Background: The average hours per week of full-time employees have decreased since 1870, however, stayed at 40 hours per week for a long time. Now, in the early 21st century, there is a new interest of lowering the weekly hours even more. The reasoning behind the new interest is because it has been proven to increase a variety of benefits, both on an organizational and individual level.   Research Problem: Even though there is an increased interest for Reduced Working Hours per week globally, the existing research mainly focuses on the employees' side where Work-Life Balance and other benefits is highlighted. We find little research and documentation of the potential differences it entails for managers; therefore, it seems to be of lower interest to document the managers side of the phenomenon. Here we find a lack of research and a gap that needs further attention.   Research Purpose: The purpose of this study is to fill the research gap by identifying the managerial practices and strategies when reducing the weekly working hours within an organization. Thus, with the intention to create a framework for future managers to be able to make use of when implementing this strategy.   Research Question: How do different managerial practices and strategies facilitate the implementation of Managerial Innovation of Reduced Working Hours effectively for better Work-Life Balance?   Research Method: This study is done with a qualitative and inductive approach. Since our research is of this form, a relativistic ontological approach was used together with the epistemological assumptions of constructionism. We conducted a multiple case study to investigate the managerial practices that changed or had the most impact on the implementation of Reduced Working Hours. This is done in combination with grounded theory, where the aim is to develop theory that is grounded in our data.   Conclusion: Our findings show that certain practices had increased impact on the facilitation of Reduced Working Hours but the managerial focus shifts depending on the stage of implementation. We created a framework with the managerial practices that are most important during each stage of the implementation. First, planning is essential in the Pre-implementation stage with gathering knowledge and inspiration and having meetings to prepare before implementing Reduced Working Hours. The second stage, During-implementation presented manage as the essential focus. With guiding, communicating, and involving as the key practices. Lastly, in the Post-implementation stage, managers need to iterate. This is done by collecting feedback, revising the information to improve processes and practices.

In this dissertation, I develop theoretical models and an empirical study of the role of social interactions, the evolution of social norms, and their impact on individual behavior. Although my models are consistent with individual utility maximization, they generally emphasize social factors that channel individual decisions and/or shape individuals' preferences. I apply this approach to three different issues: labor supply, fertility decisions, and intergenerational transfers, generating predictions that are more consistent with observed empirical patterns of behavior than standard neoclassical approaches that assume independent preferences, perfect information, and efficient markets. In the first essay, I explain the long-run evolution of working hours during the 20th century in developed countries: the substantial decline for the first three quarters of the 20th century and the deceleration or even reversal of the fall in working hours in the last quarter. I develop a model of the determination of working hours and how this process is affected by both the conflict between employers and employees and the employees' desire to emulate the consumption standards of the rich reference group. The model also explores the effects of direct and indirect policies to limit hours advocated by political representations of workers such as trade unions or leftist parties. In the second essay, I study the coevolution of gender norms and fertility regimes. Since the 1990s, a new pattern of positive correlation between fertility rates and female labor force participation emerged in developed countries. This recent trend seems inconsistent with conventional economic approaches that explain fertility decline as a result of the increasing opportunity costs of childrearing, predicting a negative correlation between fertility and women's labor force participation. To address this puzzle, I develop a model of the evolution of gender norms and fertility in various economic environments influenced by the level of women's wages. Randomly matched spouses make choices related to fertility - labor supply and the division of household labor - based on their preferences shaped by gender norms. In the model, norm updating is influenced by both within-family payoffs and conformism payoffs from social interactions among the same sex. The model shows how changes in economic environments and the degree of conformism toward norms can alter fertility outcomes. The results suggest that the asymmetric evolution of gender norms between men and women could contribute to very low fertility, explaining the positive correlation between fertility and women's labor force participation. Finally, I estimate the effect of exogenously introduced public pensions for the elderly on the amount of private transfers they receive. There has been a long debate whether public transfers crowd out private transfers. Previous empirical studies on this issue suffer from the endogeneity of income that contaminates estimates. I use an exogenously introduced public transfer, the Basic Old Age Pension in Korea, to test the crowding out hypothesis. A considerable proportion of the elderly population, especially women living without a spouse, do not experience the crowding out effect and moreover, among those who do, the size of the effect is relatively small. The results support the redistribution effect of the Basic Old Age Pension targeting the poor elderly in Korea.

