At the beginning of the twentieth century, when young Chinese scholars looked to Western nations for answers in hope of revitalizing a nation that once dominated the East, musicians and poets embarked on a journey of establishing a new Chinese style of music. Three sets of composer/poet collaborations and three different ways of infusing Western culture with Chinese culture laid the foundation for Chinese choral music today. Chao Yuan-Ren was a brilliant linguist and music lover who thought that to simply implant Western music onto Chinese text would suffice–his HaiYun, set to a poem of the equally brilliant poet Xu Zhi-Mo serves as a good example. Huang Zi believed in Confucius’ teachings that all new things must grow out of tradition. He and the lyricist Wei Huang-Zhang extended a literary tradition started in the Tang dynasty and produced Song of Everlasting Sorrow, which illustrates this philosophy quite well. Yet, for the underprivileged people who also loved music, folk songs provided a fertile ground as seen in the works of Xian Xing-Hai. During the second Sino-Japanese War, the poet Guang Wei-Ran and Xian worked hand-in-hand, producing the Yellow River Cantata that contains folksong-like melodies and many folk-music elements. Chinese choral music today is unavoidably connected to these three pieces. This document traces the early history of Chinese choral music through these three pieces and explains their influences on Chinese choral music today.

Integrated with the study of Chinese Classics, the Ch¡¦en-wei thoughts posed as the mainstream of East Han¡¦s philosophy studies but the thoughts also aroused different opinions. As early as in the beginning of West Han Dynasty, Liu Shin tried to oppose the studies of Modern Scripts with the studies of Ancient Scripts. Yang Xiong, a great thinker in late West Han Dynasty, tried to suppress the popularity of superstition with the concept of Dao Fa Zi Ran (meaning that Daoism lies in the Nature). In the beginning of East Han Dynasty, Heng Tan is the first thinker who openly criticized the official philosophy. He wrote ¡§Xing Lun¡¨ to declare his opposition against the dominant Ch¡¦en-wei thoughts and also offered suggestions about contemporary politics in the hope of attracting attention from the Emperor and serving the country. However, his suggestions irritated the Emperor instead and he was never promoted to an important position. After Heng Tan, Wang Chong, a thinker not in any official post, carried forward Heng¡¦s thoughts and, based on the principle of Ji Xu Wang (meaning to criticize the untrue), lashed even more strongly against the Ch¡¦en-wei thoughts. This thesis is an attempt to analyze Heng¡¦s and Wang¡¦s thoughts based on their books, ¡§Xing Lun¡¨ and ¡§Lun Heng.¡¨ It is found that both of them, enlightened by rationalism and spurred by the sense of mission as orthodox scholars, tried to fight against the contemporary Boshi system on the basis of Bo Tong (meaning comprehensive studies), to criticize the ridiculousness of the Ch¡¦en-wei thoughts by manifesting the principle of Ji Xu Wang and finally to achieve the ideal of Xing Zhi (meaning to criticize the untrue and to serve the country with one¡¦s thoughts). Both Heng and Wang cast a deep influence on the Ming-Fa thoughts at the end of East Han Dynasty and gave birth to the following Naturalism. Their importance to the development of Chinese philosophy can be clearly seen hereby.

