Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 439112.pdf: 538880 bytes, checksum: 671e168d7e9a8ca0457a6099c1cea1de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Successional processes present complex relationships between abiotic and biotic factors. These processes influence the structure and functioning of the community, as well as the ecosystem. The Subclass Peritrichia is one of the largest groups in the Phylum Ciliophora. They can occupy various types of water bodies. However, despite their great diversity and common occurrence, they are poorly studied. In the present work we performed a one year survey of peritrich ciliates colonizing glass slides in the Lake Guaiba located in southern Brazil. We analyzed the population dynamics of the species composing the community, and correlated it with environmental factors. A total of 35 morphospecies of Peritrichia were found, of which at least six are undescribed. Results showed that the group presents high diversity and a complex successional organization, with different responses to environmental factors and days of exposure of the traps. / Processos de sucess?o apresentam rela??es complexas entre fatores abi?ticos e bi?ticos. Esses processos influenciam a estrutura e funcionamento da comunidade, bem como do ecossistema inteiro. Ciliados da subclasse Peritrichia constituem um dos grupos com o maior n?mero de esp?cies. Peritr?quios podem ocupar v?rios tipos de corpos d'?gua. No entanto, mesmo com grande diversidade e sendo de ocorr?ncia comum, s?o pouco estudados. No presente trabalho, foi realizado um estudo de um ano com os ciliados peritr?quios colonizando l?minas de vidro em um ponto de amostragem no Lago Gua?ba, localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Neste per?odo, foi analisada a din?mica populacional das comunidades de peritr?quios, correlacionando-a com fatores ambientais. Um total de 35 morfoesp?cies, al?m de pelo menos 6 novas esp?cies foram encontradas. Os resultados mostram que o grupo possui complexa organiza??o sucessional, com diferentes respostas a fatores ambientais e tempo de exposi??o das armadilhas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 448206.pdf: 2409481 bytes, checksum: 9abfd39b88fcdf9222b3dd1b9929defc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / There are few studies that have tried to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of Lycosidae until now. The current studies on phylogeny used genes to discover and explain the intergeneric relationships of the family. In this work, all the Orinocosa species distributed worldwide and poor little known genus of Lycosidae was studied. Orinocosa species were analyzed to discover their internal and external phylogenetic relationships. A total of 27 taxa were placed as internal group and 23 taxa belonging to 17 genera, which formed the outgroup were analyzed. A total of 114 characters were obtained in this analysis, most binary and discrete, between sexual and non-sexual. The out-group was represented by at least two species of four subfamilies considered in this study, making a total of 52 taxa analyzed. Agalenocosa was one of the genera included in a data matrix phylogenetic here for the first time. The construction of the data matrix was made in the program Mesquite and the resulting trees, as well as the consensus tree have been edited in Winclada. Data were analyzed by heuristic search and then the new technologies included in the software ASADO that uses the algorithms of TNT and NONA. This analysis resulted in a total of five most parsimonious trees, each fully resolved, with the following values for consensus: L = 884, C = 18 and R = 40. The value of Bremmer support to Orinocosa was two; for the rest of the branches varied between one and three. Orinocosa sensu stricto emerged as a polyphyletic group. The new proposal of Orinocosa was supported by two non-homoplasious characters: absence of stridulatory organ and ventral keel of Median Apophysis straight. From all species belonging and revised to the group of Orinocosa, 60% of them do not belong to the genus. In conclusion, the merely female of Orinocosa aymara correspond to the original description, the other species did not fit with the concept of Orinocosa and will be transferred based on the diagnostic generic characters in a future proposal. Of the 21 morphospecies of Orinocosa, only 16 were grouped within the genus. The remaining morphospecies were allocated outside the genre, probably because the only female in each terminal. Trochosa proved to be the sister group of Orinocosa. It is suggested in the future to include more Trochosa species to get wider and complete resolution. / Poucas foram ?s pesquisas que tentaram resolver as rela??es filogen?ticas de Lycosidae ate agora. Os estudos mais atualizados sob filogenia de Lycosidae usaram genes para descobrir e explicar as rela??es inter-gen?ricas das mesmas. Neste trabalho, se estudaram as esp?cies de Orinocosa, um g?nero pouco conhecido da fam?lia Lycosidae distribu?da mundialmente. As esp?cies de Orinocosa foram analisadas para descobrir suas rela??es filogen?ticas internas e externas. Analisaram-se um total de 27 t?xons colocados como grupo interno e 25 t?xons pertencentes a 16 g?neros, que formaram o grupo externo. Extra?ram-se um total de 114 caracteres nesta an?lise, a maioria deles bin?rios e discretos, entre sexuais e n?o sexuais. O grupo externo foi representado por pelo menos duas esp?cies das quatro subfam?lias consideradas neste estudo, perfazendo um total de 52 t?xons analisados. Agalenocosa foi um dos g?neros inclu?do numa matriz de dados filogen?ticos aqui pela primeira vez. A constru??o da matriz de dados foi feita no programa Mesquite e as ?rvores resultantes, assim como a ?rvore de consenso, foram editadas no Winclada. Os dados foram analisados usando buscas heur?sticas e posteriormente as Novas Tecnologias do software ASADO que usa os algoritmos de TNT e NONA juntos. Esta analise resultou em um total de cinco ?rvores mais parcimoniosas, cada uma totalmente resolvida, com os seguintes valores para o