Core- and Valence Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES), X-ray- and Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS and UV-Vis), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are used to study the electronic and geometrical structure of a class of macro-cyclic molecules, Phthalocyanines (Pc), on surfaces. These molecules are widely studied due to their application in many different fields. Multilayer and monolayer coverages of Iron Phthalocyanine (FePc) and metal-free Phthalocyanine (H2Pc) deposited on different surfaces are investigated in order to get insight in the electronic and geometrical structure of the obtained overlayers, of crucial importance for the understanding of the film functionality. Sublimation of molecular thick films on Si(100) and on conducting glass results in films with molecules mainly oriented with their molecular plane orthogonal to the surface. Ex-situ deposited H2Pc films on conductive glass show different molecular orientation and morphology with respect to the vacuum sublimated films. We study the monolayer adsorption structure of FePc and H2Pc and compare our results with other Pc’s adsorbed on graphite. We find that the molecular unit cell and the superstructure is characteristic for each Pc adsorbed on graphite, even if the geometrical size of the compared molecules is the same. The PE- and XA- spectra of FePc on graphite are essentially identical for the mono- and multilayer preparations, evidencing weak intermolecular and molecular-substrate interactions of van der Waals nature. Furthermore, we characterize Pc’s on InSb (001)-c(8x2). The substrate In rows are observed to be the adsorption site for Pc’s. We find that the growth of the two-dimensional islands of FePc is prolonged in the [-110] direction, in contrast to ZnPc adsorbed on the same substrate at room temperature. We interpret this result as an indication that the adsorption is controlled by the substrate corrugation observed at 70 K.

In this study, the oxygen-deficient TiO2, SrTiO3 systems and transition metal ion (Cr or V) doped TiO2, SrTiO3 and SrZrO3 systems have been investigated. We prepared samples as polycrystals, single crystals and thin films for various desires. Their structural, physical and electronic properties were measured by bulk-sensitive techniques (X-Ray Diffraction, SQUID and Electro Paramagnetic Resonance) or surface-sensitive techniques (Photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The measurement of SQUID and EPR showed not only their magnetic properties but also the valence state of Cr dopant. We verified the valence state of Cr ions in oxides and found the key parameters of sample synthesis which control the valence state of Cr ions. Segregated phases such as SrCrO4 were formed when the samples were synthesized under O2 rich environment. The surface properties of Cr doped SrZrO3 films are also discussed. We found the synthesis conditions which influence on not only the behavior of Cr ions but also the resistive-switching behaviors. Various resistive-switching behaviors seem to depend on the surface chemistry of films. We found that the accumulation of Cr3+ on film surface provides a clean interface without any non-stoichiometric oxides and that this sharp interface termination results in a good performance of resistive-switching.

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TyrH) is a pterin-dependent mononuclear non-heme iron oxygenase. TyrH catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). This reaction is the first and the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters. The active site iron in TyrH is coordinated by the common facial triad motif, 2-His-1-Glu. A combination of kinetic and spectroscopic techniques was applied in order to obtain insight into the catalytic mechanism of this physiologically important enzyme. Analysis of the TyrH reaction by rapid freeze-quench Mossbauer spectroscopy allowed the first direct characterization of an Fe(IV) intermediate in a mononuclear nonheme enzyme catalyzing aromatic hydroxylation. Further rapid kinetic studies established the kinetic competency of this intermediate to be the long-postulated hydroxylating species, Fe(IV)O. Spectroscopic investigations of wild-type (WT) and mutant TyrH complexes using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) showed that the active site iron is 6-coordinate in the resting form of the enzyme and that binding of either tyrosine or 6MPH4 alone does not change the coordination. However, when both tyrosine and 6MPH4 are bound, the active site becomes 5-coordinate, creating an open site for reaction with O2. Investigation of the kinetics of oxygen reactivity of TyrH complexes in the absence and presence of tyrosine and/or 6MPH4 indicated that there is a significant enhancement in reactivity in the 5-coordinate complex in comparison to the 6-coordinate form. Similar investigations with E332A TyrH showed that Glu332 residue plays a role in directing the protonation of the bridged complex that forms prior to the formation of Fe(IV)O. Rapid chemical quench analyses of DOPA formation showed a burst of product formation, suggesting a slow product release step. Steady-state viscosity experiments established a diffusional step as being significantly rate-limiting. Further studies with stopped-flow spectroscopy indicated that the rate of TyrH reaction is determined by a combination of a number of physical and chemical steps. Investigation of the NO complexes of TyrH by means of optical absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) techniques revealed the relative positions of the substrate and cofactor with respect to NO, an O2 mimic, and provided further insight into how the active site is tuned for catalytic reactivity upon substrate and cofactor binding.

