Additive manufacturing (AM) for metals is a manufacturing process that has increased a lot in popularity last few years as it has experienced significant improvements since its beginning, both when it comes to accuracy and deposition rates. There are many different AM processes where the energy sources and deposition methods varies. But the common denominator is their layer wise manufacturing process, melting layer on layer. AM has a great design freedom compared to conventional manufacturing, making it possible to design new structures with decreased weight and increased performance.  A drawback is slow manufacturing speeds, making it more expensive. But when it comes to low lot sizes and complex structures AM is very competitive. So, for the aerospace and space industry AM is a good option as manufacturing cost is less of an issue and where saving weight is of great concern, both environmentally and economically.  There are however many topics left to research before additive manufactured titanium can be widely adopted for critical components, such as microstructure and texture development and its correlation to mechanical properties. The aim of this work has been to investigate the microstructure and texture of various AM processes. Microstructural features such as prior β grains, grain boundary α (GB-α), α laths, α colonies have been characterized along with hardness measurements for 5 different AM processes. Some of these AM processes have also been investigated in the SKAT instrument in Dubna, Russia, to obtain their texture. These textures have then been compared with one another and correlated to previous microstructural investigations and mechanical properties. This is important knowledge as the microstructure and the texture sets the basis for the mechanical properties. In case there is a high texture, the material can have anisotropic mechanical behavior, which could be either wanted or unwanted for different applications.   Some the findings are that α phase was found to increase in the prior β grain boundary for the AM processes with low cooling rates, while it was discontinuous and even non-present for the AM processes with high cooling rates. The prior β size are larger for the directed energy deposition (DED) processes than for the powder bed fusion (PBF) processes. Parallel bands were present for the DED process while being non-present for the PBF processes. Concerning the texture, it was found that LMwD had a higher texture than EBM and SLM. Texture inhomogeneity was also found for the LMwD process., where two parts of the same sample was investigated and the material closer to the surface had higher texture.

La technologie de fabrication additive métal fil permet la fabrication de structures filaires complexes en 3 dimensions. Ce système se base sur l'utilisation d'un procédé de soudage qui va permettre le dépôt de la matière. Ce dernier est embarqué sur un bras robotique qui permettra de déplacer la torche de soudage aux positions désirées. Pour fabriquer de grandes structures filaires, le dépôt s'effectue point par point. L'utilisation d'un procédé de soudage induit des fluctuations sur le dépôt. Pour être adaptable facilement, deux aspects doivent être pris en compte. Premièrement, une instrumentation doit être embarquée. Un contrôle local sur la géométrie déposée doit être utilisé pour atteindre les formes finales désirées. Deuxièmement, certaines stratégies de dépôt doivent êtres implémentées pour piloter notre système dans les intersections de branches. Pour atteindre ces deux objectifs, un slicer adaptatif et modulaire, ainsi qu'un système de supervision et de contrôle du système ont été développés pour permettre l'implémentation du contrôle. Cela permet, si une erreur apparait, de changer la position de notre système de dépôt. Pour obtenir la géométrie désirée, notre système de supervision et de contrôle doit pouvoir : (i) effectuer un slicing de la géométrie à la volée lors de la fabrication avec un pas variable pour pouvoir prendre en compte les variations du procédé de dépôt et (ii) gérer les stratégies de dépôt au niveau des intersections pour décider des paramètres procédés et des trajectoires à employer. / Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has the possibility to build metallic structures in 3D space. WAAM system is based on welding process to deposit metallic material and on a robot that moves the welding torch to add material at a given position. For large skeleton structures, it was chosen to deposit material point by point. Welding process induces fluctuations.To be fully scalable, two main features must be taken into account. First, monitoring of the process is necessary. Local control on the geometry of the deposition must be used to reach the final shape. Secondly, some deposition strategies must be implemented to manage branch intersections. To reach these two objectives, anadaptive and modular slicer and a process manager have been developed in order to implement this control. It allows us, if an error occurs during the deposition, to change the position of the effector or the process parameters. To obtain the desired geometry, the CAM software have to be able to, (i) do a slicing during the additive process of the part with a variable deposit height in order to take into account variation of the deposition process and (ii) manage the deposition strategy at intersection to output the position of the torch.