consenso: L = 884, Ci = 18 e Ri = 40. O valor de suporte de Bremmer para Orinocosa foi de dois; para o resto dos ramos variaram entre um e tr?s. Orinocosa sensu estricto emergiu como um grupo polifil?tico. A nova proposta de Orinocosa ? suportada por dois caracteres n?o-homopl?sicos: aus?ncia de ?rg?o estridulatorio e a quilha ventral da Ap?fise Media reto. De todas as esp?cies revisadas que pertencem ao elenco de Orinocosa, o 60% delas n?o pertenceriam ao g?nero. Em conclus?o, apenas a f?mea de Orinocosa aymara corresponderia com a descri??o original; as demais esp?cies n?o se encaixaram com o conceito de Orinocosa e ser?o transferidos baseando se nos caracteres gen?ricos diagn?sticos. Das 21 morfoesp?cies de Orinocosa, somente 16 se agruparam dentro do g?nero. As morfoespecies restantes se alocaram fora do g?nero provavelmente por ter somente a f?mea em cada terminal. Trochosa resultou ser o grupo irm?o de Orinocosa. Sugere-se no futuro, incluir mais esp?cies de Trochosa para obter resolu??es mais amplas e completas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 448197.pdf: 1838361 bytes, checksum: 7924b0b15d7d6da94d6a3c9d188d1048 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Two species of parasites nematode of Angiostrongylidae family, genus Angiostrongylus intra-arterial localization are capable of human desease production: Angiostrongylus costaricensis and Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Both species are rodent s parasites and the human infection is considered incidental. On humans, A. cantonensis cause eosinophilic meningitis and A. costaricensis cause abdominal angiostrongiliase. Since there is no elimination of parasitic forms in human infection, diagnosis becomes difficult and molecular methods are necessary. After years of discovery of angiostrongil?ases, there are still many efforts in the study and development of a specific and sensitive diagnostic test capable of discriminating Angiostrongyliases of the other parasites. In this context, cross-reactivity becomes a problem in specificity of serologic tests. The main objective of this study was to analyze the sharing of antigens between Angiostrongylus spp. and parasites Strongyloides spp., Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis diminuta and Toxocara canis, and identify these molecules shared. To obtain antigens, some rats were captures and their feces analyzed by the method of Baerman addition to being seeded Agar Plates. Were obtained larvae of Strongyloides spp. and Angiostrongylus spp. In pulmonary arteries were found 11 female worms and 2 male worms of A. cantonensis, which led to the first report of the occurrence of this parasite in Rio Grande do Sul. In the small intestine was obtained a Strongyloides spp worm and analysis of small intestine were obtained Hymenolepis diminuta worms. From the adult worms of parasites were obtained antigens used in this study. Furthermore, we used antigens of allergens such as peanut, tomato, strawberry and pollen. To identify shared antigens, proteins were separated by one and two dimensional electrophoresis technique assayed by Western blot using sera of patients with angiostrongyliases. All antigens were recognized by sera from patients infected with angiostrongyliases, being a total of fourteen bands identified as being immunogenic. The fourteen bands were cut out of polyacrylamide gels and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The proteins identified were: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), DAPPUDRAFT hypothetical protein, 60 kDa Chaperonin 5, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, sigma class GST Chain A, Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit E1, Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, arachin Ahy-1, Full = Allergen Ara h 1, clone P41B, Gly1. The data generated in this study show that there is sharing of antigens between organisms of different taxonomic groups, but also with allergens tested. Moreover, the description and analysis of shared molecular components can help in understanding the evolutionary history and phylogeny of these organisms. / Duas esp?cies de parasitos nemat?deos da fam?lia Angiostrongylidae, do g?nero Angiostrongylus de localiza??o intra-arterial s?o capazes de produzir doen?a em humanos: Angiostrongylus costaricensis e Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Ambas as esp?cies s?o parasitos pr?prios de roedores e a infec??o humana ? considerada acidental. No homem, A. cantonensis ? o causador da meningite eosinof?lica e A. costaricensis causador da angiostrongil?ase abdominal. Como n?o h? elimina??o de formas parasit?rias na infec??o humana, o diagn?stico se torna dif?cil e m?todos moleculares se tornam necess?rios. Depois de anos da descoberta das angiostrongil?ases, ainda h? muitos esfor?os no estudo e desenvolvimento de um teste de diagn?stico espec?fico e sens?vel capaz de discriminar as Angiostrongil?ases de outras parasitoses. Neste contexto, a reatividade cruzada se torna um problema na especificidade de testes sorol?gicos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi analisar o compartilhamento de ant?genos entre Angiostrongylus spp. e os parasitos Strongyloides spp., Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis diminuta e Toxocara canis, assim como identificar essas mol?culas compartilhadas. Para obten??o de ant?genos, algumas ratazanas foram capturas e suas fezes analisadas atrav?s do m?todo de Baerman al?m de terem sido semeadas em Placas de ?gar. Foram obtidas larvas de Strongyloides spp. e Angiostrongylus spp. Nas art?rias pulmonares de uma ratazana foram encontrados 11 vermes f?meas e 2 vermes machos de A. cantonensis, que deu origem ao primeiro relato da ocorr?ncia deste parasito no Rio Grande do Sul. No intestino delgado foi obtido um verme de Strongyloides spp e da an?lise do intestino delgado foram obtidos vermes de Hymenolepis diminuta. A partir dos vermes adultos dos parasitos, foram obtidos os ant?genos utilizados neste trabalho. Al?m disso, foram utilizados ant?genos de alergenos como o amendoim, tomate, p?len