In many situations, the upper layers of soil above the ground water table are in a state of unsaturated condition. Although unsaturated soils are found throughout the world, they are predominant in arid or semi-arid regions. In these areas, the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) which relates the water content to the matric suction could be used as key tool to implement the mechanics of unsaturated soils into the designs of geotechnical structures such as dams, embankments, pavements, canals, and foundations. Several experimental techniques are available for determining the SWCC in a laboratory environment. However, these experimental techniques are expensive, time consuming typically requiring days or weeks, depending on the soil type, and demanding intricate testing equipment. Due to these reasons, there has been a growing interest to find other means for estimating SWCC and encourage the adoption of unsaturated soils mechanics in geotechnical engineering practice. Several methods exist to indirectly estimate the SWCC from basic soil properties. Some may include statistical estimation of the water content at selected matric suction values, correlation of soil properties with the fitting parameters of an analytical equation that represents the SWCC, estimation of the SWCC using a physics-based conceptual model, and artificial intelligence methods such as neural networks or genetic programming. However, many studies have shown that environmental effects such as temperature, soil structure, initial water content, void ratio, stress history, compaction method, etc. can also affect the SWCC. This means that the estimation SWCC from set of conditions may not reliably predict the SWCC in other conditions. Due to this reason, it is crucial for engineers involved with unsaturated soils to take into account all the factors that influence the SWCC. The two key objectives of the present thesis are the development of a method based on first principles, using the capillary rise theory, to predict the variation of the SWCC as a function of temperature, as well as developing a technique for the prediction of the fixed parameters of a well-known function representing the SWCC based on basic soil properties together with the moisture profile of a soil column subjected to a known temperature gradient. A rational approach using capillary rise theory and the effect of temperature on surface tension and liquid density is developed to study the relation between temperature and the parameters of the Fredlund and Xing (1994) equation. Several tests, using a Tempe cell submerged in a controlled temperature bath, were performed to determine the SWCC of two coarse-grained soils at different temperatures. A good comparison between the predicted SWCC at different temperatures using the proposed model and the measured values from the Tempe cell test results is achieved. Within the scope of this thesis, a separate testing program was undertaken to indirectly estimate the SWCC of the same two coarse-grained soils from the measurement of their steady state soil-moisture profile while subjected to a fixed temperature differences. The water potential equation in the liquid and vapor phases is used to analyses the steady state flow conditions in the unsaturated soil. A good comparison is obtained for the SWCC estimated using this technique with the SWCC measured used a Tempe cell submerged in a controlled temperature bath. The results of this study indicate that knowledge of the moisture content of a soil specimen under a constant thermal gradient and basic soil properties can be used to estimate the SWCC of the soil at the desired temperature.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Zhi dao jiao shou: Lü dale 880-04 Includes bibliographical references.

Tato práce se soustřeďuje na výzkum různých numerických zařízení starověkého čínského číselného systému, jako je sekvence Wu Xing a související funkce, za účelem generování různých kompozičních materiálů pro hudební složení podle výsledku trigramu (Gua / 掛). Mým celkovým přístupem je vyvinout metody, které nám dávají svobodu volby různých kompozičních materiálů, protože můžeme generovat velmi odlišný kompozitní materiál, jako jsou váhy a akordy, výsledkem Bagua (八 掛) místo operace změny Johna Cagea, Který pouze splňuje určité výsledky, generalizuje celý kus automaticky. Proto můžeme vybrat nejvhodnější materiály pro hudební kompozici a lépe řídit kompoziční proces. Uvedené prvky jsou velmi jednoduché; Nicméně, numerické vztahy mezi nimi mohou být velmi složité. Přestože to nabízí atraktivní potenciál pro jejich použití při tvorbě nových kompozičních materiálů, musíme vyřešit komplikaci procesu a vyhnout se chybě výpočtů. S odkazem na tento problém můžeme použít několik způsobů, jak správně přispět k procesu generování: Aplikace počítače pro výpočet, zabránění použití složitých vzorců v systémech a křížová kontrola jinou osobou.

In many situations, the upper layers of soil above the ground water table are in a state of unsaturated condition. Although unsaturated soils are found throughout the world, they are predominant in arid or semi-arid regions. In these areas, the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) which relates the water content to the matric suction could be used as key tool to implement the mechanics of unsaturated soils into the designs of geotechnical structures such as dams, embankments, pavements, canals, and foundations. Several experimental techniques are available for determining the SWCC in a laboratory environment. However, these experimental techniques are expensive, time consuming typically requiring days or weeks, depending on the soil type, and demanding intricate testing equipment. Due to these reasons, there has been a growing interest to find other means for estimating SWCC and encourage the adoption of unsaturated soils mechanics in geotechnical engineering practice. Several methods exist to indirectly estimate the SWCC from basic soil properties. Some may include statistical estimation of the water content at selected matric suction values, correlation of soil properties with the fitting parameters of an analytical equation that represents the SWCC, estimation of the SWCC using a physics-based conceptual model, and artificial intelligence methods such as neural networks or genetic programming. However, many studies have shown that environmental effects such as temperature, soil structure, initial water content, void ratio, stress history, compaction method, etc. can also affect the SWCC. This means that the estimation SWCC from set of conditions may not reliably predict the SWCC in other conditions. Due to this reason, it is crucial for engineers involved with unsaturated soils to take into account all the factors that influence the SWCC. The two key objectives of the present thesis are the development of a method based on first principles, using the capillary rise theory, to predict the variation of the SWCC as a function of temperature, as well as developing a technique for the prediction of the fixed parameters of a well-known function representing the SWCC based on basic soil properties together with the moisture profile of a soil column subjected to a known temperature gradient. A rational approach using capillary rise theory and the effect of temperature on surface tension and liquid density is developed to study the relation between temperature and the parameters of the Fredlund and Xing (1994) equation. Several tests, using a Tempe cell submerged in a controlled temperature bath, were performed to determine the SWCC of two coarse-grained soils at different temperatures. A good comparison between the predicted SWCC at different temperatures using the proposed model and the measured values from the Tempe cell test results is achieved. Within the scope of this thesis, a separate testing program was undertaken to indirectly estimate the SWCC of the same two coarse-grained soils from the measurement of their steady state soil-moisture profile while subjected to a fixed temperature differences. The water potential equation in the liquid and vapor phases is used to analyses the steady state flow conditions in the unsaturated soil. A good comparison is obtained for the SWCC estimated using this technique with the SWCC measured used a Tempe cell submerged in a controlled temperature bath. The results of this study indicate that knowledge of the moisture content of a soil specimen under a constant thermal gradient and basic soil properties can be used to estimate the SWCC of the soil at the desired temperature.

