, in the southern part of Brazil, this dissertation was able to identify how the transformation of the "absence of children" into a "health problem" is not automatic. The different ways to face adoption and also the kind of relationship established with the health services allows one to consider that the access to health, in general, is not unbounded to the access to reproduction technologies, in particular. Considering the economic inequality of the Brazilian society and the unequal structure of access to public health services, this dissertation problematizes the discourse that guarantees access to these technologies by all parts and maps the different voices that articulate this discourse. In this process, people's will to have children blends in with the other actors involved, as doctors, the pharmaceutical industry and the State defining the health assistance policies.

A tese discute como sujeitos de diferentes inserções socioeconômicas têm vivenciado o projeto de "ter um filho". Partindo da compreensão de que o "desejo" de ser mãe ou pai não é algo dado, mas construído socialmente, a pesquisa buscou mapear como esse desejo tem sido expresso e quais têm sido as alternativas criadas para sua consecução quando do enfrentamento da "dificuldade para ter filho". Considerando que o sofrimento gerado pela "ausência de filhos" só surge na medida da estimulação desse desejo, investigaram-se os processos pelos quais a noção de infertilidade enquanto categoria médica se consolida e o caminho pelo qual se dissemina no processo de medicalização da vida. A partir de investigação etnográfica em um hospital público que oferece serviços de reprodução assistida e em comunidades na periferia de Porto Alegre, pôde-se identificar como não é automática a transformação da "ausência de filhos" em um "problema de saúde". A percepção de formas diferenciadas de encarar a adoção, bem como o tipo de relação estabelecido com os serviços de saúde permite considerar que o acesso a saúde, de uma forma geral, não está desvinculado do acesso às tecnologias reprodutivas, de forma particular. Considerando a desigualdade econômica da sociedade brasileira e a estrutura desigual de acesso a serviços públicos de saúde, a tese problematiza o discurso de garantia de acesso a essas tecnologias por todos e mapeia as diferentes vozes que articulam esse discurso. Nesse processo a vontade das pessoas de terem filhos se mescla com os demais atores envolvidos como médicos, a indústria farmacêutica e o Estado a partir da definição das políticas de assistência à saúde. / This dissertation discusses how persons of different socioeconomic insertions have experienced the project of "having a child". Starting from the comprehension that the "wish" to be a mother or a father is not a given, but a social construct, the research sought to map out how this wish has been expressed and which have been the alternatives created to achieve this wish when one copes with the "difficulty to have a child". Considering that the suffering generated by the "absence of children" only arises when this wish is stimulated, this dissertation investigated the process by which the notion of infertility is consolidated as a medical category and the route through which it is disseminated in the process of medicalization of life. From an ethnographic research in a public hospital that offers assisted reproduction services and in suburban communities in the city of Porto Alegre, in the southern part of Brazil, this dissertation was able to identify how the transformation of the "absence of children" into a "health problem" is not automatic. The different ways to face adoption and also the kind of relationship established with the health services allows one to consider that the access to health, in general, is not unbounded to the access to reproduction technologies, in particular. Considering the economic inequality of the Brazilian society and the unequal structure of access to public health services, this dissertation problematizes the discourse that guarantees access to these technologies by all parts and maps the different voices that articulate this discourse. In this process, people's will to have children blends in with the other actors involved, as doctors, the pharmaceutical industry and the State defining the health assistance policies.

The aim of thesis is to create an overview of the holistic concept of domestic palliative care in the context of social work. This overview includes identification of the needs of people in the terminal stage of life and the dilemmas that families face in the final stage of the lives of their loved ones. The individual chapters of this thesis describe the needs of the dying and informal caregivers, and they point out the importance of the family environment for coping with death-related concerns. The qualitative survey carried out via semi-structured interviews includes identification of the needs of the dying and caregivers, the dilemmas of caregivers in making decisions about choosing the form of care for their loved ones, and mapping the awareness of caregivers about the possibilities of social work support.

This Diploma Thesis is focused on the issue of the value of a child's wish in the framework of the divorce/break-up settlement. In the theoretical part of this thesis, the child's status, its right to participate and the means of ensuring that in the mentioned framework are presented. In this thesis, the term child's wish is also discussed in the context of defending child's own interest. In the last chapter of the theoretical part, there is illustrated the suitable way how to interview a child. The aim of the practical part is to, through half-structured interviews with the professionals taking part in this process and an analysis of those interviews, answer the main research question: How do the professionals taking part in the divorce/break-up settlement perceive and deal with the child's wish in this process? The research part of this thesis is also focused on the possible space for change in the contemporary attitude towards children as participants of trials.