e morango. Para identifica??o dos ant?genos compartilhados, as prote?nas foram separadas por eletroforese uni e bidimensional ensaiadas pela t?cnica de Western-Blot utilizando-se soro de pacientes com angiostrongil?ases. Todos os ant?genos foram reconhecidos pelo soro de pacientes infectados com angiostrongil?ases, sendo um total de quatorze bandas identificadas como imunog?nicas. As quartorze bandas foram recortadas dos g?is de poliacrilamida e analisadas por espectrometria de massas. As prote?nas identificadas foram: Fosfoenolpiruvato carboxiquinase, Prote?na de choque t?rmico 70 (HSP70), Prote?na hipot?tica DAPPUDRAFT, 60 kDa Chaperonina 5, Gliceralde?do-3-fosfato-desidrogenase, Cadeia A sigma classe GST, Glucose-6-fosfato isomerase, Piruvato desidrogenase subunidade E1, Glutamato desidrogenase 2 , arachin Ahy-1, Full=Allergen Ara h 1, clone P41B , Gly1. Os dados gerados no presente trabalho demonstram que h? compartilhamento de ant?genos entre organismos de diferentes grupos taxon?micos, como tamb?m com os alergenos testados. Al?m disso, a descri??o e a an?lise de componentes moleculares compartilhados podem ajudar na compreens?o da hist?ria evolutiva e da filogenia destes organismos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 448247.pdf: 9397358 bytes, checksum: aeede237a1dcbe83a307000474b687c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15 / The genus Gymnogeophagus was described by Ribeiro in 1918 and has two important osteological characters - the absence of supraneurais and the presence of a forward directed spine on top of the first dorsal pterygiophore. The species within Gymnogeophagus are divided into two monophyletic groups: gymnogenys and rhabdotus. The mode of incubation differenciate the two groups. The gymnogenys group presents buccal incubation, while in rhabdotus group incubation occurs in the substrate, which reflects the phylogenetic division. The objective of this study was to conduct a taxonomic study of G. meridionalis and G. rhabdotus. Were examined specimens of G. meridionalis and specimens of four populations of G. rhabdotus, from Jacu? River basin, Negro River basin, Uruguay River basin and the Coastal basin. We used bivariate and multivariate morphometrics and geometric morphometrics, by analysis of Relative Warps. The geometric morphometric and multivariate analyzes were used for principal component analysis. Specimens of G. meridionalis and G. rhabdotus from the four populations were also cleared and stained. The color pattern was also examined. The morphometric results did not differentiate the four populations of G. rhabdotus and the principal components analysis based on multivariate morphometrics and geometric morphometrics the four populations were represented overlapping. In the examination of c&s specimens also did not find significant differences. Despite morphometry has not differentiated G. rhabdotus of the four populations, there is a characteristic color pattern in each and this was interpreted as a polymorphism. / O g?nero Gymnogeophagus foi descrito por Ribeiro em 1918 e apresenta dois importantes caracteres osteol?gicos a aus?ncia de supraneurais e a presen?a de um espinho no alto do primeiro pterigi?foro dorsal. As esp?cies dentro de Gymnogeophagus est?o divididas em dois grupos monofil?ticos: gymnogenys e rhabdotus. O modo de incuba??o diferencia os dois grupos. O grupo gymnogenys apresenta incuba??o bucal, enquanto no grupo rhabdotus a incuba??o ocorre no substrato, o que reflete na divis?o filogen?tica. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um estudo taxon?mico de G. meridionalis e G. rhabdotus. Foram examinados exemplares de G. meridionalis e exemplares de quatro popula??es de G. rhabdotus, procedentes da bacia do rio Jacu?, bacia do rio Negro, bacia do rio Uruguai e Costeiro. Foram utilizadas morfometria bivariada e multivariada e morfometria geom?trica, por an?lise de Relative Warps. As morfometrias multivariada e geom?trica foram utilizadas para an?lises de componentes principais. Exemplares de G. meridionalis e G. rhabdotus de cada uma das quatro popula??es tamb?m foram diafanizados. O padr?o de colorido tamb?m foi examinado. O resultado da morfometria n?o diferenciou as quatro popula??es de G. rhabdotus e na an?lise de componentes principais com base na morfometria multivariada e morfometria geom?trica as quatro popula??es foram representadas sobrepostas. No exame dos exemplares diafanizados tamb?m n?o foi encontrado diferen?as significativas. Apesar da morfometria n?o diferenciar G. rhabdotus entre as quatro popula??es, h? um padr?o de colorido caracter?stico a cada uma delas e esta varia??o de colorido foi interpretado como um polimorfismo.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451925.pdf: 8499768 bytes, checksum: 8ba01cc3c11aa4647b1decc86f93c1ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-28 / The present work aimed to study the phylogenetic relationships and test the monophyly of the subfamilies of Hahniidae. Thus, this study was divided into two parts: the first is an introduction consisting of a brief literature review on Hahniidae and, the second part is written manuscript for publication in English: Article: Cladistic analysis of the subfamilies of the comb-tailed spider (Araneae: Hahniidae), manuscript will be submitted to Zoologica Scripta (Factor 2913 - A1). In the manuscript we performed a parsimony analysis with heuristic search, characters unordered and with equal weights for all characters, resulting in relationship hypothesis (L = 412, CI = 37, RI = 53) between 30 terminals and 106 morphological characters, 63 somatic, 42 sexual and one from behavior. This is the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the family based on morphological characters and composed of members of all three subfamilies of Hahniidae. The ingroup was composed of 14 species of Hahniinae, five species of Cybaeolinae, five species of Cryphoecinae, two species incertae sedis, and the outgroup composed of members of Dictynidae, Cybaeidae, Agelenidae and Amaurobidae. In this hypothesis, Hahniidae as is currently defined, is not a monophyletic group, Cryphoecinae is monophyletic and related with Cybaeidae and Dictynidae, other hahniids appear as the sister group to Dictynidae. Both, Cybaeolinae and Hahniinae are not a monophyletic group. Cybaeolinae seems to be composed only by gender Cybaeolus, while for Hahniinae more studies are needed to define the relationships between the genera that comprise this subfamily, especially an extensive review of the genus Hahnia. / O presente trabalho visou estudar as rela??es filogen?ticas e testar o monofiletismo das subfam?lias de Hahniidae. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi dividido em duas partes: a primeira ? uma apresenta??o geral composta por uma breve revis?o liter?ria sobre Hahniidae e a segunda parte ? um artigo, redigido em ingl?s, e em formato de artigo para publica??o: Artigo: Cladistic analysis of the subfamilies of the comb-tailed spider (Araneae: Hahniidae), artigo ser? submetido para a revista Zoologica Scripta (Fator 2.913 A1). No artigo foi realizada uma an?lise de parcim?nia com buscas heur?sticas, caracteres n?o ordenados e com pesos iguais para todos os caracteres, resultando em uma hip?tese de relacionamento (L= 412, CI= 37, RI= 53) entre 30 terminais e 106 caracteres morfol?gicos, sendo 63 som?ticos, 42 sexuais e um comportamental. Esta ? a primeira hip?tese filogen?tica para a fam?lia baseada em caracteres morfol?gicos e composta por integrantes das tr?s subfam?lias de Hahniidae. O grupo interno foi composto por 14 esp?cies de Hahniinae, cinco esp?cies de Cybaeolinae, cinco esp?cies de Cryphoecinae, duas esp?cies incertae sedis e, o grupo externo composto por integrantes de Dictynidae, Cybaeidae, Agelenidae e Amaurobidae. Nesta hip?tese, Hahniidae como est? atualmente delimitada, n?o ? um agrupamento monofil?tico, Cryphoecinae ? monofil?tico e parece relacionada com Cybaeidae e Dictynidae, os demais hahniideos aparecem como grupo irm?o de Dictynidae. Tanto Cybaeolinae quanto Hahniinae n?o formam um grupo monofil?tico. Cybaeolinae parece ser composta apenas pelo g?nero Cybaeolus, enquanto que para Hahniinae s?o necess?rios mais estudos para definir os relacionamentos entre os g?neros que comp?em esta subfam?lia, especialmente uma revis?o extensiva do g?nero Hahnia.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 453999.pdf: 11077800 bytes, checksum: 3e05ff8e4977adc261dae6e129f932be (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-12-28 / The genus Vinnius was proposed by Simon in 1902. The species included in it up to now are: Vinnius subfasciatus (C. L. Koch, 1846), Vinnius maculaticeps Simon, 1902, Vinnius uncatus Simon, 1902, Vinnius carinatus Simon, 1902, Vinnius calcarifer Simon, 1902, Vinnius lartiguei Simon, 1903, Vinnius petropolis (MeIlo-Leit?o, 1943), Vinnius reticulatus Mello-Leit?o, 1943 and Vinnius paranaensis Mello-Leit?o, 1947, all from the Neotropical Region. After the examen of the types of all species it was possible to evidence that Vinnius calcarifer Simon, 1902 and Vinnius carinatus Simon, 1902 are not congeneric with Vinnius maculaticeps Simon, 1902, the type-species selected by him for the new proposed genus. Supported by this fact, two new genera are proposed. The genus Arnoliseus, with two species, A. caicarifer (Simon, 1902), a new combination and A. graciosa sp.n. and the genus Frespera also with two species, F. carinata (Simon, 1902), new combination and F. meridionalis sp.n. Vinnius maculaticeps is consideres a junior synonym of Vinnius subfasciatus (C.L.Koch, 1846), Vinnius Iartiguei Simon, 1903 of Vinnius uncatus Simon, 1902 and Vinnius paranaensis Mello-Leit?o, 1947 of Vinnius calcarifer. Vinnius reticulatus Mello-Leit?o, 1942 is transfered to the genus Chira. Vinnius petropolis is considered a species Inquirenda. After this study the genus Vinnius remains with only four species: Vinnius subfasciatus (C. L. Koch, 1846), Vinnius uncatus Simon, 1902, and the two new ones herein proposed Vinnius buzius sp.n. and Vinnius camacan sp.n. The females of Arnoliseus calcarifer (Simon, 1902) and, F. carinata (Simon, 1902) are described for the first time. / O g?nero Vinnius Simon, 1902, apresenta nove esp?cies: V. subfasciatus (C. L. Koch, 1846), Vinnius maculaticeps Simon, 1902, V. Uncatus Simon, 1902, V. carinatus Simon, 1902, V. calcarifer Simon, 1902, V. Iartiguei Simon, 1903, V. petropolis (Mello-Leit?o, 1943), V. reticulatus Meio-Leit?o, 1943, V. paranaensis Mello-Leit?o, 1947 todas Neotropicais. Com o estudo dos tipos, p?de- se comprovar que Vinnius calcarifer Simon, 1902 e V. carinatus Simon, 1902 n?o s?o congen?ricas com V. maculaticeps Simon, 1902, esp?cie-tipo do g?nero, o que torna possivel a proposi??o de dois novos g?neros. Prop?e-se o g?nero Arnoliseus para abrigar A. calcarifer (Simon, 1902) comb. nov, e mais uma nova esp?cie; A. graciosa sp.n e o g?nero Frespera para abrigar F. carinata (Simon, 1902) comb. nov e Frespera meridionalis sp.n. Vinnius maculaticeps ? considerado sin?nimo j?nior de Vinnius subfasciatus; V. lartiguei de V. Uncatus, V. paranaensis Mello-Leit?o de A. calcarifer, e V. reticulatus ? transferido para Chira. Vinnius petropolis ? considerado species Inquirenda. O g?nero Vinnius fica restrito ? apenas quatro esp?cies; V. subfasciatus, V. uncatus e duas novas; V. buzius sp.n. e V. camacan sp.n. Descreve-se pela primeira vez, as f?meas de A. calcarifer (Simon, 1902) e Frespera carinata (Simon, 1902).