No description available.

Our physical, social and mental health are all important for our wellbeing and no one should feel ill or mistreated because of their work situation. Despite this, an increasing number of people are suffering from unhealthy workload or victimization at work. Mental illness is an increasing problem and cost society around 70 billion SEK each year, 50 % of which can be related to loss in production caused by sick-leave. In addition to the immeasurable human costs, Sweden now faces one of its greatest challenges in modern time. In order to counteract this development, the Swedish Work Environmental Authority released new provisions regarding the organisational and social work environment called AFS 2015:4 which are aimed at all activities where an employee perform work on the employers account. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of difficulties and possibilities when revising current work practices to fulfil the provisions. The thesis uses a case study approach taking place in an organisation within Svevia, a Swedish construction company, using a literature review, a document analysis, interviews and a questionnaire. The findings indicate that even though the organisation had major efforts put into their work environment management, there were improvements to be made regarding the organisational and social work environment. Furthermore, what can be improved and how the organisation can support the improvements to fulfill the provisions and work towards a better work environment is concluded. The results are of great practical use not only to the case organisation but to all organisations similar in nature.

O mercado de trabalho de motoristas de caminhão no Brasil é de suma importância para a economia nacional, já que contempla cerca de 2 milhões de caminhoneiros e 61% do transporte de cargas do País é feito pelas rodovias. No entanto, há alguns problemas: os caminhoneiros trabalham sobre um regime de horas exaustivo, o que ocasiona externalidades negativas sérias na economia, como distúrbios de saúde e graves acidentes nas estradas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho, com base nos dados da PNAD-IBGE, teve dois objetivos: i) para todo o período de 2002 a 2015, realizamos uma análise socioeconômica dos motoristas de caminhão no Brasil; ii) analisamos os impactos da \"Lei do Descanso\" (2012) e da \"Lei do caminhoneiro\" (2015) sobre características importantes do mercado de trabalho dos caminhoneiros. Para a primeira parte, encontramos para 2015 que cerca de 62% dos motoristas de caminhão possuem somente até o Ensino Fundamental; 78% ganham de 1 a 3 salários mínimos; 58% trabalham com carteira assinada e 28% por conta própria; 43% trabalham mais do que 44 horas semanais. Com relação à evolução dessas características ao longo do período analisado, comparamos elas com os atributos do mesmo grupamento ocupacional dos caminhoneiros. Quanto ao rendimento, em 2002, a diferença era de R$ 750,00; em 2015, caiu para R$ 550,00. Já para as horas trabalhadas na semana, em 2002, essa diferença era de 10 horas, passando para 5 horas em 2015. Com respeito ao segundo objetivo, investigamos o efeito das leis mencionadas sobre o rendimento, a jornada de trabalho e a formalização do trabalho dos motoristas de caminhão, utilizando o estimador de diferenças em diferenças com ponderação pelo escore de propensão. Não encontramos efeitos da \"Lei do descanso\" sobre rendimentos e formalização. No entanto, houve, para 15 meses após a vigência da legislação, redução de cerca de uma hora para a jornada de trabalho semanal dos caminhoneiros. No que diz respeito à \"Lei do caminhoneiro\", nossas estimações mostraram que essa lei reduziu o número de horas trabalhadas pelos motoristas de caminhão em cerca de uma hora. Contudo, um dos efeitos adversos da vigência da lei foi a diminuição do rendimento mensal desses profissionais em aproximadamente R$ 70,00. Dessa maneira, pode-se concluir que o governo obteve êxito em reduzir o número de horas trabalhadas pelos caminhoneiros. / The labor market of truck drivers in Brazil is of paramount importance to the national economy, since it includes about 2 million truck drivers and 61 % of the country\'s cargo transport is done by road. However, there are some problems: truck drivers work on an exhausting hours regime, which causes serious negative externalities in the economy, such as health disturbances and serious road accidents. In this context, the present study, based on PNAD-IBGE data, had two objectives: i) for the entire period from 2002 to 2015, we carried out a socioeconomic analysis of truck drivers in Brazil; ii) we analyze the impacts of the \"Lei do descanso\" (2012) and the \"Lei dos caminhoneiros\" (2015) on important characteristics