Xu Fu-Yuan (®}§·»·) was a famous writer in the late Ming Dynasty (©ú©u)¡Aand started Ji Club (´XªÀ) with Chen Zi-long (³¯¤lÀs) and Xia Yun-yi (®L¤¹ÂU). When the Ming (©ú) government was overthrown by the Qing (²M)government .he chose to forsake his family to overturn the Qing (²M) government and then experienced several emperors of Nan Ming dynasties («n©ú). The poems written during he left the hometown to overturn the Qing (²M) government in¡¨ Diao-Huang-Tang Manuscripts¡¨ (¡m³¨¿X°ó¦s½Z¡n)and¡¨ Jiao-Xing Manuscripts¡¨(¡m¥æ¦æºK½Z¡n)total early2800.People could hardly get the Diao-Huang-Tang Manuscripts(¡m³¨¿X°ó¦s½Z¡n)so the critics and researches in the Ming literature are very poor, and there are some questions must be settled in the Taiwan literature. Therefore, the study is on the two books to explore his life feelings during the Ming (©ú) and Qing (²M). The subjects of this study comprises the life and writings of Xu Fu-yuan, social association, self-identification, feelings, ocean writing, and Taiwan writing. By researching in depth on Xu Fu-Yuan (®}§·»·) and his poems, we discover something .For example, first, we confirm he went to Jiao Nan (¥æ«n) in February ,12th year of Yong-li (¥Ã¾ä). Second, we get Xu Fu-Yuan¡¦s (®}§·»·) friends in his poems more than 140.It not only helps us to understand him more but fill the records in Nan Ming dynasty. Third, his ocean writings have plenty of subjects and varied images. Fourth, according to¡¨ Diao-Huang-Tang Manuscripts¡¨(¡m³¨¿X°ó¦s½Z¡n), he came to Taiwan with his wife and his childe to reclaim lands in 1rt year of Kangxi (±dº³). In addition, the poem ¡¥peach blossom¡¦ (¡q®çªá¡r) and ¡¥mourn for Zhang Gong-SHi¡¦aren¡¦t written in Taiwan. Generally speaking, Xu Fu-Yuan (®}§·»·) has an extremely important historical value in Taiwan literature ,Chinese literature.

Thesis (M.CM)--Hong Kong Baptist University, 2006. / Dissertation submitted to the School of Chinese Medicine. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.CM)--Hong Kong Baptist University, 2006. / Dissertation submitted to the School of Chinese Medicine. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-27).

