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I denna studie undersöks och analyseras kopplingen mellan yrkesutbildningens mål och APL för att få en rättssäker och likvärdig betygsättning. Jag har undersökt sex yrkeslärare inom gymnasial yrkesutbildning på handels- och administrationsprogram om deras bedömningspraktik i samband med det arbetsplatsförlagda lärandet (APL). Jag har även undersökt åtta elever på handels- och administrationsprogrammet om hur de uppfattar kursmål/bedömningar /uppföljning under sin APL-period. Datainsamlingen har skett genom kvantitativa enkät-undersökningar. Det insamlade materialet sammanställdes och därefter analyserades data i förhållande till studiens frågeställningar. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten fokuserar på bedömningspraktiken, uppföljning/återkoppling samt kommunikationens betydelse för lärandet och bedömning. Tidigare forskning visar att en tydlig bedömningspraktik är mycket viktig för att få en så bra koppling mellan skolans mål och APL-platsen som möjligt. Resultatet visar att de flesta har en väl fungerande bedömningspraktik. Flera yrkeslärare säger dock att tiden är det största hindret för rättssäker och likvärdig betygssättning. Rektorn har i detta sammanhang en central roll i att organisera verksamheten så att förutsättningar ges för detta arbete. / This stydy investigates and analyses the connection between the vocational educations aim and APL to get an assured and equivalent assessment. I have surveyed six vocational education teachers within secondary vocational education in business and administration programme about their assessment practice in connection with the workplace-based learning (APL). I have moreover surveyed eigth students in business and administration programme about how they perceived the course objective/ assessment/ monitoring during their APL-period. The data collection has been carried out in the form of quantitative questionnaires. The gathered data got compiled and subsequently analysed in relation to the studies question formulations. The theoretical premiss focuses on the assessment practice, monitoring/ feedback and the communications significance for the learning and assessment. Prior research shows a clear assessment practice is quite important to get as good of a connection between the schools aim and the APL-place as possible. The result shows that most have a well functioning assessment practice. Several vocational education teachers says however that time is the biggest hindrance for an assured assessment practice. The principal has in this contexture a central role in organizing the schools activity so that the basis is given for this work.

Denna forskning handlar ett system som jag och min kollega Pierre Brockmanns skapade för att kunna visa för eleven hur han/hon ligget till i sina kurser som praktiseras ute i arbetslivet. Efter en inspektion från Skolverket uppdagades det att tydligheten på det gamla systemet inte var tillfredsställande. I studien har jag använt mig av kvalitativ studie för att få veta vad elever, handledare och yrkeslärare upplever att det fungerar. Tack vare djupintervjuerna fram kom förbättrings förslag vilket har lätt till att APU/APL- uppföljningssystemet har kunnat vidareutvecklas, och bli ännu tydligare. Även dokumentationen inne på skolan har utvecklats, för att tydliggöra för eleven ”vart den är på väg”. För handledarna har systemet betytt mer förståelse för att det är skola som eleven gör ute på sin praktik, och att medvetenhet om vad som skall läras på praktiken har gjorts tydligare. Yrkeslärarna känner sig mer professionella och att de har ett meningsfullt uppdrag när de är på APU/APL besök. De önskar också att mer tid för utveckling och för att få sätta sig in i och skapa bättre matriser hade schemalagts. / This research is a system that I and my colleague Pierre Brockmann created to show the student how the Ligget in their courses as practiced in working life. After an inspection by the National Agency revealed that the clarity of the old system was not satisfactory. In the study I have used the study to find out what students, tutors and trainers feel that it works. Thanks depth interviews came suggestion for improvement which have been easy to APU/APL- monitoring system has been further developed, and become even clearer. Although the documentation inside the school has developed, to make it clear to the student "where it is heading”. For supervisors, the system has meant more understanding because it's school that the student does outside of his practice, and that awareness of what is learned in practice have been clarified. Vocational Teachers feel more professional and have a meaningful mission when they are on the APU / APL visit. They also want more time for development and to get acquainted with and create better matrices had been scheduled.