No description available.

Solid state approaches to structural properties like diffraction or microscopy techniques often cannot be applied to biomolecular systems, at least not without special postpreparation which often corrupts the desired properties of the pristine systems. In this work the capabilities of synchrotron-based, soft X-ray spectroscopies as an alternative way to unravel structural properties of such systems are tested. To this end, three exemplary systems were investigated each with the focus on another facet and characteristic length scale. The first example are DNA-alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers, also known as DNA microarrays or DNA chips, for which a way to monitor and controllably tune the structural composition on the mesoscopic scale of many thousands of molecules was sought for. The second example focuses on the single-molecule and submolecular scale in metalprotein hybrid compounds with the aim to identify the binding site of metal atoms or ions within protein molecules and the underlying interaction mechanisms. The most fundamental structural scale, the level of single bonds and molecular orbitals, is addressed in the last example where it was tried to elaborate an approach to map the topology of molecular orbitals based upon X-ray absorption properties. This approach was put to the practical test for the characteristic pi*peptide orbitals in protein backbones. For all three investigated examples, spectroscopies using soft X-ray synchrotron radiation were able to extract the desired information, thus confirming that they may grant alternative access to structural properties of soft-matter systems in cases where standard approaches fail. / Klassische Festkörpertechniken zur Strukturuntersuchung, wie Streu- oder Mikroskopiemethoden, können häufig nicht auf Biomolekülsysteme angewandt werden, zumindest nicht ohne spezielle Postpräparation, die die ursprünglichen Eigenschaften dieser Systeme oft verfälscht. In dieser Arbeit soll untersucht werden, inwieweit Röntgenspektroskopien basierend auf Synchrotronstrahlung einen alternativen Zugang zu Struktureigenschaften solcher Systeme bieten. Dazu wurden drei Systeme exemplarisch untersucht, jeweils mit Schwerpunkt auf einen anderen Aspekt und charakteristischen Längenbereich. Für selbstorganisierende DNA-Alkanthiol-Schichten, sogenannte DNA-Chips, wurde nach eine Weg gesucht, ihre strukturelle Zusammensetzung auf der mesoskopischen Ebene vieler tausend Moleküle zu bestimmen und kontrolliert zu modifizieren. Metallisierte Proteinstrukturen wurden auf Einzelmolekül- bzw. submolekularer Ebene untersucht, mit dem Ziel, die Orte der Metallanlagerung innerhalb des Proteins und die zugrundeliegenden Wechselwirkungsmechanismen zu identifizieren. Die unterste strukturelle Ebene, der Bereich einzelne Bindungen und Molekülorbitale, wurde adressiert am Beispiel der pi*peptide Orbitale des Proteinrückrats. Dafür wurde eine Methode zur Kartographierung einzelner Orbitale anhand von Röntgenabsorptionseigentschaften herausgearbeitet und praktisch getestet. In allen drei Fällen konnten Röntgenspektroskopien die nötigen Informationen liefern und damit ihr Potential für Strukturuntersuchungen in weicher Materie unter Beweis stellen.

