During the last century the forests of Central Europe changed from open woodlands to even-aged stands with closed-canopy. This change resulted in severe decline of forest biodiversity. This study examines how, and why such change affected xylophagous insects. I have studied microhabitat preferences, i.e. distribution of xylophagous insects in canopy and understorey of closed forests, forest edges and wooded meadows. I used method of rearing insect from timber baits exposed to ovipositing females of xylophagous insects in different situations in the forest at the beginning if vegetation season. After one season of exposition,the baits were collected enclosed in fly-wire cages, where emerging insects were collected for two seasons. This thesis consists of two parts: The first part is an unpublished manuscript dealing with effect of habitat insolation, vertical stratification, forest structure and amount of dead wood on community of long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae) and jewell beetles (Buprestidae) feeding on wood of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Baits were exposed in the canopy and the understorey of forest interior, the canopy and the understorey of forest edge and on solitary trees on wooded meadows. Most insect species do prefer insoled wood for their development, and were more common in the understorey than in the canopy. Insolation of bait was thus the prime factor affecting composition of reared insects. No relation was found between dead wood volume and species composition or abundance of reared insects This shows that insolation of the dead wood is crucial to conservation of most xylophagous insects. The second part of the thesis studies effect of vertical stratification and insolation on distribution of xylophages feeding reared from wood of 8 tree species (Alnus glutinosa, Populus alba, P. x canadensis, Salix alba, Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis) and host specificity of xylophages. Results show that: (i) community composition of xylophages reflects evolutionary history of their host plants; (ii) communities reared from different trees exhibit different preferences for forest strata and insolation of the habitat, probably in connection to preferred growth conditions of the host plant, (iii) many xylophagous insect species exhibit strong preferences to insoled habitats, and are thus confined to forest edges in extensively managed forests as well as in unmanaged forest reserves.

This dissertation focus on spontaneously developed forests (SDFs) on mesic stands. The present tree layer was described and the possible changes in the tree layer was estimated. Influence of site- and context-dependent factors on the species composition and general character of the herb layer was studied in detail. An experiment was established to study seed and safe-site limitation of nine forest herb species.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T21:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Valderi Farias de Souza.pdf: 2132621 bytes, checksum: 64271b9a914d88cb62810687314cae30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation - Education in Rural and Forest: a look at teacher education program in the Wings of Florestania the upper Juruá / AC - had at analyzing and understanding of the project education that has been developed in Cruzeiro do Sul / Acre more specifically in the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, the Program " Wings Forestania" in view of the continuing education of teachers in the field and the forest, in order to understand if and in what ways, its proposal is consistent with the emancipatory perspective of education field / forest / river and what knowledge being valued in the continuing education of teachers. Besides trying to identify new paradigms regarding teacher training in the forest, in valuing the knowledge challenges and struggles of the field, this proposal is put on the agenda of the major debates of inclusive policies. To develop this research, we adopted the methodology of field research, qualitative in nature, whose instruments of data collection were: direct contact, technical literature and semi-structured interviews. The subjects in this investigation were heard: Ten educators / the two regional coordinators and general coordinator of the program. Through the procedures used in the data analysis, theoretically subsidized by authors of reference, one can see the strong influence and imposition of the forest, the hegemonic capitalist state model, based on the urban / rural dichotomy and imposing educational models with heavy load discriminatory against constructed knowledge in the field / forest. It was noticed, however, that in the last two decades, the education