Esta dissertação é uma tradução comentada e contextualizada do segundo capítulo dos escritos atribuídos ao pensador chinês Zhuangzi. Vivendo em um período de crise política, econômica e social e em um momento de transformação, este pensador, como outros de sua época, se dedicou a buscar soluções para superar os conflitos e os sofrimentos existentes em contextos de crise e mudanças. Zhuangzi, desta maneira, considerou que a melhor solução para isso seria a libertação dos padrões determinados artificialmente. Segundo ele, os homens deveriam seguir um fluxo natural e imanente, vivendo, assim, de forma espontânea e livre de apegos. O capítulo traduzido neste trabalho é o principal texto dos escritos deste pensador, não apenas por apresentar um resumo dos temas tratados nos outros capítulos, mas também por abordar as discussões correntes no período em que foi escrito. / This dissertation consists in a commented and contextualized translation of the second chapter of a text ascribed to the Chinese thinker Zhuangzi. Living in a period of political, economic and social crisis, and in a moment of change, this thinker, as other thinkers in his time, dedicated himself to find ways of solving the conflicts and suffering common in contexts of crisis. Thus, Zhuangzi considered that the best solution would be freedom from artificial patterns. He advocated that men should follow a natural and immanent course, and live in a detached and spontaneous way. The chapter which is translated in this dissertation is the most important text written by this thinker, not only for presenting a summary of topics covered in the other chapters, but also for addressing the ongoing discussions of the period in which he was writing.

Wong Suzanne Shu-Shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-136). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter PART ONE --- Translation Process: A Metaphorical Mapping Approach / Chapter Chapter One --- James Holmes' Two-Map Two-Plane Text-Rank Translation Process Model / Chapter 1.1 --- Process-oriented Descriptive Translation Studies --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- The serial and structural planes in text processing --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Text maps and information continuums --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Correspondence and counterparts --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Translator's poetics --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Gideon Toury's cultural-semiotic approach to translating --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Summary --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Metaphor and Translation / Chapter 2.1 --- Metaphor and translation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Metaphor: from linguistic anomaly to cognitive assimilation --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- l. A. Richards: interaction and connection --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Paul Ricoeur: innovation and rapprochement --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- Cognitive linguistics: metaphorical mappings --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Cognitive matrix and polysystem --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Analogy and correspondence --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6 --- Hermeneutics: fore-knowledge and fusion --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter Three --- The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor / Chapter 3.1 --- Metaphor comprehension and production --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Brief history and major theorists --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Max Black --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- George Lakoff --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Mark Turner and Gilles fauconnier --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- The structure of thought --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- From text to concept --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Cross-domain mapping --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conceptual blending --- p.56 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter Four --- An Elaborated Translation Process Model / Chapter 4.1 --- Purpose of the model --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- The serial and structural planes in text processing - diachronic image and synchronic models --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Text