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 457626.pdf: 1288872 bytes, checksum: afed439d4b1bbf8856ef299efd39d44b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Flowering mass of eucalypts trees are attractive to the bees for collection of floral resources, mainly pollen and nectar. The worldwide distribution of Eucalyptus species and the novel generation of genetically modified trees all over the world, especially in Brazil and USA, emphasize the need of information concerning environmental risks, including potential effects on bees. Since the transgenic events are expressed as proteins, the pollen becomes the main route of exposure of transgenic proteins to the bees. The present study aimed to assess the effects of ingestion of pollen from forest areas with genetically modified (GM) eucalypt trees on development of Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona bipunctata. For this, we assessed the synchronism on development of Apis mellifera, the morphometry of A. mellifera and S. bipunctata on pupal phase and the weight of S. bipunctata immatures. Trials with A. mellifera: in February and March 2011, the study was carried out in an experimental area with GM eucalypt and in a commercial area with conventional trees, without GM eucalypt. A. mellifera colonies were placed in triplicates in the center of experimental area, 400 m, 1.000 m and 85 Km away from area. Brood combs were harvested and the pupae were assessed regarding to the developmental stage, head width (HW) and intertegular distance (ID). Trials with S. bipunctata: under controlled conditions, micro colonies of S. bipunctata were subjected to feeding with GM and non-GM eucalypt pollen. The pollen was obtained from pollen collectors placed in three colonies of A. mellifera established in the experimental area and three colonies in the commercial area. We collected from 10 to 15 pupae/comb, which the weight, HW and ID measurements were obtained. In A. mellifera was verified similarity in proportions of the different developmental stages in all areas. We infer regularity of queens laying of A. mellifera on period, because the spatial-temporal pattern of laying occurred as expected. Regarding to morphometric analysis, differences were observed. The ID mean of pupae from 1.000 m differed from the ID mean found for pupae from colonies in the experimental area and 85 Km away. Differences were also observed in pupae from hives from 400m and 85 Km away. We consider the differences showed as expected, because A. mellifera represent hybrid populations in Brazil, with phenotypic expression among the individuals. Since the differences verified are not progressively related to the distance from the experimental area, the hypothesis of changes caused by ingestion of GM pollen is discarded. Regarding to the morphometric characteristics obtained for S. bipunctata, differences were observed. Nevertheless, the variation coefficient for all micro colonies was lower than 10%, indicating homogeneous groups. Therefore, these differences may be due to of the genetic variation among the populations. The weight analysis of S. bipunctata pupae indicated similarity, which showed a mean of 0.0212 g (SD+-0.0028 g) when fed with GM eucalypt pollen and 0.0204 g (SD+-0.0019 g) when fed with non-GM eucalypt pollen. According to the results, the similarity found in the weight of pupae fed under both treatments suggest that the effect of GM pollen was similar to its non-GM isol?nea, cause no harm to the bees. Thus, the hypothesis of changes caused by GM pollen consumption is discarded. / As flora??es em massa das ?rvores de eucalipto s?o atrativas ?s abelhas para a coleta de recursos florais, principalmente n?ctar e p?len. O amplo espectro geogr?fico de esp?cies de Eucalyptus e a recente gera??o de ?rvores geneticamente modificadas no mundo, especialmente no Brasil e EUA, enfatiza a necessidade de informa??es sobre os riscos ambientais, incluindo potenciais efeitos ?s abelhas. Uma vez que os eventos transg?nicos s?o expressos sob a forma de prote?nas, o p?len torna-se a principal via de exposi??o de prote?nas transg?nicas ?s abelhas. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar os efeitos da ingest?o de p?len proveniente de ?reas florestais com ?rvores de eucalipto geneticamente modificado (GM) no desenvolvimento de Apis mellifera e Scaptotrigona bipunctata. Para tanto, avaliou-se o sincronismo no desenvolvimento de Apis mellifera, a morfometria de A. mellifera e S. bipunctata em est?gio pupal e a massa corporal de imaturos de S. bipunctata. Experimento com A. mellifera: em fevereiro e mar?o de 2011, o estudo foi conduzido em um horto experimental com eucalipto GM e em horto comercial com ?rvores convencionais, livre de eucalipto GM. Colmeias de A. mellifera foram colocadas em triplicatas no centro do horto experimental, e a 400 m, 1.000 m e 85 Km. Favos de cria foram coletados e as pupas foram avaliadas quanto ao est?gio do desenvolvimento, largura da cabe?a (LC) e dist?ncia intertegular (DI). Experimento com S. bipunctata: em laborat?rio, minicol?nias de S. bipunctata (n=6) foram submetidas a alimenta??o com p?len de eucalipto GM e com p?len de eucalipto n?o-GM. O p?len foi obtido a partir de coletores de p?len instalados em tr?s colmeias de A. mellifera instaladas no horto experimental e tr?s colmeias no horto comercial. Foram coletadas de 10 a 15 pupas/ favo, das quais foram obtidos o massa corporal e as medidas da LC e DI. Para A. mellifera, verificou-se similaridade nas propor??es dos distintos est?gios de desenvolvimento em todas as ?reas. Infere-se regularidade da postura das rainhas de A. mellifera no per?odo, pois o padr?o espacial-temporal da postura ocorreu conforme o esperado. Com rela??o as an?lises morfometricas, diferen?as foram observadas. A m?dia da DI das pupas localizadas a 1.000 m diferiu do valor encontrado para pupas das colmeias localizadas no horto experimental e a 85 km. Diferen?as tamb?m foram observadas em pupas de colmeias localizadas a 400 m e 85 km. Consideram-se previstas as diferen?as evidenciadas, pois A. mellifera representa popula??es hibridas no Brasil, com express?o fenot?pica entre indiv?duos. Como as diferen?as verificadas n?o est?o progressivamente relacionadas ? dist?ncia da ?rea experimental, descarta-se a hip?tese de altera??es ocasionadas por ingest?o de p?len GM. No que refere-se ?s caracter?sticas morfometricas obtidas para S. bipunctata, diferen?as foram observadas. No entanto, o coeficiente de varia??o para todas as minicol?nias foi menor que 10%, indicando grupos homog?neos. Portanto tais diferen?as podem ser reflexo da varia??o gen?tica entre as distintas popula??es. As an?lises da massa corporal das pupas de S. bipunctata, indicou semelhan?a, as quais apresentaram em m?dia 0,0212 g (SD+-0,0028 g) quando alimentadas com p?len de eucalipto GM e 0,0204 g (SD+-0, 0019 g) quando alimentadas com p?len de eucalipto n?o-GM. De acordo com o resultado, a semelhan?a encontrada na massa corporal das pupas alimentadas com ambos os tratamentos sugere que o efeito do p?len GM manteve-se semelhante a sua isol?nea n?o-GM, n?o acarretando preju?zo ?s abelhas. Desta forma descarta-se a hip?tese de altera??es ocasionadas por consumo de p?len GM.