field has managed to introduce its uniqueness, from the conception that we live in a multicultural country, heterogeneous, where people got different looks and ways to express your thinking, their understanding of the world. In this sense, the research is constituted as a possible way of producing knowledge, recognizing the heterogeneity and the need for establishment of other resumes and other pedagogies, those who are able to listen to the voices and secure seat to the men and women of the forest in decisions and discussions that interest them. The research advocates the construction of the field school is vested in social movements, it is able to respond to new challenges, tensions and contradictions present in the field / forest, able to raise the critical consciousness of the workers. / Esta dissertação - Educação do Campo e da Floresta: um olhar sobre a formação docente no Programa Asas da Florestania no Alto Juruá/AC - teve como objeto analisar e compreender um projeto de educação da floresta que vem sendo desenvolvido na região do Alto Juruá/Acre, mais especificamente na cidade de Cruzeiro do Sul, pelo Programa Asas da Florestania, na perspectiva da formação continuada de professores do campo e da floresta, no sentido de compreender, se e em que aspectos, sua proposta é coerente com a perspectiva emancipatória da educação do campo/da floresta/ribeirinha e quais os saberes que estão sendo valorizados na formação continuada de professores. Além de tentar apontar novos paradigmas a respeito da formação docente na floresta, desafios na valorização dos saberes e das lutas do campo, essa proposta se coloca na pauta das grandes discussões de políticas inclusivas. Para desenvolver esta investigação, adotou-se a metodologia da pesquisa de campo, de natureza qualitativa, cujos instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: contato direto, pesquisa bibliográfica e a técnica de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os sujeitos ouvidos nesta investigação foram: dez educadores/as, duas coordenadoras regionais e a coordenadora geral do Programa. Por meio dos procedimentos adotados na análise dos dados, teoricamente subsidiada por autores de referência, pode-se perceber a forte influência e imposição à floresta, do modelo estatal hegemônico capitalista, pautado na dicotomia urbano/rural e na imposição de modelos educacionais com forte carga discriminatória frente aos saberes construídos no campo/floresta. Percebeu-se, porém, que nas últimas duas décadas, a educação do campo tem conseguido se apresentar em sua singularidade, a partir da concepção de que se vive em um país multicultural, heterogêneo, onde o povo adquiriu diferentes jeitos e olhares de manifestar seu pensamento, sua compreensão de mundo. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa se constitui como uma das formas possíveis de produzir conhecimento, reconhecendo a heterogeneidade e a necessidade de constituição de outros currículos e outras pedagogias, aquelas que sejam capazes de auscultar as vozes e garantir assento aos homens e às mulheres da floresta nas decisões e debates que lhes interessa. A pesquisa propugna pela construção da escola do campo ensejada nos movimentos sociais, que seja capaz de responder aos novos desafios, tensões e contradições presentes no campo/floresta, capaz de elevar a consciência crítica dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras.

Territoire supposé « sans histoire », le canton de Villard-de-Lans (Isère), fait partie des points aveugles de l’historiographie. Situé en montagne, donc supposé enclavé, il semble en marge du développement rural tel que le modèle anglais le conçoit. L’approche longitudinale sur deux siècles, et en particulier au cours de la période vers 1830-vers 1930, montre que cet espace est un cas pertinent de construction commune entre des acteurs de nature diverse, situés à des échelles différentes et qui forment un système traversé par des complémentarités et des rivalités. Pour démontrer ceci, l’approche prosopographique questionne la notion de développement rural. Celui-ci, en premier lieu, n’est pas déterminé par les étapes de l’âge industriel. Les Quatre montagnes sont dès la première moitié du 19e siècle un espace intégré aux transformations globales et plusieurs indices révèlent des circulations régulières avec Grenoble, le chef-lieu du département. Si les notables jouent un rôle important, de nombreuses autres familles tissent des liens avec les sociétés et les activités de la plaine. De la recherche des moyens pour demeurer au village au développement qui s’exprime dans un cadre collectif, et qui prend notamment forme dans les conseils municipaux, les familles sont des acteurs décisifs du développement rural. Celui-ci s’appuie, en deuxième