Yrkeslärare med ansvar för arbetsplatsförlagt lärande (APL) använder sig av olika metoder för att säkerställa att APL följs upp på ett strukturerat sätt. Studien åskådliggör de metoder som lärare med APL-ansvar använder i uppföljningen av APL. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten fokuserar på vilken kunskap som synliggörs genom dessa metoder. Tidigare forskning visar att en strukturerad process skapar förutsättningar för en bättre slutprodukt. Slutprodukten likställs i studien med en mer yrkeskunnig elev. Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer, samtal och dokumentinsamling. Intervjuer har genomförts med åtta APL-ansvariga lärare på fyra olika yrkesprogram inom samma gymnasieskola. Dokumentinsamlingen baseras på de dokument som används i samband med uppföljning av APL. Samtal benämns i studien som vardagliga samtal som har genomförts med APL-ansvariga lärare. Det insamlade materialet sammanställdes och därefter analyserades data i förhållande till studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet visar att avsaknad av en strukturerad process medför att elevens kunskap inte synliggörs. När kunskap inte synliggörs skapas inte förutsättningar för att uppnå syftet med APL. I resultatdiskussionen diskuteras kraven på yrkeslärarens flexibilitet, om bristen på processkunskap kan hindra en strukturerad uppföljning samt hur osynlig kunskap kan bli synlig. / Vocational teachers with responsibility for workplace-based learning (APL) use different methods to ensure that APL will be followed up in a structured way. The study illustrates the methods that teachers with APL-responsibility use in the follow-up of APL. The theoretical basis focuses on the knowledge that is visible through these methods. Previous research shows that a structured process creates the conditions for a better end product. The end product is equated in the study with a more skilled student. The study is based on qualitative interviews, conversations and document collection. Interviews were conducted with eight APL-responsible teachers at four different professional programs within the same school. Document collection is based on the documents used in connection with the follow-up of APL. Conversation is referred to in this study as "everyday" conversation carried out with APL-responsible teachers. The collected material was compiled and analyzed in relation to the questions asked in the study. The result shows that the absence of a structured process causes that knowledge of the student will not get visible. When knowledge is not visible it does not create conditions for achieving the aim of APL. In the final discussion the requirements for vocational teacher’s flexibility, the lack of process knowledge and how to make invisible knowledge visible are further discussed.

As micro, pequenas e médias empresas geram cerca de 20% do PIB brasileiro. Estima-se que, atualmente, 60% dos postos de trabalho e cerca de 85% dos novos empregos no Brasil são gerados por micro, pequenas e médias empresas. Nesse sentido, a implementação de políticas públicas destinadas as micro, pequenas e médias empresas possuem a dupla dimensão de favorecer tanto o crescimento econômico como a melhoria de indicadores sociais como a distribuição desigual da renda ou a desigualdade regional. Entretanto, um importante debate amadurece no país a respeito da efetividade e dos retornos gerados pelas concessões de incentivos fiscais. Alinhados a este cenário, o objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o impacto dos incentivos fiscais do setor têxtil das pequenas e médias empresas da região serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro através da visão de seus gestores e dos indicadores econômicos. Foi realizado um estudo de campo no qual os gestores das PME do setor têxtil da região serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro responderam um questionário composto por dezoito perguntas. As respostas foram comparadas a um cálculo de estimativa de renuncia entre o Lucro Presumido e o SIMPLES Nacional. Como resultados verificou-se a não efetividade dos incentivos fiscais no seu principal papel de geração de emprego e renda e uma sensação de insuficiência, desconhecimento e, consequentemente, falta de transparência em relação aos incentivos fiscais disponíveis e concedidos especificamente para o setor ou região, na percepção dos gestores das PME. / Micro, small and medium-sized companies generate about 20% of Brazilian GDP. It is estimated that currently 60% of employment and about 85% of new jobs in Brazil are generated by micro, small and medium enterprises. In this sense, the implementation of public policies for micro, small and medium enterprises have dual dimension of promoting both economic growth and the improvement of social indicators such as the unequal distribution of income and regional inequality. However, an important debate matures in the country about the effectiveness and the returns generated by the concessions of tax incentives. Aligned to this scenario, the objective of this study is to analyze the impact of tax incentives in the textile sector of small and medium enterprises in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro through the vision of its managers and economic indicators. A field study in which managers of SMEs in the textile sector in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro answered a questionnaire consisting of eighteen questions was conducted. Responses were compared to a calculation of estimated resigns from Presumed Income and National SIMPLE. As a result there was not the effectiveness of tax incentives in its primary role of generating employment and income and a sense of failure, ignorance and hence lack of transparency with respect to tax incentives available and specifically allocated to the sector or region, perceptions of SME managers

