A proporção de mulheres encarceradas está crescendo em ritmo mais acelerado que o dos homens. As razões para este aumento importante têm sido atribuídas principalmente ao estilo de vida relacionado ao consumo de substâncias psicoativas e delitos associados ao uso de drogas. De fato, cerca de metade das mulheres presas tem histórico de abuso de substâncias, e um terço demonstra níveis elevados de impulsividade. Os objetivos do estudo, geral e especifico, foram avaliar entre mulheres condenadas por crime de homicídio, o consumo de álcool e outras drogas ilícitas, os sintomas depressivos e os aspectos da sexualidade (orientação sexual, práticas sexuais atuais e pretéritas, história de abuso sexual e impulsividade sexual). Outrossim, desenvolver uma proposta de elaboração de cluster para a população investigada, aventando possibilidade de avaliação e manejo específico para cada grupo encontrado, partindo da identificação de subtipos de mulheres condenadas por homicídio, foi desenvolvida. Os dados analisados foram provenientes de 158 pessoas presas do sexo feminino, cumprindo pena por homicídio na Penitenciária Feminina Sant\'Ana, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A análise de classes latentes foi usada para agrupar as participantes em grupos, a partir de variáveis associadas ao uso indevido de substâncias e impulsividade. Duas classes foram identificadas: Grupo 1 - Sem problemas (no problematic) (cluster 1: 54,53%; n=86); Grupo 2 - Com problemas (problematics) (cluster 2: 45,57%; n =72). Após controlar diversas variáveis psicossociais e criminológicas, no Grupo 02 (cluster two), as presas mostraram ter iniciado mais cedo as práticas criminosas, além de apresentarem um nível de escolaridade mais baixo do que as presas do Grupo 01 (cluster one). Reconhecer as necessidades de grupos específicos de infratoras femininas é crucial para desenvolvimento de um sistema adequado de política de saúde e para a diminuição da reincidência criminal entre as delinquentes que demonstraram maior risco / The proportion of incarcerated women is growing faster than the rate of men. The reasons for this significant increase were mainly attributed to drug use lifestyle and offenses related to drug use. About half of the women prisoners, has a history of substance abuse and a third shows high levels of impulsivity. The objectives of the study, general and specific, were: GENERAL: Evaluate, among women convicted of homicide crime, alcohol and other illicit drugs (use, abuse and dependence meters); depressive symptoms and aspects of sexuality (sexual orientation, current and previous sexual practices, history of sexual abuse and sexual impulsivity). ESPECIFIC: Propose development cluster for the study population, considering their heterogeneity. (Note: The cluster analysis will be based on categorical and continuous variables obtained in this study.); propose evaluation and management for each type based on identifying subtypes of women convicted of homicide. Data were from 158 people trapped females, serving a sentence for murder in the Women\'s Penitentiary Sant\'Anne, in São Paulo, Brazil. Latent class analysis was used to group the participants into misuse of substance classes and impulsivity. Two classes have been identified: Group 1 - No problem (the problematic) (cluster 1: 54.53%; n = 86). Group 2 - With problems (problematics) (cluster 2: 45.57%; n = 72). After controlling for various psychosocial and criminological variables in Group 02 (cluster two), the tusks shown to have earlier started criminal practices, in addition to having a lower educational level than the fangs of Group 01 (one cluster). Recognizing the needs of specific groups of female offenders, it is crucial to developing an appropriate health policy system and to reduce the recidivism among offenders who demonstrated greater risk