lieu, sur l’essor précoce de l’élevage bovin mais également sur le commerce du bois. Progressivement, les bois du délit s’effacent devant l’arbre autour duquel les acteurs se réconcilient. La politique bovine constitue un angle privilégié car elle concerne le plus grand nombre d’individus à l’échelle locale et elle est un cadre pour des jeux d’échelles. L’élaboration d’une construction commune entre les cultivateurs et les acteurs dépêchés par l’Etat, notamment à l’occasion de la reconnaissance par l’Etat de la race bovine de Villard-de-Lans (1864), puis lors de la création d’un concours spécial départemental (1893-1914) met au jour les logiques communes mais également rivales entre les uns et les autres. La notion de spécialisation s’efface devant une orientation renforcée et la pluriactivité reste vivace. Elle démontre la volonté de faire feu de tout bois. Dans le même temps, une filière se construit à travers la station d’élevage (1875) et une segmentation des activités liées à l’élevage. La recherche du développement rural s’exprime, pour finir, à travers la construction d’un système touristique entre le dernier quart du 19e siècle et l’entre-deux-guerres. Celui-ci est, à nouveau, une élaboration commune entre des acteurs qui cherchent à promouvoir cette nouvelle branche industrielle et des sociétés locales qui se servent de leurs atouts (un milieu serti de reliefs élevés mais avec une amélioration de l’accessibilité, l’essor du commerce et de belles forêts) pour investir cette opportunité. La comparaison avec l’élevage évite de parler de spécialisation car plusieurs activités font la renommée du canton de Villard-de-Lans au début du 20e siècle ; elles proposent donc une autre possibilité de développement qui ne soit ni industrielle ni fondée sur une monoactivité et qui ne s’appuie que sur quelques individus. Ainsi, la dimension communautaire reste prégnante, le rapport entre la ville et l’espace rural n’est pas seulement hiérarchisé et les combinaisons des activités permettent de passer, pour une partie des habitants, du maintien à l’essor. La période du dernier quart du 19e siècle à l’entre-deux-guerres est féconde et elle suggère une relecture des évolutions de la seconde moitié du 20e siècle jusqu’à nos jours. / The Villard-de-Lans canton may be deeemed a historiographic “point aveugle”. As a mountainous area, supposedly isolated, it does seem alien to the English model of rural growth.However a diachronic study over two centuries, concentrating upon 1830 to 1930, illustrates the interplay of a variety of actors. A prosopographic method will challenge the very concept of rural growth.To begin with, rural growth is undetermined by the successive steps of the industrial revolution. Ever since the beginning of the XIX C., the “Quatre Montagnes” are involved with the main transformations ; many signs point to regular exchanges with Grenoble, the “chef-lieu” of Isère. Assuredly, the upper classes play an important role but many other families are linked with various types of activities on the plain. Sometimes, they will find the means to stay at home, sometimes they will favour collective growth, thanks for instance to the municipal council. These are major actors of rural growth.Secondly, growth here depends on the early boom of bovine-breeding (“élevage”) as well as on the timber trade.We have concentrated upon the policy of cattle-breeding for it involves the largest number of local actors as well as being the scene of a scale-game. The recognition by the State of the Villard-de-Lans breed (1864) followed by the creation of a “Concours départemental spécial” (1893-1914) enable to discover the interplay, sometimes antagonistic, of farmers and State agents. Pluriactivity remain strong despite the launching of a new industry (breeding facility (1875)) and a segmentation of its various departments.Finally, rural growth delivers itself through the expansion of tourism between 1875 and the interwar period. Here also a common construction is detailed between the active promoters of a new industry and the local societies determined to make the most of this opportunity via enhanced access, commercial development and their beautiful woodland. The category of specialization is irrelevant for many activities, apart from “élevage”, caracterize the “canton” at the start of the XXth C. : growth here is neither industrial nor mono-occupational nor dependent upon a small number of individuals. The community is decisive. There is more than a mere hierarchy between town and country - thanks to the multiplicity of occupations, a section of the population can go from preservation to growth. The rich period from 1875 to the interwar years invites to a reassessment of the contemporary evolution from 1950 to the present.