本論文研究主要關注於，黃宗羲如何在肯定理性的待發展性下，就理性的自我發展，建立一套道德哲學。 首先第一章緒論，先敘述研究之背景目的、文獻評述，擬定之研究方法及進行步驟、預期研究成果。對於黃宗羲，首在去除形上學預設對人的限制。就人在活動中的自主性、發展性，建立一套個人道德養成與推動現實理想化，密不可分的道德體系。筆者將於第二到第六章在此體系下，分別就不同脈絡的個個問題探討其哲學之建構。 第二章：黃宗羲在作品中屢稱己意在承繼劉蕺山，但單憑於此，尚難斷定黃宗羲的哲學思想是承繼劉蕺山。尤其是黃宗羲對人物思想評論，間有與劉蕺山不同之處，而當今學界，更是在黃宗羲與劉蕺山思想定位上，存在著歧異。此歧異牽涉資料援引問題，本章目的乃就當今學術界研究歧異先做一回應。首重原典的掌握，並進行對各家看法加以檢視考據。根據原典呈現，將兩者定位，並就黃宗羲對劉蕺山承繼與發展，來看黃宗羲哲學所關注的焦點。 第三章：針對於黃宗羲理論歧見最多的氣學定位，個人認為應分成兩面向來看。一是黃宗羲對天道之堅持，二是其重氣的理氣觀。而關於此兩面向，有待就黃宗羲理氣、心性與道德關係角度作說明。 第四章：論述黃宗羲哲學是心學也是氣學，就氣流行方式，認為人滯於私為惡，故必須從（1）現實無法使人成善？（2）人何以有一不依經驗的道德性？（3）此道德性如何引導人在現實成善？此三個問題做討論。本章並就理氣與心性論、工夫論之間關係，解釋人道德呈現差異與人文化成。 第五章：本章延續第四章問題論「性」的呈現，由道德意志貫徹於氣化實踐，使「性」以成其全，並論主體擴充之工夫內容。 第六章：黃宗羲認為個人的道德養成，與儒家道德世界在現實中完成乃是密不可分，因此儒家思想在社會建立社會規範，在肯定理性的待發展性下，就理性的自我發展，完成以儒家思想建立公共的規範。 最後，本論文將總結討論黃宗羲建構之哲學思想，能否真正取代陽明心學，以及其哲學的可能發展。 / This thesis mainly focuses on how Huang Zongxi （黃宗羲）established a set of moral philosophy on the basis of affirmative rational development. The first chapter of the introduction, describes the background purpose of research, literature review, the proposed research methods and measures and the expected results. Huang Zongxi, aims for removing metaphysical restrictions on human . Based on the autonomy and development of human in activities, he establishes a set of moral system in which not only personal morality can be fostered but also promotes the idealization of reality. Under this system,from the second to the sixth chapters, I will discuss the construction of his philosophy on the various contexts respectively . The second chapter discusses thatalthough Huang Zongxi repeatedly claimed that he is willing to inheritLiu Jishan (劉蕺山）in his works, it is insufficient to conclude that Huang Zongxi's philosophical thinking is indeed so.In particular, Huang Zongxi's comments on the character thought were different from that of Liu Jieshan. In today's academic world, there is disagreement betweenthe philosophical points of Huang Zongxi and Liu Jishan. The primary purpose of this chapter is to respond to the current academic disagreement which resulted from data-citing problem. Focusing on the original texts, examined the views of various critics. The two would be positioned based on the original texts. Viewing the focus of Huang Zongxi's philosophy which was based on his inheritance and development of Liu Jieshan. The third chapterconcentrates on the controversial issue about the theory of qi (氣) in Huang Zongxi’ philosophy,which should be regarded as two aspects. One is Huang Zongxi 's adherence to the tiandao (天道), the other is his emphasizing of the value of qi (氣). I would illustrated the two aspects by the discussions of the relationships of Huang Zongxi's li-qi (理氣）andxin-xing (心性）inmoral system. The fourth chapter discusses that Huang Zongxi’s philosophy is not only xin xue (心學), but also qi xue (氣學). By the way qi move, human who stagnant self-interest, become evil. Therefore it must be debated on three questions as below ：(1) Can the reality not make thepeople good? (2) Why do people have a morality that does not depend on experience? (3) How does this morality lead people to be good at reality? This chapter also explains the difference between human morality and human culture by the relationship between the theory of qi, the theory of the xin and thetheory of cultivation . In the chapter five, I continue to discuss the presentation of "xing" . Since the morality is carried out by qi’s realization, to complete xing ,and discusses the content of cultivation by the expansion of the subject. In the sixth chapter, according to Huang Zong-xi’s view , the Confucian moral world in reality, which is closely linked with the individual's moral cultivation. Therefore,Confucianism will to establish a social norms in society. Under affirmative rational development, the public norms established by Confucianism willbe completed by self-realization. Finally, I will summarize that whether Huang Zongxi's philosophy can truly replace Yangmingism (陽明心學）and the possibledevelopment of Huang’s philosophy.