A deformidade em pescoço de cisne é uma postura anormal do dedo caracterizada por hiperextensão da articulação interfalangeana proximal juntamente com a flexão da interfalangeana distal, que pode causar dor e incapacidade funcional. Na prática clínica, as órteses são amplamente aplicadas no tratamento conservador da deformidade, sendo indicados modelos adquiridos comercialmente ou confeccionados sob medida pelos terapeutas. Trabalhos anteriores do grupo de pesquisa propuseram um modelo de órtese articulada para correção da deformidade pescoço de cisne denominada AOA (Anel em Oito Articulado) que teve sua funcionalidade aprovada pelos voluntários da pesquisa. O presente trabalho objetiva a evolução deste projeto na busca de um modelo mais anatômico (maior conforto), mais funcional e melhorar a compreensão acerca da relação entre materiais, manufatura e custo da órtese. Para isto, foram utilizados os processos de Manufatura Aditiva (MA) ou impressão 3D e parametrização, que permite o redezenhar automaticamente a órtese. A metodologia aplicada foi baseada no desenvolvimento de produtos e otimização integrada entre a técnica e a participação de adultos, atendidos nos ambulatórios do HCFMRP-USP, que apresentam a deformidade a fim de identificar sua percepção acerca da experimentação. A metodologia foi dividida didaticamente em duas etapas. Na primeira, foram realizadas as medidas antropométricas de dedos com a deformidade, além da definição das medidas de referência para parametrização através de medidas das mãos dos pesquisadores e de clientes; na segunda etapa, foi realizada a otimização e a parametrização do desenho, foi testada a manufatura da órtese com diferentes materiais, teste de usabilidade, por teste de bancada com os pesquisadores e após aprovação foram experimentadas por dois clientes para avaliar a opinião e na sequencia, foi feita análise descritiva dos dados. As principais alterações do projeto atual sobre o original foram a substituição dos diâmetros das seções dos dedos pela altura e largura que as aproximou de formatos elípticos; aumentos e reposicionamentos dos apoios ao dedo; reposicionamento do eixo de rotação da articulação; alteração do ângulo de bloqueio segundo recomendação do terapeuta pela avaliação da deformidade; modelagem paramétrica e manufatura aditiva em resina de alta resistência. Foram realizados também ensaios mecânicos para avaliação das propriedades das resinas curadas e teste com sensor de força, para conhecimento da distribuição de pressão da órtese no dedo. O presente modelo possibilitou aos usuários um ganho em funcionalidade e conforto e através do desenho paramétrico e manufatura aditiva direta possibilitou a dispensação da órtese personalizada com maior agilidade, em poucas horas. A evolução da AOA foi considerada promissora pois apresenta uma ferramenta inovadora muito próxima da aplicação comercial para a resolução de um problema de saúde crônico. / The swan neck deformity is an abnormal posture of the finger characterized by the hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint with distal interphalangeal flexion, which can cause pain and lead to functional disability. In clinical practice, the orthosis is widely recommended in the conservative treatment of the deformity, and both commercially-acquirable models and on demand models made by therapists can be indicated. The previous work of the research group proposed an articulated orthosis model for the correction of swan neck deformity called AOA (Articulated Eight-shape Ring) that had its functionality approved by the research volunteers. The present work aims to further develop this project by searching for a more anatomical and functional model, providing greater comfort, and seeking a compromise among materials, manufacture and cost of the orthosis. For this, the processes of Additive Manufacturing (MA) or 3D printing and parameterization were used, which allows the automatic redesign of the orthosis The applied methodology was based on the product development and the integrated optimization between the technique and the feedback of adult patients who were affected by the deformity and treated at the HCFMRP-USP ambulatories. The methodology was divided into two steps: firstly, the anthropometric measurements of the fingers with the deformity were carried out, and the reference measurements for parameterization were defined through the measurement of the researchers\' and the patients\' hands; secondly, the optimization and parameterization of the design was performed, followed by the manufacturing of the orthosis with different materials that were submitted to usability tests and a bench test with the researchers. After approval, the orthosis were tested by two patients in order to obtain their opinion, and subsequently, the descriptive analysis of collected data was established. When comparing the current design to the original one, the main changes were the replacement of the diameters of fingers sections by slightly elliptical formats, the enlargement and repositioning of the finger supports, the repositioning of the rotation axis of the joint, the alteration of the blockage angle according to the recommendation of the therapist to evaluate the evolution of the deformity, and the parametric modelling and additive manufacture in high strength resin. Mechanical tests were also carried out to evaluate the properties of the cured resins as well as load sensor tests to identify the pressure distribution from the orthosis to the finger. The present model provided the users with greater functionality and comfort. Moreover, the personalized orthosis can be fabricated in matter of a few hours due to the parametric design and direct additive manufacture. The evolution of AOA was considered promising as it presents an innovative tool very close to the commercial application for the resolution of a chronic health issue.