The Crystal River site (8CI1) is a Woodland-period mound (ca. 1000 BC to AD 1050) complex located on the west-central Gulf coast of Florida. Links to the Hopewell Interaction Sphere suggest that the people of Crystal River had connections with a broad range of communities, yet little is known concerning the role the site played in local, regional, or long-distance exchange networks. Pottery traditions vary amongst different communities of practice, therefore the level of interaction at Crystal River can be measured by looking at variation in the ceramic assemblage. I combine type/attribute, vessel form and function, gross paste, and chemical analyses to determine the amount of variability present in the pottery assemblage. These analyses show that Crystal River has a high level of ceramic variation with some spatial and temporal patterning. To determine Crystal River’s membership in and potential role within a sphere of interaction, I compare these patterns to three community types with diverse social interfaces. This research suggests that Crystal River may have started out as a homogenous, residential community but through time began to interact with a number of diverse, regionally associated communities drawn to the site for special occasions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The land surface models (LSM) are the component of the numerical weather prediction and climate models that represents the processes of interaction between the biosphere and atmosphere. The need to improve the representation of bio-geophysical process stimulated the development of sophisticated parametrization. This development increased the complexity of LSMs and the number of parameters involved. Some of these parameters can be measured, but it does not ensure that the best results will be produced. Therefore, a general strategy is to use field experiments (local) to calibrate these parameters for different vegetation types, minimizing the differences between the simulated and observed value(s) of variable(s) of interest. LSMs are usually calibrated using observation of the sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux . Studies including soil moisture (�) in the calibration are less frequent (or restricted to the surface layer), but in forest ecosystems, under seasonal water stress, vertical soil moisture profile in vadose zone is essential for simulating transpiration, CO2 assimilation and the partition between the surface and underground flows. This paper describes the calibration of the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB2) for the Cerrado sensu-stricto, using flux measurements, soil moisture and atmospheric forcings collected in a micrometeorological tower located in Gleba Pé de Gigante, SP, in the period July 2009 to July 2012. For calibration, the SiB2 model was separated into modules that included the radiative, aerodynamic and finally, soil water processes and conductance and photosynthesis. The multi-objective calibration algorithm AMALGAM was applied to each of these modules using as objective functions: the mean square error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), the error of amplitude of the mean cycle annual (ACAM) or hourly (ACH). The calibrated variables were: albedo PAR (�PAR), global albedo (�), friction velocity (u�), net radiation (Rn), latent and sensible heat flux and total water storage (Az) up to two meters deep. Nonetheless, the modular calibration was compared with a global calibration in which only variables LE, H and Az were optimized. The calibration for radiative module allowed to reproduce the seasonal cycle and amplitude for albedo PAR, while the global albedo was lagged temporally and a slightly smaller amplitude than the observation but had considerable improvement compared with that simulated with the original parameters. The balance of radiation was reasonably simulated, with overestimation in winter and spring and it proved to be fundamentally sensitive to downward longwave radiation. The u� was slightly underestimated in the average daily cycle against to observed but had less error than the original parameters. On the other hand, the model discretization in three soil layers failed to represent the hydrological processes in the soil and surface simultaneously for Cerrado. Therefore, the soil structure was changed by introducing vertical root distribution profile, the process of hydraulic redistribution and updating the Green-Ampt infiltration scheme. These schemes were essential to the modeling of hydrologic processes of Cerrado vegetation, which is applicable to other deep root system. The global calibration fairly represented LE, H and Az, but resulted in �PAR anti-correlated, considerable underestimation of the � and u�, also in inconsistent partition for evapotranspiration components. / Os modelos da superfície terrestre (LSMs) são a componente dos modelos numéricos de previsão numérica do tempo e clima que representam os processos de interação