of the labor market of truck drivers. For the first part, we find that about 62% of truck drivers only have until Elementary School; 78% earn from 1 to 3 minimum wages; 58% work with a formal contract and 28% on their own. Regarding the evolution of these characteristics over the analyzed period, we compare them with the attributes of the same occupational grouping of the truck drivers, so that both have similar characteristics. As for income, in 2002, the difference was R$ 750.00; in 2015, fell to R$ 550.00. For the hours worked in the week, in 2002, this difference was 10 hours, going to 5 hours in 2015. With respect to the second objective, we investigated the effect of the mentioned laws using the difference-in-difference estimator weighted by the propensity score. We did not find statistically significant results of the effect of the \"Lei do descanso\" on income and formalization. However, we noted, for 15 months after the legislation was in force, a reduction of about one hour for the truckers\' weekly working day. Regarding the \"Lei do caminhoneiro\", our estimates showed that this law reduced the number of hours worked by truck drivers in about an hour. However, one of the adverse effects of the enactment of the law was to reduce the income of these professionals by approximately R$ 70.00. In this way, it can be concluded that the government succeeded in reducing the number of hours worked by the truck drivers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Lima Monteiro.pdf: 1550187 bytes, checksum: 886b8873ba2a5f30919bfabcdd70d3aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In 2008, the professionals from the city government of Diadema, Sao Paulo, Brazil, whose occupation has complete higher education as a requirement conquered the reduction in their working hours, without wage loss, through the municipal Complementary Law 260. In turn, the federal Law 12,317, enacted on August 26, 2010, established the length of thirty working hours per week for social workers, on a national basis. The professional category s conquest established by law at the federal and municipal levels provided the choice of this dissertation s theme with consistency and relevance: the reduction in the length of working hours for social workers, which completes five years. The aim is analyzing the personal and professional repercussions of the length of thirty working hours per week from the perspective of social workers and the effects of this new professional reality. The study is based on Marxist authors and it analyzes labor as a social being s foundational category, besides transformations in the contemporary capitalist society. The methodology adopted includes literature review and documentary research on files of the respondents, the city government of Diadema, and the Union of Public Employees of Diadema. The empirical work combined the qualitative and quantitative approaches to the application of questionnaires to social workers with thirty working hours per week and semistructured interviews. The results showed that the reduction in the working hours positively reflected on the respondents personal lives and on the quality of services provided, but it didn t cause the immediate search for other employment contracts. However, the thirty working hours per week didn t result, in a significant way, in hiring of professionals and it caused intensification in the pace of work. It s essential that collective struggles are undertaken so that the implementation of working hours reduction expand the number of jobs without generating an overload for the professionals and that this achievement reaches other professional categories / Em 2008, os profissionais da Prefeitura de Diadema-SP cuja ocupação tenha como requisito curso superior completo conquistaram a redução de sua jornada de trabalho, sem diminuição de salário, por meio da Lei Complementar municipal n. 260. Já a Lei federal n. 12.317, de 26 de agosto de 2010, estabeleceu a duração de trinta horas semanais para o trabalho dos assistentes sociais, em âmbito nacional. A conquista da categoria profissional estabelecida em lei nos planos federal e municipal conferiu consistência e pertinência à escolha do tema desta dissertação: a redução da jornada de trabalho dos assistentes sociais, que completa cinco anos. O objetivo é analisar as repercussões pessoais e profissionais da jornada de trinta horas semanais sob a ótica dos assistentes sociais e os efeitos dessa nova realidade profissional. O estudo baseia-se em autores marxistas e analisa o trabalho como categoria fundante do ser social, além de transformações na sociedade capitalista contemporânea. A metodologia adotada inclui revisão de literatura e pesquisa documental em arquivos dos entrevistados, da