O titanato e zirconato de chumbo \'PB\'(\'ZR\'1-y\'TI\'y)\'O IND.3\' é um material ferroelétrico de estrutura perovskita que tem sido aplicado como transdutores, amplificadores, sensores piezoelétricos, piroelétricos e memórias ferroelétricas. É bem estabelecido que a incorporação de íons de \'LA POT.3+\' ou \'BA POT.2+\' nos sítios ocupados pelo \'PB\' no sistema \'PB\'(\'ZR\'1-y\'TI\'y)\'O\' (PZT), formando os sistemas \'PB\'1-x\'LA\'x\'ZR\'1-y\'TI\'y\'O IND.3\' (PLZT) e \'PB\'1-x\'BA\'x\'ZR\'1-y\'TI\'y\'O IND.3\' (PBZT), provoca mudanças significativas nas suas propriedades. No entanto, poucos trabalhos tem sido dedicados a esses sistemas contendo altas concentrações de \'TI\', principalmente no que se refere à estrutura desses materiais. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar as propriedades estruturais e suas correlações com as propriedades dielétricas dos sistemas \'PB\'1-x\'LA\'x\'ZR\'0,40\'TI\'0,60\'O IND.3\' (PLZT100x) e \'PB\'1-x\'BA\'x\'ZR\'0,40\'TI\'0,60\'O IND.3\' (PBZT100x) em função da composição e da temperatura. Foram preparadas amostras cerâmicas por meio de sinterização convencional com x variando entre 0,05 e 0,21 para o sistema PLZT e entre 0,10 e 0,50 para o sistema PBZT. Em relação à estrutura a longa distância, medidas de difração de raios X mostraram uma diminuição no grau de tetragonalidade com o aumento da concentração dos cátions substituintes, que foi atribuída à formação de vacâncias no sítio A (caso do \'LA\') e diferença entre o raio iônico (caso do \'BA\'). Estas alterações estruturais em função da composição foram também responsáveis pelo aumento do grau de difusidade das curvas de permissividade dielétrica e pela observação de um estado ferroelétrico relaxor nas amostras contendo altas concentrações de \'LA\' e \'BA\'. Em relação à estrutural local, os resultados obtidos através da técnica de espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XAS) nas bordas \'K\' do \'TI\' e LIII do \'PB\' mostraram que a incorporação de átomos de \'LA\' ou \'BA\' à estrutura do PZT leva a uma redução no deslocamento do átomo de \'TI\' em relação ao centro do octaedro \'TI\'O IND.6\' e mudanças na ordem local do átomo de \'PB\'. No que tange as composições contendo 21% at. de \'LA\' e 50% at. de \'BA\', diferentemente dos resultados de DRX que mostraram uma simetria cúbica, a técnica de XAS mostrou uma simetria local tetragonal. Em bom acordo com os resultados obtidos pela técnica de espectroscopia Raman, espectros EXAFS medidos em altas temperaturas mostraram também que a estrutura local não é compatível com uma estrutura de simetria cúbica. Espectros XANES medidos na borda \'K\' do oxigênio revelaram uma redução no grau de hibridização entre os estados 2p do \'O\' com 6sp do \'PB\' à medida que a concentração de \'LA\' ou \'BA\' aumenta, que estaria relacionada com o surgimento de comportamento relaxor. Amostras cerâmicas densas nanoestruturadas de composição PZT, PLZT11 e PBZT10 foram preparadas pelo método de spark plasma sintering (SPS) a fim de analisar a influência do tamanho de grão. Foi verificado que as amostras sinterizadas por SPS apresentam tamanho de grão em torno de 60 nm. A caracterização dielétrica destas amostras mostra que a redução do tamanho de grão causa uma redução no valor de máximo da permissividade dielétrica e características difusas da permissividade em função da temperatura devido ao aumento das regiões de contorno de grão. / Lead titanate zirconate (\'PB\'(\'ZR\'1-x\'TI\'x)\'O IND.3\') are ferroelectric materials with perovskite structure which has been used as transducers, capacitors, piezoelectric and pyroelectric sensors and ferroelectric memories. The substitution of \'PB POT.+2\' ions by \'LA POT.+3\' or \'BA POT.+2\' ions in the \'PB\'(\'ZR\'1-x\'TI\'x)\'O IND.3\' (PZT) system, which leads to the formation of the \'PB\'1-x\'LA\'x\'ZR\'1-y\'TI\'y\'O IND.3\' (PLZT) and the \'PB\'1-x\'BA\'x\'ZR\'1-y\'TI\'y\'O IND.3\' (PBZT) systems, induces several changes in the electric and structural properties of these materials. However, PLZT or PBZT systems based on \'TI\'-rich compositions have not been thoroughly investigated and the literature contains few reports concerning their structure. Thus, the main objectives of this doctoral thesis were the synthesis and structural characterization of \'PB\'1-x\'R\'x\'ZR\'0.40\'TI\'0.60\'O IND.3\' ferroelectric ceramic samples, with R = \'BA\' and \'LA\' and x between 0.00 to 0.50 (PLZT100x and PBZT100x). The characterization with X-ray diffraction technique of these samples showed a decrease of the tetragonality degree with increase of the doping cation concentration, which was related to the appearance of defects caused by the incorporation of \'LA\' or \'BA\' cations. These structural modifications were also responsible by the increase of the diffuseness at the dielectric permittivity and a relaxor behavior as a function of the \'LA\' or \'BA\' concentration. Concerning the local structure, XANES spectra in the absorption edge of various elements in PLZT and PBZT samples were performed. In the cases of \'TI\' \'K\'-edge absorption, the doping of \'LA\' and \'BA\' atoms in the PZT structure leads to a reduction of the displacement of \'TI\' atom in the center of the \'TI\'O IND.6\' octahedron. However, even when the crystal structure is cubic, a local octahedron distortion remains. EXAFS measurements in \'PB\' LIII-edge and \'ZR\' \'K\'-edge were performed and also indicate that local structure around lead or zirconium atoms is also affected by the introduction of \'LA\' and \'BA\' atoms in the PZT structure. In addition, XANES spectra measured at \'O\' \'K\'-edge revealed a reduction in the hybridization degree between \'O\' 2p and \'PB\' 6sp states with the addition of \'LA\' or \'BA\' atoms to the structure of PZT. It has been shown that hybridization between these states is essential to ferroelectricity and this reduction would be related to the relaxor behavior. PLZT and PBZT systems were also studied depending on the size of particle size in a nanometer scale. Thus samples PZT, PLZT11 and PBZT10 compositions were prepared using the synthesis method of precursor polymers and the process of sintering by spark plasma. A pronounced decrease in the values of maximum permittivity was observed and the dielectric curve as a function of the temperature exhibits a diffuse behavior. This size-induced diffuse phase transition and the reduction of the permittivity magnitude could be related to the differences between the core grain and the grain boundaries.