Les techniques de fabrication rapide, issues des techniques de prototypage rapide comme l’impression 3D ou la découpe laser permettent de fabriquer des pièces uniques sans demander d’expertise particulière du procédé mis en œuvre. En revanche la modélisation de nouveaux objets tout comme la personnalisation d’objets existants restent difficiles. En effet, les techniques de prototypages rapides imposent des contraintes sur la géométrie du modèle qui doivent être respectées. Cette thèse présente un ensemble de techniques qui ont pour point commun d’assister l’utilisateur dans la modélisation d’un objet, en tenant compte des contraintes du procédé qui permettra de le fabriquer. À cette fin, l’algorithme prend en charge tout ou partie de la modélisation. En particulier, les problématiques suivantes sont abordées : Tout d’abord, je propose d’améliorer la qualité des objets fabriqués avec une imprimante 3D en minimisant certains défauts qui apparaissent lors de la fabrication. Les approches développées modifient uniquement les algorithmes de pilotage de l’imprimante. En second lieu, je propose d’aider l’utilisateur à prendre en compte les contraintes de fabrication pendant la modélisation. Mes techniques utilisent des informations partielles sur la forme que l’utilisateur souhaite fabriquer, comme le dessin en deux dimensions d’un mécanisme, ou un modèle paramétrique qui définit un meuble. L’algorithme optimise une forme finale qui améliore des critères liés à sa fabrication (gaspillage, encombrement, etc.). Enfin, dans certains cas (e.g. grand public) l’utilisateur n’est pas forcément à même de modéliser ces formes via des logiciels spécialisés. Pour ce cas précis, je propose une technique de synthèse de meubles à partir de spécifications fonctionnelles, e.g. la spécification de poids à porter dans l’espace / The Rapid Manufacturing techniques that emerged from Rapid Prototyping techniques such as 3D printing or laser cutting allow to fabricate unique objects. However, the design of those objects with existing CAD software remain a difficult task: rapid prototyping processes impose constraints on the geometry of the model. This thesis presents a set of techniques that assist the user in the design of an object by taking into account the constraints of the fabrication process. To achieve this, the algorithm automatically performs part of the modelling process. The following problems have been tackled: First, I propose to improve the quality of 3D printed objects by minimizing defects that appear during the fabrication. The technique developed impacts only the algorithm that drives the printer. Then, I propose to help the user to take into account the fabrication constraints during the modelling process. My techniques rely on partial information about the shape that the user wants to fabricate like the 2D sketch of a mechanism or a parametric model of a furniture. The algorithm optimizes the initial shape to improve fabrication objectives(Wastage, etc.) Finally, in some cases, the user does not know how to operate dedicated software. In this case, I propose a synthesis technique of furniture from functionnal specification, e.g. loads that have to be supported in space

<div>The objective of this dissertation is to develop new methods in the areas of multiscale topology optimization, thermomechanical topology optimization including heat convection, and thermal-fluid topology optimization. The dissertation mainly focuses on developing five innovative topology optimization algorithms with respect to structure and multistructure coupling fluid, thermal and mechanical analysis, in order to solve customary design requirements. Most of algorithms are coded as in-house code in MATLAB.</div><div><br></div><div><div>In Chapter One, a brief introduction of topology optimization, a brief literature review and the objective is presented. Five innovative algorithms are illustrated in Chapter Two</div><div>to Six. From Chapter Two to Four, the methods with respect to multiscale approach are presneted. and Chapter Five and Six aims to contribute further research associated with</div><div>topology optimization considering heat convection. In Chapter Two, a multiphse topology optimization of thermomechanical structures is presented, in which the optimized structure is composed of several phases of prescribed lattice unit cells. Chapter Three presents a</div><div>Multiscale, thermomechanical topology optimization of self-supporting cellular structures. Each lattice unit cell have a optimised porousity and diamond shape that benefit additive</div><div>manufacturing. In Chapter Four, the