A consagração do neoliberalismo como ideologia dominante, em meados dos anos 1980 veio acompanhada de diversas mudanças no papel do Estado, principalmente no que concerne às questões sociais, que passaram a ser repassadas ao setor social. Tal mudança vem abrindo espaço para que se questione o lugar de certas organizações – as ONG -, as quais, nos anos 1960/70/80, atuaram na América Latina como verdadeiros partidos políticos em defesa dos grupos socialmente mais vulneráveis (CARRION; COSTA, 2011). Paralelamente, em um contexto no qual o neoliberalismo tem se consagrado não somente como ideologia, mas como práxis, modificações na paisagem urbana das cidades têm privilegiado a valorização fundiária, acompanhada da expulsão dos grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos para regiões periféricas das cidades. Assim, em tempos de preparação para a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014, que resultará em diversas mudanças na paisagem urbanística de Porto Alegre, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as ações da ONG Cidade – tradicional defensora dos interesses urbano-ambientais das camadas mais vulneráveis da população - a fim de analisar em que medida sua presença na esfera pública contribui para que o planejamento urbano em Porto Alegre seja democraticamente construído. Para tanto, estudo caracterizou-se como qualitativo e exploratório, possuindo como método o estudo de caso. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram a observação participante e a análise documental. Para a análise dos dados colhidos, que foi baseada na análise de conteúdo, utilizou-se como referencial teórico o pensamento habermasiano e, em especial, o debate acerca das teorias de mundo da vida e mundo do sistema (1992; 2002). Como resultados, a pesquisa desvelou, de um lado, as dificuldades que a ONG Cidade tem enfrentado para se fazer ouvir nos canais formais de participação popular, estabelecidos para o debate relacionado às questões urbanas e, de outro, a cumplicidade do Estado com os interesses do capital. Esses fatores têm contribuído para a disseminação de um modelo de „cidade da exclusão‟, o qual, em nome da mais valia fundiária, está transferindo a população de baixa renda para regiões periféricas da cidade. Diante do exposto, fica claro que a lógica habermasiana de mundo do sistema é a que predomina na esfera pública que trata do planejamento urbano de Porto Alegre. Por fim, evidencia-se que a ONG Cidade mantém sua autonomia política de ação diante do Estado e contribui para a construção democrática à medida que foca seu trabalho na articulação dos movimentos sociais em torno de alternativas de resistência ao modelo excludente apresentado pelo governo municipal. Entretanto, em um mundo que está em constantes mudanças, onde o papel do Estado é sucessivamente redefinido, pode-se questionar: Até quando entidades tradicionalmente defensoras dos interesses das camadas mais vulneráveis da população, como a ONG Cidade, vão conseguir manter sua lógica de atuação e defender os interesses daqueles que representam? / The consecration of neoliberalism as the dominant ideology in the mid-1980s was accompanied by several changes in the role of the state, especially regarding social issues, which came to be passed on to the social sector. This change has opened space for questioning whether the place of certain organizations - NGOs - which, in the years 1960/70/80, worked in Latin America as real political parties in the interests of socially vulnerable groups (CARRION; COAST, 2011). In parallel, in a context in which neoliberalism has been enshrined not only as an ideology, but as practice, changes in the urban landscape of cities have tended to increase in land values, accompanied by the expulsion of the socially and economically disadvantaged groups to the outskirts of cities.Thus, in times of preparation for the FIFA World Cup 2014, which will result in several changes in the urban landscape of Porto Alegre, this research aimed to investigate the actions of NGO Cidade - traditional defender of urban-environmental vulnerable population layers interests - in order to analyze to what extent its presence in the public sphere contributes so that the urban planning in Porto Alegre could democratically be built. For this reason, the study characterized as qualitative and exploratory, and the method used was a case study. The techniques of data collection were participant observation and document analysis. In order to analyze the data collected, which was based on content analysis, was used a theoretical Habermas's thought, in particular, the debate about the theories of the life world and the world of system (1992; 2002). As the survey results unveiled, on one side, the difficulties that the NGOs Cidade has faced to be heard in formal channels of popular participation established for the discussion related to urban issues, and, on the other hand, the complicity of state with the interests of capital. These factors have contributed to spread a model of a „city of exclusion', which, on behalf of the more valuable land, is shifting to low-income city peripheral areas. In the view of the forgoing, it is clear that the logic of Habermas about world of system is the one that prevails in the public sphere which treats urban planning in Porto Alegre. Finally, it is evident that the NGO Cidade keeps its political autonomy of action against the state and contributes to a democratic building as it focuses its work on the articulation of social movements around resistence alternatives to the exclusionary model presented by the municipal government. However, in a world that is constantly changing, where the role of the state is successively redefined, the question remains: Even when entities traditionally champions of the interests of the most vulnerable population, such as NGOs Cidade, will get his logic performance and protect the interests of those they represent?