L’identification des mécanismes de relâchement des Produits de Fission (PF) hors de combustible nucléaire irradié lors d’un accident grave est primordiale pour le développement de codes capables d’estimer précisément le terme source (nature et quantité des radionucléides émis dans l’environnement). Parmi les différents PF, les Ba, Cs, Mo et le Ru sont particulièrement intéressants, car ils peuvent interagir entre eux ou avec d’autres éléments et donc affecter leur relâchement. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux axes de travail ont été mis en place avec l’objectif d’identifier les phases chimiques présentes avant l’accident et leur évolution au cours de l’accident lui-même. L’approche expérimentale a consisté à reproduire les conditions d’un accident nucléaire à l’échelle du laboratoire, en utilisant des échantillons de combustibles irradiés et des matériaux modèles (UO₂ vierge dopés en 12 PF). Le principal avantage de ces derniers est l’utilisation de méthodes de spéciation chimique comme la Spectroscopie d’Absorption des rayons X, qui n’est pas aujourd’hui encore disponible pour les combustibles irradiés. Trois échantillons de combustible irradié ont été étudies, représentatifs de l’état initial (i.e. avant l’accident), d’une étape intermédiaire en température (1773K) et d’un état avancé d’accident nucléaire (2873K). Pour les matériaux modèles, plusieurs séquences accidentelles (de 573K à 1973K) ont été réalisés. Les résultats expérimentaux ont permis d’établir un nouveau mécanisme de relâchement des PF en en fonction des conditions oxydantes et réductrices du scénario accidentel. Ces résultats ont démontré aussi l’importance des matériaux modèles pour l’étude des accidents nucléaires graves, en complémentarité aux combustibles irradiés. / The identification of Fission Products (FP) release mechanism from irradiated nuclear fuels during a severe accident is of main importance for the development of codes for the estimation of the source-term (nature and quantity of radionuclides released into the environment). Among the many FP Ba, Cs, Mo and Ru present a particular interest, since they may interact with each other or other elements and thus affect their release. In the framework of this thesis, two work axes have been set up in order to identify, firstly, the chemical phases initially present before the accident and, secondly, their evolution during the accident itself. The experimental approach consisted in reproducing nuclear severe accidents conditions at laboratory scale using both irradiated fuels and model materials (natural UO₂ doped with 12 FP). The advantage of these latter is the possibility of using characterization methods such as X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy which are not available for irradiated fuels. Three irradiated fuel samples have been studied, representative to an initial state (before the accident), to an intermediate stage (1773K) and to an advanced stage (2873K) of a nuclear severe accident. Regarding to model materials, many accident sequences have been carried out, from 573 to 1973K. Experimental results have allowed to establish a new release mechanism, considering both reducing and oxidizing conditions during an accident. These results have also demonstrated the importance of model materials as a complement to irradiated nuclear fuels in the study of nuclear severe accidents.