entre a biosfera e atmosfera. A necessidade de aperfeiçoar a representação dos processos biogeofísicos estimulou o desenvolvimento de sofisticadas parametrizações, aumentando a complexidade dos LSMs e o número de parâmetros. Alguns desses parâmetros podem ser medidos, mas isso não assegura que melhores resultados serão produzidos devido a erros de amostragem e representatividade das condições experimentais (variabilidade espacial, vertical e a heterogeneidade de superfície). Portanto, uma estratégia geral é usar experimentos de campo (locais) para calibrar esses parâmetros para diferentes tipos de vegetação, minimizando as diferenças entre os valores simulados e observados da(s) variável( is) de interesse. LSMs são geralmente calibrados usando observações dos fluxos de calor sensível (H) e latente (LE). Enquanto estudos que incluam a umidade do solo (�) na calibração são menos frequentes (ou restritos a camada superficial do solo), mas em ecossistemas florestais sujeitos a estresse hídrico sazonal (zona radicular profunda, heterogeneidade vertical) o perfil vertical da umidade do solo na zona vadosa é essencial para simulação da transpiração, assimilação de CO2 e a partição entre os escoamentos superficial e subterrâneo. Esta dissertação descreve a calibração do modelo Simples da Biosfera (SiB2) para o Cerrado sensu-stricto, utilizando medidas de fluxos, umidade do solo e forçantes atmosféricas coletadas em uma torre micrometeorológica localizada na Gleba Pé de Gigante, SP, no período de Julho de 2009 até Julho de 2012. Para a calibração, o modelo SiB2 foi separado em módulos que incluíram os processos radiativos, aerodinâmicos e por último os processos hídricos e de condutância e fotossínteses. O algoritmo de calibração multiobjetivo AMALGAM foi aplicado a cada um desses módulos utilizando nas funções objetivo a raiz do erro quadrático médio (RMSE), eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE), erro da amplitude do ciclo médio anual (ACAM) ou horário (ACH). As variáveis calibradas foram: albedo PAR (�PAR), albedo global (�), velocidade de fricção (u�), saldo de radiação (Rn), fluxo de calor latente e sensível e armazenamento total de água (Az) até dois metros de profundidade. No entanto, a calibração por módulos foi comparada com uma calibração global na qual somente foram otimizadas as variáveis LE, H e Az. A calibração do módulo radiativo permitiu reproduzir o ciclo sazonal e amplitude do albedo PAR, enquanto o albedo global ficou defasado temporalmente e com amplitude levemente menor que a observação, porém teve razoável melhora quando comparado com o simulado com os parâmetros originais. O saldo de radiação foi razoavelmente simulado, apresentando superestimativa no inverno e primavera e mostrou-se sensível fundamentalmente à parametrização de radiação de onda longa incidente. Enquanto a u� subestimou levemente o ciclo médio diário observado mas teve erro menor que a configuração original. Por outro lado, a discretização de três camadas do solo do modelo não conseguiu representar os processos hidrológicos no solo e superfície simultaneamente do Cerrado. Mudou-se, portanto, a estrutura de solo, introduzindo o perfil vertical de distribuição de raízes, o processo de redistribuição hidráulica e a atualização do esquema de infiltração Green-Ampt. Estes esquemas foram fundamentais para a modelagem dos processos hidrológicos da vegetação Cerrado, o que é aplicável a outras de sistema radicular profundo. A calibração global representou razoavelmente LE, H e Az, porém resultou em �PAR anti-correlacionado, subestimativa considerável do � e u�, além de partição inconsistente nas componentes da evapotranspiração.

Forest understory vegetation in lowland woodlands is coming through systematical changes, which are documented from many regions. Abandonment of traditional coppicing management, nitrogen deposition and effect of high game densities in some regions are considered to be the main key drivers. Changes of seminatural woodland in protected area of Bohemian Karst were studied in this research. The abandonment of traditional management is probably the biggest environmental change in this area. Original data, semi-permanent plots with phytosociological relevés, were surveyed shortly after the last coppicing in the half of twentieth century. These plots were now re-visited. Partial task was to evaluate how important relocation accuracy is. Discovered changes have similar trends as in other lowland woodlands. After abandonment of coppicing, site conditions changed towards more shade and nutrient rich sites. Vegetation shifted to species assemblages of late succession dominated by shade-adapted and nutrient-demanding species. Slight decrease in gama-diversity, increase in alpha-diversity and decrease of beta-diversity indicated taxonomic homogenization was recorded. Re-visiting of semi-permanent plots was evaluated as appropriate tool for this type of research. Spatial heterogenity is partly affecting temporal change,...