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 459196.pdf: 1894686 bytes, checksum: 241ac90cbaf1917d1bf7a9c7970d7bb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode of the Angiostrongylidae family. In humans, they can cause eosinophilic meningitis. Although the parasite have been described in 1935, little is known about the mechanisms of adaptation to its hosts. A. cantonensis owns molecules that help the parasite in the evasion of the host?s immune system, among these are SOD, catalase and HSP70. The main goal of this work was to study the profiles of HSP70, SOD and CAT of L5 produced in different hosts and analyze the diagnostic potential of the extracts. For the obtainment of fifth stage larvae (L5), rats and mice were infeceted with 104 and 50 third stage larvae, respectively, and euthanized after 21 days. The L5 were recovered from the brain of the animals and homogenized in different buffers to obtain the protein extracts. The quantification of the total protein suggests no significant difference between extracts. For the identification of HSP70, it was performed dot blot and Western blot, showing that in both samples HSP70 were present. ELISA assays were used for the quantification of HSP70 and analyze antigen-antibody binding with from individuals with confirmed diagnosis for angiostrongyliasis. L5 from usual hosts were recognized by the sera showing superior titles to the L5 from the accidental hosts. Levels of stress proteins HSP70, SOD (339U versus 0.08U of SOD/mg of protein) and catalase (184.4 versus 75.6 pmol of CAT mg-1 proteins) were higher p<0.05, in A. cantonensis larvae from usual hosts in comparison to the larvae obtained from accidental hosts. These data suggest that the levels of stress proteins may be associated to the adaptation of A. cantonensis to the usual hosts. / Angiostrongylus cantonensis ? um nemat?deo da fam?lia Angiostrongylidae. Em humanos, podem causar meningite eosinof?lica. Apesar de o parasito ter sido descrito em 1935, pouco se sabe dos mecanismos de adapta??o aos seus hospedeiros. A. cantonensis possui mol?culas que o auxilia na evas?o do sistema imune do hospedeiro, dentre estas est?o SOD, catalase e HSP70. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar o perfil de HSPs 70, SOD e CAT de L5 produzidas em diferentes hospedeiros e analisar o potencial diagn?stico dos extratos. Para a obten??o das larvas de quinto est?gio (L5), ratos e camundongos foram infectados com 104 e 50 larvas de terceiro est?gio, respectivamente, e eutanasiados ap?s 21 dias. As L5 foram recuperadas do c?rebro dos animais e homogeneizadas em diferentes tamp?es para obten??o dos extratos prot?icos. A quantifica??o de prote?nas totais sugere n?o haver diferen?as significativas entre os extratos. Para a identifica??o de HSP70 foram realizados dot blot e Western blot, mostrando que em ambas as amostras HSP70 estavam presentes. Ensaios de ELISA foram utilizados para a quantifica??o de HPS70 e para analisar a liga??o ant?geno anticorpo com soros de ind?viduos com diagn?stico confirmado para a angiostrongiliase, sendo que L5 provenientes de hospedeiros habituais apresentam reconhecimento pelos soros com t?tulos superiores ?s L5 provenientes de hospedeiros habituais. Os n?veis das prote?nas de estresse HSP70, SOD (339U versus 0,08U de SOD/mg de prote?na) e catalase (184,4 versus 75,6 pmole de CAT mg-1 prote?nas) foram superiores p<0,05, em larvas de A. cantonensis provenientes de hospedeiros habituais em compara??o com as larvas obtidas de hospedeiros acidentais. Estes dados sugerem que os n?veis de prote?nas de estresse podem estar associados a adapta??o do A. cantonensis aos hospedeiros habituais.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:09:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 462497.pdf: 10847685 bytes, checksum: 165076ea77d05917e2cde7a738dd5a4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-18 / Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae constitute a a large clade of neotropical treefrogs of approximately 148 species. Althought some studies have been addressed phylogenetically this group, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis including a total evidence aproach has never been presented. The objetives of this study was: 1) test previosly phylogentic hypothesis in Centrolenidae and Allophrynidae; ii) test the monophyly of both families; iii) perform a new phylogenetic analysis using both DNA and phenotipic evidence and iv) analize the evolution of some morphological and behavior characters consistent with the hypothesized relationships proposed. This phylogentic analysis was based in 378 terminals (268 of ingroup) representing 145 spepcies, 189 phenotipic characters and approximately 8500pb of 13 genes. The phylogenetic analysis resulted in 34 most parsimonious trees of 67.821 steps, which are summarized in a strict consensus cladogram. Concurring with previous studies, the Total Evidence phylogenetic analysis here performed corroborated the closely relationship between Allophrynidae and Centrolenidae families, it also corroborated the monophyly of subfamilies Hyalinobatrachiinae and Centroleninae. A new subfamily Allobatrachinae and new genus Allobatrachium are erected to allocate Allobatrachium sp, which form the sister taxon of all others centrolenids. Within Hyalinobatrachiinae, the genera Hyalinobatrachium and Celsiella are corroborated as monophyletic. Other results support a sister-group relationship between Ikakogi, Celsiella + Hyalinobatrachium. Whitin Centroleninae, two main clades were recovered: the first includes the tribe Cochranellini and the