As micro, pequenas e médias empresas geram cerca de 20% do PIB brasileiro. Estima-se que, atualmente, 60% dos postos de trabalho e cerca de 85% dos novos empregos no Brasil são gerados por micro, pequenas e médias empresas. Nesse sentido, a implementação de políticas públicas destinadas as micro, pequenas e médias empresas possuem a dupla dimensão de favorecer tanto o crescimento econômico como a melhoria de indicadores sociais como a distribuição desigual da renda ou a desigualdade regional. Entretanto, um importante debate amadurece no país a respeito da efetividade e dos retornos gerados pelas concessões de incentivos fiscais. Alinhados a este cenário, o objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o impacto dos incentivos fiscais do setor têxtil das pequenas e médias empresas da região serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro através da visão de seus gestores e dos indicadores econômicos. Foi realizado um estudo de campo no qual os gestores das PME do setor têxtil da região serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro responderam um questionário composto por dezoito perguntas. As respostas foram comparadas a um cálculo de estimativa de renuncia entre o Lucro Presumido e o SIMPLES Nacional. Como resultados verificou-se a não efetividade dos incentivos fiscais no seu principal papel de geração de emprego e renda e uma sensação de insuficiência, desconhecimento e, consequentemente, falta de transparência em relação aos incentivos fiscais disponíveis e concedidos especificamente para o setor ou região, na percepção dos gestores das PME. / Micro, small and medium-sized companies generate about 20% of Brazilian GDP. It is estimated that currently 60% of employment and about 85% of new jobs in Brazil are generated by micro, small and medium enterprises. In this sense, the implementation of public policies for micro, small and medium enterprises have dual dimension of promoting both economic growth and the improvement of social indicators such as the unequal distribution of income and regional inequality. However, an important debate matures in the country about the effectiveness and the returns generated by the concessions of tax incentives. Aligned to this scenario, the objective of this study is to analyze the impact of tax incentives in the textile sector of small and medium enterprises in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro through the vision of its managers and economic indicators. A field study in which managers of SMEs in the textile sector in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro answered a questionnaire consisting of eighteen questions was conducted. Responses were compared to a calculation of estimated resigns from Presumed Income and National SIMPLE. As a result there was not the effectiveness of tax incentives in its primary role of generating employment and income and a sense of failure, ignorance and hence lack of transparency with respect to tax incentives available and specifically allocated to the sector or region, perceptions of SME managers

p. 1 - 107 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-02-18T18:16:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2222.pdf: 583246 bytes, checksum: 538e8f7a78a59116ab39517f159109f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2013-02-19T16:39:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2222.pdf: 583246 bytes, checksum: 538e8f7a78a59116ab39517f159109f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-19T16:39:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2222.pdf: 583246 bytes, checksum: 538e8f7a78a59116ab39517f159109f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Esta dissertação aborda os fatores condicionantes de sobrevivência das empresas participantes do Arranjo Produtivo Local de Tecnologia da Informação (APL-TI) da Região Metropolitana de Salvador e Feira de Santana, como também os pilares para seu crescimento e longevidade. O Relatório de Pesquisa do SEBRAE Nacional, publicado em Agosto de 2004 – Fatores Condicionantes e Taxas de Mortalidade de Empresas no Brasil - é utilizado como base nesse trabalho de pesquisa, no que tange aos fatores condicionantes de sobrevivência. A premissa é que a gestão é o diferencial de sobrevivência, que se não a garante, colabora decisivamente para isso, sendo pressuposto que esse diferencial é válido para pequenas e médias empresas de qualquer segmento de negócio, inclusive Tecnologia da Informação. Foi desenvolvida revisão do referencial teórico acerca do tema sobrevivência e fatores condicionantes relacionados à gestão. A pesquisa de campo, com aplicação de questionário, mapeou as empresas do APL-TI fornecendo dados necessários à identificação do perfil do empresário e da empresa. A análise das evidências derivadas da sistematização das respostas aos questionários, permite, ao final, oferecer sugestões para a melhoria do processo de consolidação desse segmento de negócio no Estado da Bahia. / Salvador

A methodology for the automatic translation of a Hardware Description Language (HDL) formulation of a VLSI system to a structured array-type of target realization is the subject of this investigation. A particular combination of input HDL and target technology has been implemented as part of the exercise, and a detailed evaluation of the result is presented. The HDL used in the study is AHPL, a synchronous clock-mode language which accepts the description of the hardware at Register Transfer Level. The target technology selected is Storage Logic Array (SLA), an evolution of PLA concept. Use of the SLA has a distinct advantage, notably in the ability to sidestep the interconnection routing problem, an expensive and time-consuming process in normal IC design. Over the past years, an enormous amount of effort has gone into generation of layout from an interconnection list. This conventional approach seems to complicate the placement and routing processes in later stages. In this research project the major emphasis has therefore been on extracting relevant global information from the higher-level description to guide the subsequent placement and routing algorithms. This effectively generates the lower-level layout directly from higher-level description. A special version of AHPL compiler (stage 3) has been developed as part of the project. The SLA data structure formats and the implementation of the Data and Control Sections of the target are described in detail. Also the evaluation and possibilities for future research are discussed.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the Naval Postgraduate School has a need for additional software to be used in instructing students studying digital signal processing. This software will be used in a PC lab or at home. This thesis provides a set of disks written in APL (A Programming Language) which allows the user to input arbitrary signals from a disk, to perform various signal processing operations, to plot the results, and to save them without the need for complicated programming. The software is in the form of a digital signal processing toolkit. The user can select functions which can operate on the signals and interactively apply them in any order. The user can also easily develop new functions and include them in the toolkit. The thesis includes brief discussions about the library workspaces, a user manual, function listings with examples of their use, and an application paper. The software is modular and can be expanded by adding additional sets of functions. / http://archive.org/details/pcsoftwarefortea00katz / Major, Israeli Air Force