maps and information continuums - the linguistic, literary and socio-cultural dimensions" --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Correspondence and counterparts 一 the blended target-text map --- p.65 / Chapter 4.5 --- Translator's poetics 一 factors affecting mapping and blending --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.73 / Chapter PART TWO --- Translation Description: Map Analysis of Complex Metaphors / Chapter Chapter Five --- Translation-Descriptive Process: a Map Analysis Approach / Chapter 5.1 --- James Holmes' model of the translation-descriptive process --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- Translation description of complex metaphors from a map analysis approach --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3 --- The translation and translatability of metaphors --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Peter Newmark 一 the criss-crossed area of sense --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Raymond van den Broeck - information structuration in literary texts --- p.84 / Chapter 5.4 --- The resonance of the whole of language --- p.87 / Chapter 5.5 --- Map analysis: the scope of metaphor --- p.91 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Case Study: English translations of the xiaoyaoyou (逍遙遊）metaphor in the Zhuangzi / Chapter 6.1 --- Tao and metaphor: The Zhuangzi and its language --- p.97 / Chapter 6.2 --- The scope of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor in the Zhuangzi --- p.99 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The metaphorical structuration of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.101 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The meaning foci of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- "The overarching metaphor, main meaning focus and central mappings of xiaoyaoyou" --- p.106 / Chapter 6.3 --- Translations of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- You (遊） --- p.109 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Cheng (乘)and other riding-related words --- p.116 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Xiaoyao (逍遙） --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Xiaoyaoyou (逍遙遊） --- p.120 / Chapter 6.4 --- "Linguistic, literary and socio-cultural mappings from source to target" --- p.125 / Chapter 6.5 --- Observations: hermeneutic sensitivity --- p.127 / Conclusion --- p.130 / Bibliography --- p.133 / Appendix 1 --- p.137

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Modern evolutionary science has brought a sharp focus to bear on the problem of evil, and especially of natural evil and suffering in the natural world. Moreover, I believe that contemporary theodicy may benefit from engagement with the East Asian religion, Daoism. Therefore, I will comparatively examine the work of the evolutionary theodicy of Haught and the Daoist philosophy of Zhuangzi. I will not cover all of the thought of Haught and Zhuangzi, but instead I will focus on their ideas concerning the problem of evil, and develop them in harmony with evolutionary science. In order to do this comparative study, I will suggest the necessity of a new methodology, and propose five steps for the comparative work between religion and science and between Christianity and Daoism: description, comparison, generalisation, differentiation and supplementation. Based on this methodology, I will generalise the ideas of Haught and Zhuangzi on evil into seven different theodicies (the natural state defence, the free action defence, the suffering God defence, the hidden God defence, the harmony defence, the progress defence, and the final fulfilment defence). I will then supplement the evolutionary theodicy of Haught with the Daoist ideas of Zhuangzi on the basis of their differences. The main aim of this study is to develop Christian theodicies to inform both the West and the East in a scientific age by comparing the evolutionary theology of Haught and the Daoist philosophy of Zhuangzi. I will suggest that Western evolutionary theodicies would benefit from engagement with the Daoist philosophy of Zhuangzi, and that the evolutionary theodicy of John Haught might be of benefit in an Asian Christian context. I also expect that the Daoist philosophy of Zhuangzi can be seen in a new light through conversation with the evolutionary theology of Haught and evolutionary science generally. I hope that this thesis can be a catalyst for comparative study between religion and science and between Christianity and Daoism.