I Europa råder det en ökad oro för sensibiliserande ämnen i textil, vilket har aktualiserats eftersom den Europeiska Kemikaliemyndigheten (ECHA) mottagit ett förslag om begränsning av hudsensibiliserande ämnen inom textil- och läder. Ett stort antal dispersionsfärgämnen, som används för att färga polyester, har sensibiliserande egenskaper. Syftet med studien är att undersöka förekomst av allergena dispersionsfärgämnen och färghärdighet mot tvättning samt nötning i textila plagg köpta från aktörer utanför EU. Färgämnens tendens att lämna plaggen tillsammans med mikroplaster analyserades också genom att tvättvatten samt viktförlust vid nötning undersöktes. Det laborativa resultatet kompletterades med litteraturstudier och intervjuer med forskare inom ämnet. Polyesterplagg köpta från aktörer utanför EU valdes att analyseras eftersom privatpersoner vid privatimport är ansvariga för varors kemikalieinnehåll, men ofta har bristande kunskaper gällande kemikalierisker och regleringar. Allergena dispersionsfärgämnen i halter över 10 mg/kg, enligt använd OEKO-TEX metod, identifierades inte i plaggen. Lägre halter än 10 mg/kg av allergena dispersionsfärgämnen hittades i plaggen och riskbedömning visade att en av halterna möjligtvis kunde indikera en risk. Färgförlust hos plaggen noterades vid tvättning och nötning. Plaggens färgändring bedömdes ungefärligt uppfylla utgivna minimikrav för färgändring. I tvättvattnet observerades mikroplast och färgutsläppt vid tvättemperaturer 40 °C och 60 °C. Ingen mätbar viktförlust orsakades vid nötning av plaggen med 7500 varv som högsta varvtal. Studiens slutsats är att antalet dispersionsfärgämnen som klassificeras som allergena ökar och att konsumenter upplever allergiska symptom vid köp av nya textila varor med nära exponering. Fyra av de sex undersökta plaggen är förmodligen färgade med förorenande färgämnen innehållande allergena dispersionsfärgämnen. Förekomst av allergena dispersionsfärgämnen i låga halter bör förebyggas eftersom de kan imitera sensibilisering hos individer. Gränsvärden för allergena dispersionsfärgämnen från miljö- och hälsocertifieringsorganisationerna BLUESIGN och OEKO-TEX är troligen inte tillräckligt låga för att undvika allergiska reaktioner. Om aktuellt EU- begränsningsförslag gällande hudsensibliserande ämnen i textil och läder införs, kommer gränsvärdena behöva sänkas. / In Europe, there is a growing concern regarding the safety of textile sensitisers, which has become more discussed since the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has received a proposal to limit skin sensitisers within textiles and leather. A large number of disperse dyes, used to color polyester, have sensitising properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of allergenic disperse dyes and their colorfastness to washing and abrasion for textile garments purchased from markets outside the EU. The tendency of the dyes to leave the garments together with microplastics was also analyzed by examining washing water and weight loss during abrasion. The laboratory results were supplemented with a literature study and interviews with researchers in the subject. Polyester garments purchased from markets outside the EU were chosen to be analyzed because private individuals who import garments are responsible for the chemical content of the goods, but often have a lack of knowledge regarding chemical risks and regulations. Allergenic disperse dyes in concentrations above 10 mg/kg, according to the OEKO-TEX method, were not identified in the garments. Concentrations lower than 10 mg/kg of allergenic disperse dyes were found in the garments and risk assessment showed that one of the levels could possibly indicate a risk. Loss of color in the garments was noted during washing and abrasion. The garment’s color change was estimated to approximately meet issued minimum requirements for color change. In the wash water microplastics and dyestuff were observed at wash temperatures of 40 ℃ and 60 ℃. No measurable weight loss was caused when the garments were abraded with 7500 rub as highest number of rubs. The study concludes that the number of disperse dyes classified as allergenic is increasing and that consumers are experiencing allergic symptoms from new textiles with close exposure that they have purchased. Four of the six examined garments are probably dyed with contaminated dyes containing allergenic disperse dyes. The presence of allergenic disperse dyes in low concentrations should be prevented as they may mimic sensitisation in individuals. Limit values for allergenic disperse dyes from environmental and health certification organizations BLUESIGN and OEKO-TEX are probably not low enough to avoid allergic reactions. If the current EU restriction proposal regarding skin sensitisers in textiles and leather is introduced, the limit values will need to be lowered.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka intresset för aktiv dödshjälp hos patienter som lider av en långt framskriden cancer samt vilka faktorer som påverkar dem i detta ställningstagande. I en litteraturstudie har relevant litteratur insamlats, analyserats och tolkats. Utifrån bevisen från sammanlagt fem kvalitativa studier har nya slutsatser dragits. Resultaten pekar på att det finns ett intresse för aktiv dödshjälp bland svårt sjuka cancerpatienter men att detta i hög grad är framtidsorienterat. Faktorer som påverkar intresset är uppfattningen om att vara en börda för andra, rädsla för framtiden, lidande, den demoraliserande inverkan som cancern har på individen samt religion och etik. / The aim of this study was to examine the personal interest in receiving a physician hastened death among terminally ill cancer patients and the factors that are associated with such a consideration. A review of literature has been conducted on relevant articles. The evidence from a total of five qualitative studies formed the basis upon which new conclusions have been reached. The results suggest that an interest is prevalent among terminally ill cancer patients for receiving a physician hastened death. However, this is in most cases future orientated. Factors that influence patients in this consideration are the perception of being a burden to others, fear of the future, suffering, the demoralising effect that cancer has on the individual as well as religion and ethics.