Preoperativ ångest är en vanlig upplevelse hos patienter som ska genomgå kirurgiska ingrepp och kan orsaka patienten lidande och negativa konsekvenser på individ- och samhällsnivå. Anestesisjuksköterskan ska erbjuda en personcentrerad vård av hög kvalitet grundad i livsvärldsperspektivet och ge en stödjande individualiserad perioperativ omvårdnad till patienter som upplever de här känslorna, för att kunna lindra lidande och främja hälsa samt välbefinnande. Farmakologiska behandlingar kan medföra oönskade bieffekter, därför är det relevant att undersöka effektiviteten av icke farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder för att lindra patienters preoperativa ångest. Metoden som har tillämpats är en systematisk litteraturöversikt med en narrativ dataanalys av 24 kvantitativa studier. Resultatet tyder på att icke farmakologiska strategier som musik, Virtual Reality (VR), aromaterapi, akupunktur och akupressur kan lindra patienters preoperativa ångest och vara värdefulla tilläggande verktyg i den perioperativa omvårdnaden, även om fler studier om olika typer av kirurgiska ingrepp med både kvinnor och män behövs för att stärka fynden. Slutsatserna indikerar att genomförandet av studier i nordiska länder kan bidra till ökad kunskap och förtroende för de här alternativen hos vårdpersonal. Användandet av de här omvårdnadsåtgärderna kan leda till en minskning av farmakologiska behandlingar för att hantera preoperativ ångest, vilket främjar god hälsa och välbefinnande samt gynnar hållbar utveckling. / Preoperative anxiety is a common experience among patients undergoing surgical procedures and can cause patient suffering and negative consequences at both individual and societal levels. The nurse anaesthetist must provide high quality person-centered care grounded in the lifeworld perspective and offer supportive, individualized perioperative nursing care to patients experiencing these feelings, aiming to alleviate suffering, promote health and enhance well-being. Pharmacological treatments may entail undesirable side effects, hence, it is relevant to examine the effectiveness of non-pharmacological nursing interventions in alleviating patients' preoperative anxiety. The method that has been applied is a systematic literature review with a narrative data analysis of 24 quantitative studies. The findings suggest that non-pharmacological strategies such as music, Virtual Reality (VR), aromatherapy, acupuncture, and acupressure can alleviate patients' preoperative anxiety and serve as valuable adjunctive tools in perioperative care, although further studies involving various types of surgical procedures with both genders are needed to substantiate the findings. The conclusions indicate that conducting studies in Nordic countries can contribute to increased knowledge and confidence in these alternatives among healthcare professionals. Implementing these nursing interventions may lead to a reduction in pharmacological treatments for managing preoperative anxiety, thereby promoting good health and well-being and fostering sustainable development.

Francis Schaeffer presented a Christian world and life-view encompassing the totality of reality as an alternative to a fragmented view of reality. Refinements of dualism are examined from within a theological context giving substance to his understanding of modern world and life-view trends. Dualisms may be traced from the dawn of history of religion. It was Thomas Aquinas who profoundly influenced Western thought into a secular compartment through a synthesis of Christian dogma with Aristotelian presuppositions. The reign of the sacred diminished and a predominantly secular pathway may be traced through disciplines such as philosophy, arts, science and theology. This dissertation suggests that a dualistic analysis of reality is limited in its application. A model is suggested which traces all of reality to its ultimate source, God. The Fall brought about a dialectic which is found within the totality of a Christian world and life-view. / Philosophy, Practical & Sytematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology.

Francis Schaeffer presented a Christian world and life-view encompassing the totality of reality as an alternative to a fragmented view of reality. Refinements of dualism are examined from within a theological context giving substance to his understanding of modern world and life-view trends. Dualisms may be traced from the dawn of history of religion. It was Thomas Aquinas who profoundly influenced Western thought into a secular compartment through a synthesis of Christian dogma with Aristotelian presuppositions. The reign of the sacred diminished and a predominantly secular pathway may be traced through disciplines such as philosophy, arts, science and theology. This dissertation suggests that a dualistic analysis of reality is limited in its application. A model is suggested which traces all of reality to its ultimate source, God. The Fall brought about a dialectic which is found within the totality of a Christian world and life-view. / Philosophy, Practical and Sytematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology.

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