Les travaux de recherche concernent l'étude des propriétés magnétiques des nanoparticules de coordination et de complexes à transition de spin assemblés en monocouches sur différents substrats métalliques par spectroscopie d’absorption des rayons X (XAS) aux seuils L₂,₃ des atomes métalliques. Nous utilisons le dichroïsme magnétique circulaire des rayons X (XMCD) et le dichroïsme naturel linéaire des rayons X (XNLD). La simulation des données expérimentales est réalisée par la méthode des multiplets en champ de ligands (LFM). Cette thèse est divisée en deux parties.La première partie vise à étudier l'anisotropie magnétique des nanoparticules magnétiques de coordination assemblées en une monocouche sur du graphite pyrolytique hautement orienté. Les mesures XAS, XNLD et XMCD révèlent la présence d'une anisotropie électronique et magnétique par l'ouverture d'une boucle d'hystérèse magnétique à basse température. En combinant les données expérimentales avec les calculs LFM, nous proposons un modèle structural de la surface des particules qui permet de rendre compte de l'anisotropie électronique et magnétique due à l'interface nanoparticules/vide.Dans la deuxième partie, on étudie la transition de spin thermique et photo-induite de complexes de Fe(II) assemblés en sous-monocouches sur des substrats métalliques. Les calculs LFM et les données expérimentales permettent de démêler les différents effets que les paramètres externes (température, rayons X, lumière bleue et rouge) induisent sur la nature et l'ampleur de la transition de spin. Une transition "anormale" de l’état haut spin vers bas spin, induite par la lumière bleue est découverte et analysée comme étant due à une interaction à l'interface entre les molécules et les substrats métalliques, cette interaction apportant l’énergie nécessaire à cette transition. / This thesis is focused on the investigation of the magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles and spin crossover complexes assembled as monolayers on different metallic substrates by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at the L₂,₃ edges of the metal atoms. We use X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) and X-ray Natural Linear Dichroism (XNLD) to do so. The simulation of the experimental data is carried out by Ligand Field Multiplet (LFM) calculations. This thesis is divided into two parts.The first part aims at studying the magnetic anisotropy of Prussian blue analog magnetic coordination nanoparticles that were assembled as a single layer on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite. XAS, XNLD and XMCD measurements disclose the presence of electronic and magnetic anisotropy by the opening of a magnetic hysteresis loop at low temperature. Combining experimental data with LFM calculations, we propose a structural model of the surface of the particles that allows accounting for electronic and magnetic anisotropy and that is proposed to be due to the single layer/vacuum interface.In the second part, thermal and light-induced spin crossover behavior of Fe(II) containing molecules have been assembled as a sub-monolayer on metallic substrates. Complementary LFM calculations and experimental XAS data allow unravelling the nature and the magnitude of the spin crossover as a function of the external stimuli (temperature, X-rays, blue and red light). An anomalous blue light effect allowing a crossover at low temperature from the high to low spin states is discovered and analyzed as being due to the interface between the molecules and the metallic substrates.

This project analyzes how an in-situ cell can be developed to withstand high amounts of pressure and temperature of at least 100 bar and 500 °C. A theoretical prototype will be created as a product for Malmö University and other researchers to use or improve. To make this possible, the five step method was used to present a symmetric geometrical concept for the cell. That geometric concept was designed in PTC Creo (Version 6.0.2.0 & 7.0) in 3D and drawings in 2D. The programs GRANTA EduPack (Version 2020 \& Version 2019) along with Hephaestus was used to determine a material selection that will be able to tolerate temperature, pressure and be at least ten percent transparent, to be able for the X-ray to pass through the material and into the sample. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to ensure that the cell adheres to the set values of pressure and not cause a catastrophic failure. The result turn out to be a elliptical three part in-situ cell of boron carbide outer shell, a beryllium main dome and a stainless steel plate for the material sample to be on top. The Finite Element Method also showed that the designed in-situ cells meet the requirements and fulfills the goal and purpose. Further development of safety features and the equipment will be needed to minimise the risk of and dangers of beryllium dust. / Detta projekt analyserar hur en in-situ cell kan utvecklas för att motstå höga mängder tryck och temperatur på minst 100 bar och 500 °C . En teoretisk prototyp kommer att skapas som en produkt för Malmö universitet och andra forskare att använda eller förbättra. För att göra detta möjligt användes femstegsmetoden för att presentera ett symmetriskt och geometriskt koncept för cellen. Det geometriska konceptet kommer att utformas 3-dimensionellt i PTC Creo (Version 6.0.2.0  7.0) och 2-dimensionella ritningar . GRANTA EduPack-programmen (Version 2020 \& Version 2019) tillsammans med Hephaestus användes för att bestämma ett materialval som kommer att kunna tolerera temperatur, tryck och vara minst tio procent transparent för att röntgenstrålningen ska kunna passera genom materialet och in i provet. Finite Element Method (FEM) kommer att användas för att säkerställa att cellen följer de inställda tryckvärdena och inte orsakar katastrofala fel. Resultatet visar sig vara en elliptisk tredelad in-situ cell av borkarbid som ett yttre skal, beryllium som huvudkupol och en rostfri stålplatta som underlag för materialprovet. Finite Element Method visade också att den designade in-situ-cellen uppfyller kraven och därför uppfyller målet och syftet. Detta innebär att vidareutveckling av säkerhetsfunktioner och utrustning kommer att behövas för att minimera risken för berusning från berylliumdammet.