Diese Studie möchte am Beispiel der Freiheit bei Zhuang Zhou und Ernst Cassirer zur Verständigung zwischen der chinesischen und der abendländischen Kultur beitragen. Ihre Vorstellungen vom Subjekt bezeichne ich jeweils als „das unbestimmte Ich“ und „das zu bestimmende Ich“. Während Zhuang Zhou die Entfaltung jener Unbestimmtheit angesichts ihrer Kehrseite als Eingrenzung offen lässt, erkennt Cassirer das Sich-selbst-Entfalten als Sich-selbst-Bestimmen und definiert die Natur des Menschen als Wirken, besonders kraft des symbolischen Denkens. So entwickelt der Letztere aus dem Bestimmen im positiven Sinne die Freiheit als Selbstbefreiung, während der Erstere aus demselben im negativen Sinne die Freiheit als Befreiung von Selbst gestaltet. Lassen sich die beiden Ansichten miteinander vereinbaren, so kann das Ich sich bei der Selbstbefreiung zugleich von seinem entfremdeten Selbst befreien. Auf dieser Kompatibilität der beiden kulturellen Perspektiven beschreibe ich die Freiheit als „die Möglichkeit zur Verwirklichung der Möglichkeiten“. Mit dieser Studie setze ich mir ein Ziel, ein Verfahren zum interkulturellen Dialog anhand des Schrifttums zu gestalten, und zwar derart, die Äußerungen in den ausgewählten Schriften verschiedener Kulturen miteinander so zu verflechten, als ob die Autoren ihre Thesen zu dem gleichen Thema ausgetauscht hätten. Für einen offenen und vorurteilsfreieren Vergleich gehe ich von keiner bestimmten Definition der Freiheit aus und konzipiere dabei eine Methode zur rekonstruierenden Interpretation, die ich als „Hauptthemen Nachspüren“ nenne. Für mich ist das Verstehen ein Prozess, sich für das Andere, das Unbekannte zu öffnen. Im Sinne dieser Offenheit bitte ich die Leser darum, meine Beschreibung der Freiheit als „die Möglichkeit zur Verwirklichung der Möglichkeiten“ nicht als eine strenge Definition zu verstehen, sondern als eine Anregung zur Erweiterung dieses Begriffs. / This study describes the freedom written by Zhuang Zhou and by Ernst Cassirer in order to contribute to understanding between the Chinese and Western culture. Their conceptions of the subject I characterize respectively as “the undefined Ego” and “the Ego to be defined”. Zhuang Zhou leaves the development of this indefiniteness open because the definiteness of ego connotes his limitation. Cassirer on the other side recognizes the self-development as self-defining and defines the nature of man as work, especially by means of the symbolic thought. Therefore, the latter views the defining in the positive sense and develops the freedom as self-liberation, while the former views the same in the negative sense and forms the freedom as liberation from self. If the two views could be reconciled, the ego will can liberate himself from his estranged self during his self-liberation. On the basis of compatibility of the both cultural perspectives, I describe the freedom as “the possibility to realize the possibilities”. With this study I set myself a goal to develop a procedure for the intercultural dialogue based on the literature, i.e. the utterances in the selected writings of different cultures should be interwoven with each other as if the authors have exchanged their theses on the same theme. To draw a comparison open-mindedly and free of prejudice I do not take a certain definition of freedom as the starting point, conceive a method of reconstructing interpretation, which is called by me “tracing the main-themes”. For me is the understanding a process of opening into the others, the unknown. In the sense of this openness I ask to read my description of freedom as “the possibility to realize the possibilities” not as a strict definition, but as an inspiration to broaden this concept.

李正芬. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (p. 470-483) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Li Zhengfen. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (p. 470-483) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

Yuan Ai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-48). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Yuan Ai.