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No description available.

Erkenntnisse über das Fahrerleben, also die subjektive Sicht von Fahrern auf Ereignisse im Fahralltag, wurden bisher vor allem retrospektiv gewonnen und sind damit anfällig für mitunter weitreichende Verfälschungen. Diese Dissertation verfolgte den Ansatz, das subjektive Fahrerleben auf alltäglichen Fahrten so situationsnah wie möglich zu erfassen. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, eine breite Datenbasis von subjektiv beanspruchenden Situationen für jüngere und ältere Fahrer zu generieren, um auch unbewusst vorhandene Unterstützungsbedürfnisse zu erfassen und damit eine bedarfsgerechte Entwicklung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen zu unterstützen. Es wurden 40 jüngere (M = 32,35 Jahre; SD = 3,58) und 40 ältere (M = 66,05 Jahre; SD = 4,13) Fahrer, je 20 Männer und Frauen, in ihrem Fahralltag über einen Zeitraum von jeweils 10 Tagen untersucht. Die Probanden hielten für sie relevante Situationen in kurzen Sprachprotokollen während der Fahrt über die Aufnahmefunktion in einem Smartphone fest. Unterstützt wurde die Situationsbetrachtung durch eine Videoaufnahme der Fahrsituation, sowie im Smartphone erfasste Geschwindigkeits-, Beschleunigungsdaten und GPS. Im Versuchszeitraum wurden insgesamt 1074 für die Auswertung relevante Sprachprotokolle während der Fahrt aufgezeichnet. Es ließen sich dabei 301 verschiedene Auslöser für die Aufnahme eines Sprachprotokolls unterscheiden. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen und den geäußerten Unterstützungswünschen der Probanden wurden fünf verschiedene Unterstützungsbedürfnisse identifiziert, aus denen sich Anforderungen für Fahrerassistenzsysteme und Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstellen ableiten lassen. / Insights into driver experience, i.e. the driver's subjective view on events in everyday driving, have so far been gained mainly retrospectively (e.g. through interviews or online surveys). From a methodic perspective this means that reports and judgment are provided somewhat later after the event and therefore can be biased. In recent years, research in the field of driver-vehicle interaction has increasingly been enriched by natural driving studies (NDS). Since this method captures driving behavior in the natural driving context, it provides very realistic insights into events that drivers experience on a daily basis. So far, however, the focus has been on an objective view of driving behavior and environmental conditions with the aim of capturing parameters that provide an indication of future safety-critical situations. The subjective view of the driver, e.g. which situations he assesses as demanding, was hardly considered. The idea of the dissertation thesis was to capture subjective driver experience and support wishes of drivers in a NDS-like study. The aim of the study was to generate a broad database of subjectively demanding situations for younger and elder drivers, in order to detect unconsciously existing support needs and thus to support the user-centered development of driver assistance systems. Participants were 40 younger (M = 32.35 years, SD = 3.58) and 40 elder (M = 66.05 years, SD = 4.13) drivers, 20 men and 20 women each. Over the period of 10 days they documented each journey by questionnaires before and after each ride. Furthermore a smartphone with a specially programmed application was used as a recording device. Through short speech protocols the participants commented on every relevant driving situation. Considered as relevant - beyond critical events - were all special incidents or situations that were notable for the drivers or in which they wished for support in whatever form. The application also recorded GPS, speed and acceleration data as well as a video of the driving situation during relevant situations. A personal interview took place at the end of each trial period. As a result, a total of 1074 speech protocols were recorded while driving. They showed a very high range of situations that were notable for the participants. A total of 301 different triggers for recording a speech protocol could be distinguished. In addition, the consideration of the verbalized reaction of the drivers in the situations was important. The results were examined with regard to possible differences in age and gender groups. On the basis of the results and the expressed support wishes of the participants, five different support needs were identified, from which requirements for future driver assistance systems and human-machine interfaces can be derived.