Prefeitura de Diadema e do Sindicato dos Funcionários Públicos de Diadema. O trabalho empírico combinou as abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa à aplicação de questionários a assistentes sociais com carga horária de trinta horas semanais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados demonstraram que a redução da jornada de trabalho refletiu positivamente na vida pessoal dos entrevistados e na qualidade dos serviços prestados, mas não provocou a busca imediata por outros vínculos empregatícios. Entretanto, as trinta horas semanais não resultaram, de forma significativa, na contratação de profissionais e provocaram a intensificação do ritmo de trabalho. É fundamental que lutas coletivas sejam empreendidas para que a efetivação da redução de jornada de trabalho amplie o número de postos de trabalho sem gerar sobrecarga para os profissionais e que essa conquista alcance outras categorias profissionais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniella Queiroz Bertolani Carastan.pdf: 2651442 bytes, checksum: 3105f1db2a80ea46086e0020e1536e63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work, we propose a dialogue between History and legal matters, aiming to analyze the situation of bank workers in the 1990s. We evidence the interaction between labor claims and the press produced by the bank workers. The study of these themes enriches our understanding of these fields from different points of view. Bank workers belong to a group of workers who have collaborated on the economical and social development of the nation. One of these peculiarities is the strength of their trade union, and bank workers have become pioneers in the conquest of labor rights. The efforts of the union are evidenced by the study of the newspaper Folha Bancária and a collective bargaining. We will also analyze Labor Justice's stance on labor claims filed by bank workers / Este trabalho propõe realizar um diálogo entre a História e a área jurídica, cujo objetivo é a análise da situação dos trabalhadores bancários na década de 1990. Evidenciamos a interação entre os processos trabalhistas e a imprensa produzida pelos bancários. Os temas ventilados enriquecem o entendimento entre esses campos a partir de diferentes pontos de vista, conforme veremos ao longo da pesquisa. Os bancários fazem parte de um grupo de trabalhadores que colaboram para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Uma dessas particularidades está na força de seu sindicato, os bancários têm sido pioneiros na conquista dos direitos trabalhistas. Esse empenho do sindicato pode ser visto por meio das análises do jornal Folha Bancária e de um dissídio coletivo. Com relação às reclamações trabalhistas, veremos qual é a posição da Justiça do Trabalho quando os bancários ingressam com esses processos

O mercado de trabalho de motoristas de caminhão no Brasil é de suma importância para a economia nacional, já que contempla cerca de 2 milhões de caminhoneiros e 61% do transporte de cargas do País é feito pelas rodovias. No entanto, há alguns problemas: os caminhoneiros trabalham sobre um regime de horas exaustivo, o que ocasiona externalidades negativas sérias na economia, como distúrbios de saúde e graves acidentes nas estradas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho, com base nos dados da PNAD-IBGE, teve dois objetivos: i) para todo o período de 2002 a 2015, realizamos uma análise socioeconômica dos motoristas de caminhão no Brasil; ii) analisamos os impactos da \"Lei do Descanso\" (2012) e da \"Lei do caminhoneiro\" (2015) sobre características importantes do mercado de trabalho dos caminhoneiros. Para a primeira parte, encontramos para 2015 que cerca de 62% dos motoristas de caminhão possuem somente até o Ensino Fundamental; 78% ganham de 1 a 3 salários mínimos; 58% trabalham com carteira assinada e 28% por conta própria; 43% trabalham mais do que 44 horas semanais. Com relação à evolução dessas características ao longo do período analisado, comparamos elas com os atributos do mesmo grupamento ocupacional dos caminhoneiros. Quanto ao rendimento, em 2002, a diferença era de R$ 750,00; em 2015, caiu para R$ 550,00. Já para as horas trabalhadas na semana, em 2002, essa diferença era de 10 horas, passando para 5 horas em 2015. Com respeito ao segundo objetivo, investigamos o efeito das leis mencionadas sobre o rendimento, a jornada de trabalho e a formalização do trabalho dos motoristas de caminhão, utilizando o estimador de diferenças em diferenças com ponderação pelo escore de propensão. Não encontramos efeitos da \"Lei do descanso\" sobre rendimentos e formalização. No entanto, houve, para 15 meses após a vigência da legislação, redução de cerca de uma hora para a jornada de trabalho semanal dos caminhoneiros. No que diz