second another clade no named but composed of two mayors groups Nymphargus + Centrolene. Whitin Cochranellini, the analyses also corroborated the monophyly of Cochranella, Espadarana, Rulyrana, Sachatamia, Chimerella and Vitreorana but, Teratohyla is demonstrably nonmonophyletic: ((Chimerella (Teratohyla + Vitreorana)) (Teratohyla ((Cochranella + Espadarana) (Rulyrana + Sachatamia)))). To reconcile this situation, the genus Chimerella (one species) and two species of Teratohyla (T.amelie and T. pulverata) are placed in the synonymy of Vitreorana. Rulyrana is redefined and now includes 12 species by adding three species previously placed in Sachatamia genus. / A fam?lia Centrolenidae ? atualmente composto por 148 esp?cies; Allophrynidae, por sua parte, est? constitu?da por apenas tr?s esp?cies. Apesar de alguns estudos terem avaliado as rela??es destas duas fam?lias, uma hip?tese compreensiva para estas fam?lias incorporando a evid?ncia fenot?pica e a molecular nunca foi proposta. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) testar a hip?tese de rela??es filogen?ticas previas de Centrolenidae e Allophrynidae; ii) testar a monofilia destas duas fam?lias; iii) propor uma hip?tese de relacionamento filogen?tico e iv) analisar a evolu??o de alguns caracteres morfol?gicos e comportamentais no contexto da nova hip?tese de rela??es a ser proposta. Para isto, foi realizada uma an?lise filogen?tica baseada em 378 terminais (268 do grupo interno, representando 145 esp?cies), 189 caracteres fenot?picos e sequencias de 13 genes (ca de 8500 pb). A an?lise clad?stica de parcim?nia deste estudo teve como resultado final 34 ?rvores igualmente parcimoniosas de 67.821 passos. As ?rvores mais parcimoniosas apresentaram conflito em quatro pontos no relacionamento interno apresentado pelas esp?cies de Hyalinobatrachium: H. fleischmanni e H. tatayoi; Espadarana: E. prosoblepon e E. callistoma; Rulyrana: R. adiazeta e R. susatamai e Centrolene: Centrolene sp4, Centrolene sp5 e C. condor. Assim como em trabalhos pr?vios, este estudo corroborou a estreita rela??o entre as fam?lias Allophrynidae e Centrolenidae. A fam?lia Centrolenidae e as subfam?lias Hyalinobatrachiinae e Centroleninae foram corroboradas como monofil?ticas. A nova subfam?lia Allobatrachinae e novo g?nero Allobatrachium s?o erigidos para alocar a esp?cie Allobatrachium sp, o t?xon irm?o de todos os centrolen?deos. Dentro de Hyalinobatrachiinae, os g?neros Hyalinobatrachium e Celsiella foram corroborados como monofil?ticos. Ikakogi foi recuperado como grupo irm?o Celsiella + Hyalinobatrachium. Dentro de Centroleninae, dois grandes clados foram recuperados: o primeiro deles apresenta a categoria taxon?mica de tribo Cochranellini, e o segundo n?o se encontra nomeado e est? conformado por Nymphargus + Centrolene. O monofiletismo destes dois ?ltimos grupos foi corroborado. Dentro de Cochranellini, o monofiletismo de Cochranella, Espadarana, Rulyrana, Sachatamia, Chimerella e Vitreorana tamb?m foi corroborado, mas, contrariamente, Teratohyla n?o foi corroborado como monofil?tico. As rela??es entre esses g?neros ? descrita como a seguir: ((Chimerella (Teratohyla + Vitreorana)) (Teratohyla ((Cochranella + Espadarana) (Rulyrana + Sachatamia)))). Para reconciliar esta situa??o, o g?nero Chimerella (uma esp?cie) e duas esp?cies do g?nero Teratohyla (T. amelie e T. pulverata) s?o alocadas na sinon?mia do g?nero Vitreorana. O g?nero Rulyrana ? expandido a 12 esp?cies ao incluir em sinon?mia as tr?s esp?cies atualmente reconhecidas do g?nero Sachatamia.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-06-28T19:41:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_JOSE_RICARDO_DE_SOUZA_BARRADAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 86400388 bytes, checksum: 1ce47b1350089f4eeb9e1dca8b54cc74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T19:41:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_JOSE_RICARDO_DE_SOUZA_BARRADAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 86400388 bytes, checksum: 1ce47b1350089f4eeb9e1dca8b54cc74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Length-weight data are the basis of most fish sampling programs and an important tool for fishing biology. Contradictorily, very often research on the relationship between weight and length in fish are disclosed only as brief publications on species for which this information is not yet known. The largest contribution to weight modeling and length was made by Huxley, when a power equation was used to describe the Allometric growth. Although Huxley model has been systematically used in animal growth studies since then, this proposal has limitations in estimating the allometric factor (?b?) as constant throughout the life cycle. Several authors have identified variations in allometric coefficient for animal development, being these complex patterns resulting from various factors and eventually obscured due to natural variability of the data. The objective of this study was to identify growth patterns in fish by using a model that considers changes in the growth occurring during the life cycle and through the crossing of different information of the species biology. We sought to understand the relationships between the polyphasic growth and the achievement of sexual maturity, in the form of migration, with habitat use patterns and the families which belong to the species of study. The data used were obtained from two fronts: (1) review of the database already available in Aquatic Ecology Laboratory of the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) and (2) contact with researchers from other institutions. As a final product, there was obtained a database composed of 78 species divided into 35 families, comprising an array of 92,889 points. The data were imported in the statistical R platform, where an automated algorithm was developed and implemented to adjust the equations. A total of 109 estimates of weight-length were obtained. In general, the average allometric coefficient were slightly larger than 3, for the uniphasic model and for both phases of the