A proporção de mulheres encarceradas está crescendo em ritmo mais acelerado que o dos homens. As razões para este aumento importante têm sido atribuídas principalmente ao estilo de vida relacionado ao consumo de substâncias psicoativas e delitos associados ao uso de drogas. De fato, cerca de metade das mulheres presas tem histórico de abuso de substâncias, e um terço demonstra níveis elevados de impulsividade. Os objetivos do estudo, geral e especifico, foram avaliar entre mulheres condenadas por crime de homicídio, o consumo de álcool e outras drogas ilícitas, os sintomas depressivos e os aspectos da sexualidade (orientação sexual, práticas sexuais atuais e pretéritas, história de abuso sexual e impulsividade sexual). Outrossim, desenvolver uma proposta de elaboração de cluster para a população investigada, aventando possibilidade de avaliação e manejo específico para cada grupo encontrado, partindo da identificação de subtipos de mulheres condenadas por homicídio, foi desenvolvida. Os dados analisados foram provenientes de 158 pessoas presas do sexo feminino, cumprindo pena por homicídio na Penitenciária Feminina Sant\'Ana, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A análise de classes latentes foi usada para agrupar as participantes em grupos, a partir de variáveis associadas ao uso indevido de substâncias e impulsividade. Duas classes foram identificadas: Grupo 1 - Sem problemas (no problematic) (cluster 1: 54,53%; n=86); Grupo 2 - Com problemas (problematics) (cluster 2: 45,57%; n =72). Após controlar diversas variáveis psicossociais e criminológicas, no Grupo 02 (cluster two), as presas mostraram ter iniciado mais cedo as práticas criminosas, além de apresentarem um nível de escolaridade mais baixo do que as presas do Grupo 01 (cluster one). Reconhecer as necessidades de grupos específicos de infratoras femininas é crucial para desenvolvimento de um sistema adequado de política de saúde e para a diminuição da reincidência criminal entre as delinquentes que demonstraram maior risco / The proportion of incarcerated women is growing faster than the rate of men. The reasons for this significant increase were mainly attributed to drug use lifestyle and offenses related to drug use. About half of the women prisoners, has a history of substance abuse and a third shows high levels of impulsivity. The objectives of the study, general and specific, were: GENERAL: Evaluate, among women convicted of homicide crime, alcohol and other illicit drugs (use, abuse and dependence meters); depressive symptoms and aspects of sexuality (sexual orientation, current and previous sexual practices, history of sexual abuse and sexual impulsivity). ESPECIFIC: Propose development cluster for the study population, considering their heterogeneity. (Note: The cluster analysis will be based on categorical and continuous variables obtained in this study.); propose evaluation and management for each type based on identifying subtypes of women convicted of homicide. Data were from 158 people trapped females, serving a sentence for murder in the Women\'s Penitentiary Sant\'Anne, in São Paulo, Brazil. Latent class analysis was used to group the participants into misuse of substance classes and impulsivity. Two classes have been identified: Group 1 - No problem (the problematic) (cluster 1: 54.53%; n = 86). Group 2 - With problems (problematics) (cluster 2: 45.57%; n = 72). After controlling for various psychosocial and criminological variables in Group 02 (cluster two), the tusks shown to have earlier started criminal practices, in addition to having a lower educational level than the fangs of Group 01 (one cluster). Recognizing the needs of specific groups of female offenders, it is crucial to developing an appropriate health policy system and to reduce the recidivism among offenders who demonstrated greater risk

Le conflit d'intérêts est un sujet passionnant notamment en raison de son omniprésence dans l'actualité. Approximative, l'expression empruntée au magma lexical des politiciens et juristes anglo-américains s'est récemment diffusée en France dans le monde des affaires et aussitôt reprise par le jargon médiatique pour désigner des éventuelles interférences de l'intérêt privé dans l'exercice de pouvoirs de nature privée ou publique. Il n'existe en l'état actuel du droit positif français aucune réglementation spécifique de ces « conflits d'intérêts », pas plus en droit privé qu'en droit public, alors même qu'on se préoccupe de leur prévention tandis que leur sanction relève de qualifications plus générales. Il convient donc de s'interroger sur la définition et la valeur opératoire de cette notion et le régime juridique qui pourrait lui être réservé, ce que l'on se propose d'entreprendre dans la sphère du droit privé et par préférence dans le champ de l'arbitrage commercial, particulièrement exposé aux appétits hégémoniques des droits anglo-américains. / Conflict of Interests is a fascinated subject due to its pervasiveness in the economic life. This approximated expression, borrowed from the politicians and Anglo-American lawyers' jargon, has recently spread into the French business world and was taken up by the media to designate the interferences of private interest in the exercise of powers of private or public nature. In the current state of French Law, there is no specific rule governing conflicts of interests, neither in Private Law, nor in Public Law. Indeed, politicians and scholars paradoxically only focus on their prevention, whereas their sanctions fall within the scope of broader notions. The aim of this research is to lay down the definition, the operative value and the regime of conflict of interests. The scope of this research shall be, within Private Law, Commercial Arbitration Law, which is particularly exposed to the hegemony of Anglo-American laws.

"Whereas victims of ordinary crimes such as theft, robbery, assault or murder find it easier to obtain redress, victims of the most serious violatons such as war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity receive less attention insofar as their redress is concerned. Apart from some exceptional cases where victims of serious human rights abuses had their right to redress vindicated, there has not been an effective and comprehensive way of redressing victims of gross human rights violations. In Africa for instance, victims' redress in post-Apartheid South Africa and post-genocide Rwanda have been problematic. Thus, it is meaningful investigating how effectively the victims' right to reparation can be implemented in case of gross and systematic human rights violations. Preliminary to the above interrogation are questions such as: what are gross and systematic human rights violations? What are international standards regarding redress for the victims of such abuses? The case studies of Sierra Leone and the DRC will be closely analysed as an empirical foundation for these questions. ... This study consists of five chapters. Chapter one draws the context in which the study emerges. It provides the foundation and the structure of the dissertation. Chapter two outlines the legal framework that is relevant for answering the questions raised by this study. It explores international human rights standards regarding reparation of vicitms of gross and systematic violations. Chapter three analyses the implementation of victims' reparation in the context of Sierra Leone. It confronts Sierra Leonean responses to war victims with international standards on victims' reparation. Chapter four analyses victims' situation in the post-conflict Democratic Republic of Congo and draws lessons from the Sierra Leonean experience. Chapter five sums up findings of the study." -- Introduction. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Alejandro Lorite Escorihuela at the Department of Law, American University in Cairo, Egypt / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

No description available.