respeito à \"Lei do caminhoneiro\", nossas estimações mostraram que essa lei reduziu o número de horas trabalhadas pelos motoristas de caminhão em cerca de uma hora. Contudo, um dos efeitos adversos da vigência da lei foi a diminuição do rendimento mensal desses profissionais em aproximadamente R$ 70,00. Dessa maneira, pode-se concluir que o governo obteve êxito em reduzir o número de horas trabalhadas pelos caminhoneiros. / The labor market of truck drivers in Brazil is of paramount importance to the national economy, since it includes about 2 million truck drivers and 61 % of the country\'s cargo transport is done by road. However, there are some problems: truck drivers work on an exhausting hours regime, which causes serious negative externalities in the economy, such as health disturbances and serious road accidents. In this context, the present study, based on PNAD-IBGE data, had two objectives: i) for the entire period from 2002 to 2015, we carried out a socioeconomic analysis of truck drivers in Brazil; ii) we analyze the impacts of the \"Lei do descanso\" (2012) and the \"Lei dos caminhoneiros\" (2015) on important characteristics of the labor market of truck drivers. For the first part, we find that about 62% of truck drivers only have until Elementary School; 78% earn from 1 to 3 minimum wages; 58% work with a formal contract and 28% on their own. Regarding the evolution of these characteristics over the analyzed period, we compare them with the attributes of the same occupational grouping of the truck drivers, so that both have similar characteristics. As for income, in 2002, the difference was R$ 750.00; in 2015, fell to R$ 550.00. For the hours worked in the week, in 2002, this difference was 10 hours, going to 5 hours in 2015. With respect to the second objective, we investigated the effect of the mentioned laws using the difference-in-difference estimator weighted by the propensity score. We did not find statistically significant results of the effect of the \"Lei do descanso\" on income and formalization. However, we noted, for 15 months after the legislation was in force, a reduction of about one hour for the truckers\' weekly working day. Regarding the \"Lei do caminhoneiro\", our estimates showed that this law reduced the number of hours worked by truck drivers in about an hour. However, one of the adverse effects of the enactment of the law was to reduce the income of these professionals by approximately R$ 70.00. In this way, it can be concluded that the government succeeded in reducing the number of hours worked by the truck drivers.

<p>At the same time as many urban economies are developing into 24-hour societies it is becoming increasingly popular amongst shift workers to compress their working hours. This is done by working longer shifts (>8h) and/or restricting free time (<16h) in between shifts – the main reasons are to gain longer bouts of free time and extra free weekends. However, there is a limited knowledge of the effects of such arrangements on sleep and wakefulness. Thus, the main purposes of the present thesis were to evaluate the effects of long working hours (in the form of 12h shifts) and short recovery periods. Another aim was to evaluate possible mechanisms that could suggest why some individuals develop problems with shift work while others do not.</p><p>We used a combination of methods - sleep diaries, wake diaries, blood samples and objective measures of sleep and cognitive performance - across whole or large parts of shift schedules to evaluate acute effects of particularly demanding working periods, as well as the total effects of a shift cycle. Study I evaluated the effect of changing from an 8h- to a 12h-shift system. Study II evaluated the effects of long shifts in a shift schedule with both 8h- and 12h-shifts. Study III evaluated the effects of several consecutive short recovery periods (8-9h of recovery) and whether satisfaction with ones’ work hours was associated to problems with sleep and sleepiness. Study IV evaluated whether endocrinological markers of catabolic (cortisol) and anabolic (testosterone) activity changed across a shift sequence and whether satisfaction were related to them. Study V was a laboratory simulation of the effects of a short recovery period (4h of sleep) and whether a short nap could counteract any detrimental effects.