polyphasic model, indicating a positive allometry. Multi-modality in the frequency distribution of ! was observed in Huxley's model, this behavior wasn't identified in both phases of polyphasic model. The final adjustment obtained by polyphasic model was satisfactory when evaluated in the context of a large number of species. Strong correlation has been identified between the SCP and (1) the maximum sampled sizes (r2 = 0.94), (2) estimations of first maturity (r2 = 0.93) and (3) length at first maturity (r2 = 0.96). This behavior was also identified between the length at first maturity and estimates of first maturity (r2 = 0.97). The Stanza Changing Points (SCP) were overestimated by approximately 15% when compared with the estimation of first maturity. Estimation of first maturity were overestimated by approximately 5% when crossed with the lengths at first maturity. Patterns were identified in the distribution of homocedastic residuals for species of lotic (p < 0.001) and lentic (p = 0.023) habitats and a significant difference between lotic and neritic environments (p = 0.036). Regarding the form of migration, a pattern was identified in the distribution of error for potamodromous species (p = 0.001) and significant difference between the oceanodromous and potamodromous species (p = 0.023). It wasn?t found any kind of pattern or trend between the SCP and the estimation of first maturity when separated by families. The application of statistical and computational tools developed in this work makes it possible to establish important relationships to improve the understanding of fish growth. Given the ease of obtaining length-weight data, explore this information mathematically can increase understanding of populations of economic and ecological interest, allowing for constantly updating and maintenance information for environmental management and fishing, in addition to stock control. / Dados de peso e comprimento s?o a base da maioria dos programas de amostragens de peixes e uma importante ferramenta em biologia de pesca. Contraditoriamente, com grande frequ?ncia pesquisas sobre a rela??o entre peso e comprimento de peixes s?o divulgadas apenas como breves publica??es sobre esp?cies para as quais esta informa??o ainda n?o ? conhecida. A maior contribui??o para modelagem de peso e comprimento foi feita por Huxley, quando utilizou uma equa??o pot?ncia para descrever o crescimento alom?trico. Embora o modelo de Huxley venha sendo utilizado sistematicamente em estudos de crescimento animal desde ent?o, essa proposta apresenta limita??es por estimar o coeficiente alom?trico (?b?) como constante durante todo ciclo de vida. Diversos autores identificaram varia??es no coeficiente alom?trico durante o desenvolvimento animal, sendo esses padr?es complexos consequentes de diversos fatores e eventualmente obscurecidos devido a variabilidade natural dos dados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar padr?es de crescimento em peixes atrav?s da utiliza??o de um modelo que considere altera??es no crescimento que ocorram durante o ciclo de vida e atrav?s do cruzamento de diferentes informa??es sobre a biologia das esp?cies. Buscou-se o entendimento de rela??es entre o crescimento polif?sico e o atingimento da maturidade sexual, com a forma de migra??o, com os padr?es de ocupa??o de h?bitat e com as fam?lias as quais pertencem as esp?cies de estudo. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos atrav?s de duas frentes: (1) revis?o do banco de dados j? dispon?vel no Laborat?rio de Ecologia Aqu?tica da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) e (2) contato com pesquisadores de outras institui??es. Como produto final, obteve-se um banco de dados composto por 78 esp?cies divididas em 35 fam?lias, compondo uma matriz de 92.889 pontos. Os dados foram trabalhados sobre a plataforma estat?stica R, onde foi desenvolvido e aplicado um algoritmo automatizado para ajuste das equa??es. No total, 109 estimativas de peso-comprimento foram realizadas. De forma geral, as m?dias do coeficiente alom?trico foram ligeiramente maiores que 3, tanto para o modelo unif?sico de Huxley como para ambas as fases do modelo polif?sico, indicando alometria positiva. Foi poss?vel observar multi-modalidade na distribui??o de frequ?ncia de ! no modelo de Huxley, comportamento n?o identificado nas duas fases do modelo polif?sico. Foi identificada forte correla??o entre os Pontos de Mudan?a de Fase (SCP) e (1) os tamanhos m?ximos amostrados (r2 = 0,94), (2) estimativas de primeira matura??o (r2 = 0,93) e (3) comprimento de primeira matura??o (r2 = 0,96). Esse comportamento tamb?m foi identificado entre o comprimento de primeira matura??o e as estimativas de primeira matura??o (r2 = 0,97). Os pontos de mudan?a de fase foram superestimados em aproximadamente 15% quando comparados com as estimativas de primeira matura??o. As estimativas de primeira matura??o foram superestimadas em aproximadamente 5% quando cruzadas com os comprimentos de primeira matura??o. Foram identificados padr?es na distribui??o dos res?duos homoced?sticos para as esp?cies de ambientes l?ticos (p < 0,001) e l?nticos (p = 0,023) e diferen?a significativa no cruzamento entre os ambientes l?tico e ner?tico (p = 0,036). Com rela??o a forma de migra??o, foi identificado padr?o na distribui??o dos erro para as esp?cies potam?dromas (p < 0,001) e diferen?a significativa entre as esp?cies ocean?dromas e potam?dromas (p = 0,023). N?o foi encontrado qualquer tipo de padr?o ou tend?ncia entre os SCP e as estimativas de primeira matura??o quando separados por fam?lias. A aplica??o das ferramentas estat?sticas e computacionais desenvolvidas nesse trabalho torna poss?vel estabelecer importantes rela??es para melhorar o entendimento sobre o crescimento de peixes. Tendo em vista a facilidade de obten??o de dados de peso-comprimento, explorar matematicamente essas informa??es pode aumentar o entendimento das popula??es de interesse econ?mico e ecol?gico, permitindo uma constante atualiza??o e manuten??o de informa??es de gest?o ambiental e de pesca, al?m do controle de estoque.