Diamonds have played a dual role in society since their discovery. On the one hand, they have brought smiles to the faces of many exhibiting love, beauty, wealth and brilliance. On the other hand, they have been at the heart of many conflicts. This juxtaposition has different impacts in usage. For those whom diamonds were a positively and morally accepted benefit, it did not present problems. Where diamonds spurned conflicts, it caused harm to lives and territories. Human rights abuses became the cause of international conflicts. Humanitarian interventions appeared on the United Nations Security Council agenda. The United Nations had to address the human rights abuses and had to confront the escalation of human rights abuses. Human rights abuses reached significant proportions forcing the application of humanitarian intervention mechanisms. Control of the diamond trade industry was fast becoming an item on many international peace keeping agendas. International organisations such as the World Trade Organisation, the International Criminal Court, the African Union, the European Union, the World Diamond Council and the United Nations have all tried to influence the diamond trade and its consequential impact upon human rights. These organisations are regulated by law, making them a preferred mechanism for establishing accountability for human rights abuse, arising from the illegal trade in rough diamonds and the maintenance of peace and security.Pressed by the United Nations and, De Beers; NGOs; the Partnership Africa Canada and Global Witness; the World Diamond Council; and many States initiated a formalised voluntary international certification scheme for the export and import of diamonds. Thisinternational certification scheme for the trade of rough diamonds became known as the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme has been hailed as a milestone in the diamond trade industry. Simultaneously, the Certification Scheme has been criticised for its inefficacy in regulating the legitimate trade of rough diamonds. Whether the Certification Scheme in its present form is suitable to address the crisis in the trade of rough diamonds is central to this study. Thus, the characterisation, monitoring, implementation and evolution of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme will be examined. / Jurisprudence / LLD

Embora os direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (PI) sejam supostamente instituídos de forma a fomentar a inovação e o bem-estar em longo prazo, seu uso pode ensejar comportamentos oportunistas e abusivos como os Artigos 8.2 e 40 do TRIPS expressamente admitem. Sempre que tal tipo de comportamento afetar a concorrência em determinado mercado excluindo concorrentes, impondo barreiras à entrada, prejudicando consumidores por meio de aumento de preços ou redução da oferta o Direito de Concorrência será chamado a intervir. Considerando tais questões, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar um quadro de trabalho brasileiro para tratar de questões envolvendo questões de Direito de Concorrência relacionadas à Propriedade Intelectual. O autor buscou delinear os conceitos de uso abusivo de direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, Dominação de Mercado por meio de uso da Propriedade Intelectual e de abuso de posição dominante, considerando o novo quadro regulatório introduzido pela Lei 12.259/2001. / While intellectual property (IP) rights are usually claimed to be designed to foster innovation and welfare in the long run, their use may give rise to opportunistic, abusive behavior - as Articles 8.2 and 40 of TRIPS openly admit. Whenever such sort of behavior affects competition in a given market - whether by dislodging competitors, imposing barriers to entry, harming costumers, raising prices or reducing output - competition law is called to intervene. Considering these issues, the purpose of this paper is to identify a Brazilian legal framework for dealing with IP related competition issues. The author sought to draw the legal concepts of abusive of IP rights, market domination and abuse of dominant position considering the new regulatory framework introduced by Law 12.259/2011.

Embora os direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (PI) sejam supostamente instituídos de forma a fomentar a inovação e o bem-estar em longo prazo, seu uso pode ensejar comportamentos oportunistas e abusivos como os Artigos 8.2 e 40 do TRIPS expressamente admitem. Sempre que tal tipo de comportamento afetar a concorrência em determinado mercado excluindo concorrentes, impondo barreiras à entrada, prejudicando consumidores por meio de aumento de preços ou redução da oferta o Direito de Concorrência será chamado a intervir. Considerando tais questões, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar um quadro de trabalho brasileiro para tratar de questões envolvendo questões de Direito de Concorrência relacionadas à Propriedade Intelectual. O autor buscou delinear os conceitos de uso abusivo de direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, Dominação de Mercado por meio de uso da Propriedade Intelectual e de abuso de posição dominante, considerando o novo quadro regulatório introduzido pela Lei 12.259/2001. / While intellectual property (IP) rights are usually claimed to be designed to foster innovation and welfare in the long run, their use may give rise to opportunistic, abusive behavior - as Articles 8.2 and 40 of TRIPS openly admit. Whenever such sort of behavior affects competition in a given market - whether by dislodging competitors, imposing barriers to entry, harming costumers, raising prices or reducing output - competition law is called to intervene. Considering these issues, the purpose of this paper is to identify a Brazilian legal framework for dealing with IP related competition issues. The author sought to draw the legal concepts of abusive of IP rights, market domination and abuse of dominant position considering the new regulatory framework introduced by Law 12.259/2011.