Zusammenfassung Das beta-Proteobakterium Ralstonia eutropha H16 besitzt zwei [NiFe]-Hydrogenasen, die dem Organismus das Wachstum mit H2 als alleiniger Energiequelle unter aeroben Bedingungen ermöglichen. Reguliert wird die Expression dieser [NiFe]-Hydrogenasen durch ein bakterielles Zweikomponentensystem. Die Signaltransduktionskette besteht aus einer H2-sensierenden, regulatorischen [NiFe]-Hydrogenase (RH), einer Histidin-Proteinkinase und einem Response-Regulator. Um Einblicke in die Struktur-Funktions-Beziehung der H2-sensierenden Komponente zu bekommen, wurden Aminosäure-Austausche in konservierten Bereichen nahe des NiFe-Zentrums der RH durchgeführt. Der Austausch des invarianten Glu13 (E13Q, E13L) resultierte im Verlust der regulatorischen, der H2-oxidierenden und der H/D-Austauschaktivitäten. Spektroskopische Daten wiesen auf ein vollständig assembliertes NiFe-Zentrum hin. Mit Hilfe der ortho-/para-Konversionsaktivität wurde gezeigt, dass dieses Zentrum nach wie vor H2 binden kann. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass eine H2-Bindung am aktiven Zentrum nicht für die regulatorische Funktion der RH ausreicht. Durch den Austausch des Asp15 in His wurde der Konsensus eines konservierten Motivs der Standard-Hydrogenasen hergestellt. Das entstandene RH-Mutantenprotein besaß nur noch eine sehr niedrige H2-oxidierende Aktivität, bei nahezu unveränderter H/D-Austauschrate sowie intakter regulatorischer Aktivität. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass der H2-Umsatz nicht entscheidend für die H2-Sensierung ist. Um Informationen über die Struktur des aktiven Zentrums der RH zu erhalten, war es notwendig, große Mengen RH zu isolieren. Hierfür wurde die Strep-tag-Technologie eingesetzt, die es ermöglichte, die RH als natives Doppeldimer und als homodimeres Protein zu reinigen. Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie ergab erstmals, dass sich die Koordination des Nickel-Atoms im aktiven Zentrum sowohl im oxidierten als auch im reduzierten Zustand der RH deutlich von der in Standard-Hydrogenasen unterscheidet. / The beta-proteobacterium Ralstonia eutropha H16 is capable of using H2 as a facultative energy source by means of two distinct, energy-converting [NiFe]-hydrogenases. Transcription of the hydrogenase genes is regulated in response to the availability of H2 via a histidyl-aspartyl phosphorelay comprising a heterodimeric, regulatory [NiFe]-hydrogenase (RH), a histidine protein kinase and a response regulator. In order to gain insights into the mechanism of H2-mediated signal transduction, conserved amino acid residues close to the NiFe active site of the RH were exchanged. Replacement of the strictly conserved Glu13 within the RH large subunit by glutamine and leucine resulted in the loss of the regulatory, H2-oxidizing and hydrogen/deuterium exchange activities. Infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed, that the RH E13Q and E13L derivatives contained a fully assembled NiFe active site and showed para-/ortho-H2 conversion activity. These results indicated that H2-binding at the active site is not sufficient for H2 sensing. Replacement of Asp15, a residue unique in H2 sensors, by histidine restored the consensus of energy-linked [NiFe]-hydrogenases. The resulting RH mutant protein showed only traces of H2-oxidizing activity, whereas the H/D-exchange activity and the regulatory activity were nearly unaffected. H2-dependent signal transduction in the respective mutant strain was less sensitive to O2 than in the wild type. These results suggest that the H2 sensing is independent of H2 turnover. To get insights into the structure of the RH it was necessary to isolate large amounts of RH. By establishing the Strep-tag technology, allowing a fast, mild and efficient purification, it was possible to isolate the native RH-double dimer as well as the modified monodimeric RHstop protein in sufficient amounts for spectroscopic analyses. X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed for the first time that the RH active site undergoes significant structural changes upon exposure to H2.