Thermophilous oak forests are a habitat characterized by a large diversity of vascular plants. In the case of open canopy woodlands, the diversity of the herb undergrowth is enhanced by the significant heterogeneity of the environment. It can be demonstrated for example at the Dětaň Chlum in neighborhood of the Doupovské hory Mts. However, it has not yet been fully known which natural characteristic have the most significant influence on the formation of such a diverse vegetation. One of the possible causes can be found in historical management. Therefore, this work provides some insight into the history of forest management in the Podbořany region based on archival materials such as Historical Forest Survey, Management Plans or Archive Maps. The obtained information is to a large extent surprising. It has been shown that coniferous stands with a long time of timber extraction have dominated the Dětaň chlum in the past. However, this contradicts the assumption that it is an ancient oak coppice, as suggested by the current appearance of vegetation with a high incidence of polycormones in the local nature reserve. To find out the environmental causes of the current heterogeneity of vegetation, I used the CANOCO statistical program to analyze the dependence of my own phytosociological data on selected...

Following wildfires, plant materials are direct-seeded to limit erosion and annual weed invasion. Seedlings often fail to establish because selected plant materials are not always well adapted to local soil moisture and temperature conditions. In an effort to help improve plant materials selection and to evaluate sites potential revegetation, we have worked toward developing methodology to predict germination and root growth based on site specific soil moisture and temperature conditions. First, we characterized the seedbed environment of 24 sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppe sites throughout the Intermountain West to determine the wet-thermal time of five temperature ranges relevant to germination response and thermal-time model accuracy (Chapter 1). Second, we predicted potential germination for 31 plant materials at those same sites (Chapter 2). Third, in preparation to predict root growth at multiple sites, we characterized the drying patterns and the associated plant-available water for in the seedling root zone across nine woodland (Juniperus spp. and Piñus spp.) sites (Chapter 3). For all of these studies, we determined the effects of tree reduction and tree infilling phase at time of tree reduction. Our key findings are that seedbeds generally sum most wet-thermal time at temperature ranges where the germination rates fit thermal accumulation models quite well (R2 ≥ 0.7). The majority of plant materials summed enough wet-thermal time for a potential germination at most sites during the fall, early spring, and late spring. Soil drying primarily occurs from the soil surface downward. Drying rates and Plant available water associated with the first drying event increased with increasing soil depth. Root zone (1-30 cm) plant-available water increased before and decreased after the first spring drying event with increasing soil depth. Tree removal with increasing pretreatment tree infilling phase generally added progress toward germination, plant available water, and wet-thermal time in the seedbed and root zones of the sagebrush steppe in the Great Basin. Because soil moisture and temperature does not appear to be limiting for potential germination, combining germination and root growth models to create a more comprehensive model may allow for a more robust prediction for seedling survival. For either root growth or combined germination and root growth models, plant available water and wet-thermal time before the first spring drying period hold the most potential for successfully predicting seedling survival.

Renewable energy development is breaking global records each year. European and national Swedish legislation target substantial portions of wind energy production by 2040. Sweden has ambitious objectives for wind energy, with plans to nearly triple its wind energy proportion in the next 17 years. However, expanding wind energy also requires using forest lands, which raises concerns for biodiversity and landscape fragmentation. The objective of this study is to determine the values impacted by wind energy development in the Swedish boreal forest to identify appropriate low-impact locations for the construction of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG). The study employs an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) to categorise potential areas for WTG deployment. Twenty-four input constraints are distributed into six categories and analysed in three stages, resulting in a suitability map and a numerical data output. The analysis conducted across six northern boreal counties indicates that significant parts of northern Sweden are unsuitable for wind energy development due to insufficient wind speeds and numerous water bodies. Cultural and botanical value areas further limit some areas' potential for wind energy development. The findings indicate that 25.85% of the northernmost six counties are viable for constructing wind energy facilities, surpassing the national target area for renewable energy by a considerable margin. The research indicates that forested boreal counties in Sweden provide significant potential for the sustainable development of wind energy, whilst preserving biodiversity and avoiding interference with faunal, societal, and cultural values.