</p><p>There was no convincing evidence for 12h shifts inducing more problems with sleep and sleepiness than 8h shifts. With regard to recovery time between shifts, the shortest recovery times (only 8h) seriously shortened sleep duration and increased sleepiness, while 12h of recovery (between two consecutive 12h shifts) was judged as having no or limited effects on acute measures. The problems with the shortest recovery periods were worse in a schedule with several consecutive shifts and less pronounced in a schedule with few consecutive shifts. With regard to individual differences, it was found that subjects being dissatisfied with their working hours were vulnerable to short recovery periods, which was evident by less sufficient sleep and an accumulation of sleepiness across work periods with limited recovery time. Interestingly, these problems disappeared when they were allowed to recover after the work period. In addition, dissatisfied male shift workers had lower testosterone levels at the end of work periods, indicating disturbed anabolic activity. The simulated quick return supported that curtailed sleep affected sleepiness and performance and that a short nap could counteract these effects temporarily.</p><p>It is concluded that long shifts (up to 12h) may be acceptable, whereas short recovery time (8h or less) is not. Most of the problems with short recovery periods were related to short sleep and sleepiness, and there is, clearly, a subgroup of workers that suffer more from this than others. It is argued that insufficient sleep and low testosterone levels (in males) might be key factors for developing shift intolerance, mainly by reducing the capacity to recover from shift work.</p>

<p>Syfte: Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att få en förståelse för varför så stor andel av fastighetsmäklarstudenterna vid Högskolan i Gävle i slutändan väljer ett annat yrke.</p><p>•Vilka faktorer ligger till grund för valet att byta yrkesinriktning för de studenter som fullbordat sina studier till fastighetsmäklare vid Högskolan i Gävle?</p><p>•Vilken roll spelar HIG i studenters val att inte arbeta som fastighetsmäklare?</p><p>•Hur påverkar studenternas inställningar och förväntningar på mäklaryrket i deras val att byta bransch?</p><p>•Hur påverkar de speciella omständigheterna i fastighetsmäklarbranschen ett eventuellt branschbyte?</p><p>Metod: Vårt forskningsarbete har utgått från en kvalitativ inriktning med det hermeneutiska perspektivet som grundpelare. Vi har utfört totalt 45 stycken intervjuer både personliga och per telefon där dock ett fåtal besvarades per e-post.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Våra slutsatser sammanfattas i följande punkter.</p><p>1.Den stora arbetsbördan i kombination med arbetstiderna</p><p>2.Lönen. Både dess struktur och storlek i förhållande till arbetsinsats</p><p>3.Felaktiga förväntningar och inställning till yrket</p><p>4.Tufft yrke med hård konkurrens</p><p>5.Inga eller få arbeten på orten + Familjesituationen</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vår studie begränsade sig till att endast omfatta högskolan i Gävle men en rikstäckande undersökning borde vara av intresse för både branschen och högskolorna. Det vore även intressant att analysera skillnaden mellan varför folk tror att andra byter yrke med varför just personen själv bytte.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Vår förhoppning är att denna studie skall innehålla ett nyhetsvärde för flera inblandade parter i fastighetsmäklarbranschen, studenterna som läser till fastighetsmäklare, Högskolan i Gävle och sist men inte minst fastighetsmäklarbranschen själv.</p> / <p>Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to achieve an understanding of why such great parts of the students studying to become a real estate agent at the University of Gävle in the end choose another profession.</p><p>Method: Our empirical study is based upon the qualitative alignment with the hermeneutical perspective as base. We have conducted 45 interviews in total, both face to face and by telephone where a few were answered by email.</p><p>Result & conclusions: Our conclusions are concluded in the following bullet points:</p><p>1.The extensive work load in combination with the working hours</p><p>2.The salary, both its structure and size in relation to the work effort</p><p>3.Incorrect expectations and attitude towards the profession</p><p>4.Tough profession with fierce competition</p><p>5.None or few available positions in the locality + Family situation</p><p>Suggestions for future research: Our study was limited to only include the University of Gävle but a nation wide research would be of interest for both the industry and the universities. It would also be interesting to analyze the difference between why people believe others change trade and why the persons themselves changed.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: Our expectation with this study is that it contains news value for several different parties within the real estate industry, the students studying to become real estate agents, the University of Gävle and last but not least the real estate industry itself.</p>