《莊子》自1881年透過巴爾福（Frederic Henry Balfour）的英譯傳入英語世界後，由於東西思維與文化差異，乃至部分內容的誤譯，以及《莊子》的閱讀困難等問題，致使英語學界的《莊子》研究百多年多一直徘徊在重複翻譯的階段，進一步就《莊子》文哲研究的拓展，相對顯得薄弱。中國學者對英語學界《莊子》研究的關注、討論及其成果的利用，更屬罕見。這對已然置身於世界文化語境的《莊子》研究而言，情況並不理想。 / 本文〈英語學界《莊子》文獻學研究〉，旨在從文獻學角度切入，總結英語學界的《莊子》文獻研究狀況，並提出文獻研究對解決《莊子》閱讀及翻譯困難的作用，以期對英語學界的《莊子》研究、中英學界《莊子》研究的交流，以至其他中國古籍的研究有所裨益。 / 第一章「緒論」，交代本論文的研究動機，英語學界《莊子》文獻研究的現狀，對關鍵詞進行界定，並申明本論文的研究目標、方法和意義。 / 第二章「英語學界莊子其人研究」，詳述英語學界的莊子生平事跡考證，包括莊子字號、居邑、時代及仕宦研究，從中總結英語學者對莊子其人研究的取態。 / 第三章「英語學界《莊子》校勘與翻譯」，先總結巴爾福、翟理斯（Herbert Allen Giles）及任博克（Brook Ziporyn）的《莊子》校勘、注釋等文獻工作成果，並論其得失；再總述歷來《莊子》英譯及英譯研究的概況及局限，特別指出英語學界缺乏對譯者選擇源語文本版本的研究，以期於後文開展有關中國文獻學對《莊子》英譯及研究重要性之討論。 / 第四章「英語學界《莊子》文獻研究成果述評」，總論葛瑞漢（Angus Charles Graham）、里瓦科諾爾（Livia Knaul）、羅浩（Harold Roth）、劉笑敢、何溪悟（Brian Howard Hoffert）以及麥大偉（David McCraw）的《莊子》文獻研究成果，以期勾勒英語學界的《莊子》文獻研究歷史及發展特點。 / 第五章「文獻研究對英語學界《莊子》研究的意義」，論述《莊子》的閱讀及翻譯困難，從版本校勘學、字詞註解及互見文獻三方面，考察文獻學對解決此困難的可能。 / 第六章「總結」，探究本論文所得出的結論及其意義，並指出今後進一步補充、深化和拓展英語學界《莊子》研究的可能方向。 / Zhuangzi, first introduced into the English-speaking world via F. H. Balfour’s 1881 translation, has, due to (1) the East-West cultural differences, (2) misinterpretation, and (3) its innate difficulties in reading, since languished at the stage of repetitive translation. Literary-philosophical research building thereon is hence restricted. Concerning this, the Chinese scholars’ attention has stayed scant, with their use of the research outcomes so attained negligible. This cannot be ideal for a world classic already situated against the global cultural context. / From a philological angle, this dissertation tracks the English-speaking academia’s philological research on Zhuangzi so far, scrutinises its current condition, and formulates a peculiarly philological solution to the difficulties in reading and translating Zhuangzi. These may contribute to the English-speaking academia’s research on Zhuangzi, the East-West exchange thereon, and the application of the same philological solution to the research and rereading of other Chinese ancient texts in general. / This dissertation is structured as follows: / Chapter 1 Introduction explains the objectives, methodology and the presumed significance of this research, defines keywords, and outlines the current condition of the English-speaking world’s philological research on Zhuangzi. / Chapter 2 Biographical Research on Zhuangzi in the Anglophone Academia summarises the Anglophone academia’s effort on ascertaining Zhuangzi’s biography, including his reputed style name and alias, domiciles, civil service and the various possible ages which his life could have spanned. From these this dissertation delineates the general approach that the English-speaking Zhuangzi research has taken towards the book’s purported author. / Chapter 3 The Collation, Examination and Translation of Zhuangzi in the Anglophone Academia traces the philological effort on the collation and textual correction of Zhuangzi from Balfour, Herbert A. Giles through Ziporyn Brook, and discusses their respective strengths and limitations. This chapter also sets out the overall condition and limitations of both the English translations of Zhuangzi and the research based on such translations. It examines the drawbacks incurred by the Anglophone academia’s indifference to the editions of the source texts upon which their research is built, and hence readies the later part of this dissertation for discussing the implications of Chinese philology to understanding, translating and researching Zhuangzi in a culturally disparate context overseas. / Chapter 4 The Anglophone Academia’s Philological Attainments on Zhuangzi Research: Review and Evaluation elaborates the research outcomes that the philological studies of Zhuangzi have accumulated in the West. Coverage includes A.C. Graham, Livia Knaul, Harold Roth, Liu Xiao-gan, Brian Hoffert and David McCraw, with a goal to outline the experience and features of the development of philological studies in the Anglophone academia. / Chapter 5 The Significance of Philological Studies to Zhuangzi Research in the Anglophone Academia specifies the major difficulties in reading and translating Zhuangzi, and how, from the philological methods of Edition Studies, Scholia on Words and Parallel Passages, a peculiar philological solution thereto may be formulated. / From the above Chapter 6 Conclusion draws a tentative conclusion, and explores the implications of this research and the ways forward for Zhuangzi studies, both in the Anglophone academia and in a broader context. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 吳家怡. / "2012年11月". / "2012 nian 11 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-228). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Wu Jiayi. / 中文提要 --- p.I / 英文提要 --- p.III / 目錄 --- p.V / Chapter 第一章、 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 研究方法與意義 --- p.1 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 關鍵詞界定 --- p.2 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 研究範圍 --- p.3 / Chapter 第五節、 --- 具體研究內容 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二章、 --- 英語學界莊子其人研究 --- p.7 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 英語學界莊子生平事跡研究 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 英語學者對莊子生平研究的取態 --- p.21 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 小結 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三章、 --- 英語學界《莊子》校勘與英譯 --- p.31 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 引言 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 英語學界《莊子》校勘工作 --- p.32 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 英語學界《莊子》英譯工作 --- p.56 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 小結 --- p.75 / Chapter 第四章、 --- 英語學界《莊子》研究成果述評 --- p.77 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 引言 --- p.77 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 葛瑞漢的《莊子》作者及文本結構研究 --- p.79 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 里瓦科諾爾的《莊子》佚篇研究 --- p.106 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 克里斯托福．蘭德的《莊子》作者及成書研究 --- p.126 / Chapter 第五節、 --- 羅浩的《莊子》作者研究 --- p.136 / Chapter 第六節、 --- 劉笑敢的《莊子》文獻疏證 --- p.148 / Chapter 第七節、 --- 何溪悟的《莊子》作者關係研究 --- p.150 / Chapter 第八節、 --- 麥大偉的《莊子》版本層次及作者研究 --- p.165 / Chapter 第九節、 --- 小結 --- p.168 / Chapter 第五章、 --- 文獻研究對英語學界《莊子》研究的意義 --- p.173 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 引言 --- p.173 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 《莊子》的閱讀及翻譯困難 --- p.174 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 文獻學對解決《莊子》閱讀及英譯困難的可能 --- p.183 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 小結 --- p.208 / Chapter 第六章、 --- 總結 --- p.209 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 跨越莊子生平事跡考證困難 --- p.209 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 譯者先行的《莊子》校勘及注釋工作 --- p.209 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 漸見規模但難以應用的《莊子》文獻研究進程 --- p.210 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 有效利用文獻學研究解決《莊子》的閱讀及翻譯困難 --- p.211 / Chapter 第五節、 --- 小結 --- p.213 / 參考書目

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-199).

Cette étude comparatiste porte sur le récit spéculaire chez Michel Butor et chez Ma Yuan. Dans l’objectif de mettre en lumière leur philosophie d’écriture romanesque, la fonction et les effets de miroir, nous cherchons à explorer les différentes sources et pratiques du récit spéculaire dans les contextes distincts français et chinois. À la lumière du procédé de la mise en abyme et des problématiques du récit qui en découlent (métalepse narrative, intertextualité, etc.), on se focalise sur L’Emploi du temps de Michel Butor et le Niugui sheshen (Fantôme à tête de taureau et dieu à corps de serpent) de Ma Yuan pour scruter les similtitudes et les divergences en matière de réflexivité, de miroir métaphorique, de recherche de formes nouvelles et de philosophie d’écriture. Pour ce faire, la thèse s’organise ainsi autour de deux thématiques majeures : d’un côté, les rapports entre les traditions chinoises (divination et taoïsme) avec les emprunts des modèles narratifs occidentaux, notamment français, dans le domaine culturel ou littéraire, et de l’autre, les rencontres franco-chinoises (sur le plan littéraire et surtout romanesque) source d’une interférence ou d’une influence croisée. / This thesis aims to study the embodiment of specular narrative in the novels of French writer Michel Butor and Chinese writer Ma Yuan. Based on this, we try to explore and then to discuss the common points of the two writers in their philosophy of writing and narrative innovation, such as the preference for metaphorical mirror and the mirror thinking applied in the novel. It can be seen that the origin and application of the mirror narrative is also different under the different background of the two countries. Based on the analysis of L’Emploi du temps of Michel Butor and Niugui sheshen (Bull-headed monster and half-serpent spirit) of Ma Yuan, we explore the similarities and differences about the reflexivity, metaphorical "mirror", narrative innovation and the writing philosophy. Specifically, this thesis focus on two central subjects: on the one hand, the relevance between the cultural tradition (divination and Taoism) and the borrowing occidental narrative forms in the field of literature and culture; on the other hand, it also reflects and discovers the mutual exchange and inter-influence between China and France. We focus on concept of specular narrative and related issues (such as narrative metalepsis and intertextuality) between the two representative writers. The thesis searches on the different application on the same specular narrative through vertical comparison, combined with the horizontal comparison, in order to ultimately reveal the real cultural code behind it.