Diamonds have played a dual role in society since their discovery. On the one hand, they have brought smiles to the faces of many exhibiting love, beauty, wealth and brilliance. On the other hand, they have been at the heart of many conflicts. This juxtaposition has different impacts in usage. For those whom diamonds were a positively and morally accepted benefit, it did not present problems. Where diamonds spurned conflicts, it caused harm to lives and territories. Human rights abuses became the cause of international conflicts. Humanitarian interventions appeared on the United Nations Security Council agenda. The United Nations had to address the human rights abuses and had to confront the escalation of human rights abuses. Human rights abuses reached significant proportions forcing the application of humanitarian intervention mechanisms. Control of the diamond trade industry was fast becoming an item on many international peace keeping agendas. International organisations such as the World Trade Organisation, the International Criminal Court, the African Union, the European Union, the World Diamond Council and the United Nations have all tried to influence the diamond trade and its consequential impact upon human rights. These organisations are regulated by law, making them a preferred mechanism for establishing accountability for human rights abuse, arising from the illegal trade in rough diamonds and the maintenance of peace and security.Pressed by the United Nations and, De Beers; NGOs; the Partnership Africa Canada and Global Witness; the World Diamond Council; and many States initiated a formalised voluntary international certification scheme for the export and import of diamonds. Thisinternational certification scheme for the trade of rough diamonds became known as the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme has been hailed as a milestone in the diamond trade industry. Simultaneously, the Certification Scheme has been criticised for its inefficacy in regulating the legitimate trade of rough diamonds. Whether the Certification Scheme in its present form is suitable to address the crisis in the trade of rough diamonds is central to this study. Thus, the characterisation, monitoring, implementation and evolution of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme will be examined. / Jurisprudence / LLD

Lo studio si inserisce nel dibattito sul potere delle multinazionali e il rispetto dei diritti umani fondamentali e approfondisce i concetti di responsabilità sociale delle imprese (CSR) e della loro "accountability", inquadrando l'analisi nel contesto più ampio degli investimenti esteri diretti (FDI), con i relativi aspetti economici, tecnologici e sociali, nonché ambientali e politici. Si analizzano le norme internazionali in tema di rispetto dei diritti umani da parte delle aziende, ed i meccanismi legali per rendere le società "accountable", soprattutto in caso di complicità aziendali negli abusi perpetrati dagli Stati, anche attraverso la giurisprudenza dei tribunali penali internazionali e dei tribunali statunitensi. Viene data attenzione al settore della sicurezza, i.e. "Private Military and Security Companies" (PMSCs, interessato da notevole crescita negli ultimi decenni. Le PMSCs, impiegate da parte dei governi che esternalizzano una funzione tipicamente dello stato e da imprese e ONG attive in contesti difficili, hanno operato senza adeguato controllo. Le loro attività sollevano questioni su potenziali abusi dei diritti umani commessi dai propri dipendenti oltre che su violazioni dei diritti del lavoro subite dagli stessi. Le azioni ONU per portare le PMSCs fuori dalla 'zona legale grigia' in cui hanno operato vengono trattate insieme alle iniziative di autoregolamentazione. / The study, given the debate about the increasing power of corporations and the attempts to ensure their respect of fundamental human rights, deepens the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate accountability, framing the analysis within the broader discourse of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), with its economic, technological and social aspects as well as environmental and political issues. International standards in the area of corporations’ human rights obligations are analyzed in addition to legal mechanisms to hold corporations accountable, particularly for corporate complicity in human rights abuses by States, through the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals and U.S. Courts. Special attention is given to the security sector, i.e. Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs), interested in the last decades by a steady growth. PMSCs, increasingly contracted by governments willing to outsource a typical state function and by companies and NGOs active in difficult contexts, have been operating without proper supervision and accountability. PMSCs activities raise issues concerning potential human rights violations committed by their employees and labour rights abuses their employees might suffer themselves. UN actions aimed at bringing PMSCs out of the legal ‘grey zone’ where they have been operating are tackled alongside with self-regulatory initiatives.