multiscale approach is extended to topology optimization involved with fluid mechanics problem to design optimized micropillar arrays in</div><div>microfludics devices. The optimised micropillars minimize the energy loss caused by local fluid drag force. In Chapter Five, a novel thermomechanical topology optimization is developed, in order to generate optimized multifunctional lattice heat transfer structure. The algorithm approximate convective heat transfer by design-dependent heat source and natural convection. In Chapter Six, an improved thermal-fluid topology optimization method is created to flexibly handle the changing of thermal-fluid parameters such as external heat source, Reynolds number, Prandtl number and thermal diffusivity. The results show the</div><div>changing of these parameters lead versatile optimized topologies. Finally, the summary and recommendations are presented in Chapter Seven.</div></div><div><br></div>

Le procédé de fusion sélective « lit de poudre » (SLM) permet d'élaborer des pièces métalliques bonne matière (denses) directement à partir de la fusion de couches de poudres successives. De nombreux problèmes techniques doivent encore être surmontés pour faire du SLM un processus de fabrication entièrement viable. C'est le cas de l’état de surface et de l'apparition systématique de porosités, qui nécessitent des étapes de post-traitements. Jusqu'à présent, l'origine de la porosité reste incertaine mais est supposée être liée à la stabilité du procédé. Cette thèse propose une étude originale de l'interaction laser-poudre-bain liquide sur 316L et sur deux alliages d’aluminium (5086 et 4047) avant d’étudier les conditions de densification de la matière. Le travail de cette thèse s’articule en deux parties. Dans la première partie, une étude expérimentale de l’interaction laser-matière a été effectuée sur un banc instrumenté à partir d’imagerie par caméra rapide (>10 000 images /s). Les conditions de formation des éjections métalliques, de dénudation en poudre, l’hydrodynamique des zones fondues (dont le humping) ont été caractérisées et quantifiées. Tous ces phénomènes sont liés aux fortes densités de puissance utilisées en SLM, qui favorisent le régime de keyhole et la vaporisation. La deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse a consisté à évaluer l’origine et le taux de porosités sur une machine SLM. Une formulation analytique de la densification, dépendante d’un paramètre énergétique VED, a été validée par une étude expérimentale de l’évolution du taux de porosité, quelle que soit l’épaisseur de poudre. Un premier lien a été réalisé entre les dimensions des cordons de fusion et les conditions de densification. Enfin, une forte interaction (diffusion de Rayleigh ou absorption) a été observée entre le faisceau laser incident et les nanoparticules contenues dans la colonne de vapeur métallique, à l’origine de la dispersion importante des profondeurs de fusion. / The selective laser melting (SLM) process allows to produce dense metal parts directly from the melting of successive powder layers. However, many technical issues are still to overcome for making SLM a fully viable manufacturing process. This is the case of surface finishing and the systematic occurrence of porosities, which require post machining steps. Up till now, the origin of porosities remains unclear but is expected to be related to the stability of the process. This thesis proposes an original study of the laser-powder-melt pool interaction on 316 L and on two aluminum alloys (5086 and 4047) before studying the material’s densification conditions. The work is structured in two parts. In the first part, an experimental study of the laser-matter interaction has been carried out on an instrumented SLM setup equipped with a fast camera (>10 000 images /s). The conditions of formation of metal ejections, denudation and hydrodynamics of melt pool (including humping) have been characterized and quantified. All these phenomena are related to the high power densities used in SLM, which favor keyhole regime and vaporization. The aim of the second part of this work was to characterize the origin and the porosity fraction on an SLM machine. A first correlation has been made between the dimensions of the fusion beads and the densification conditions. A strong interaction (Rayleigh scattering or absorption) has been observed between the incident laser beam and the nanoparticles contained in the metal vapor column: this interaction is responsible for the significant dispersion of melting depths.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is currently on the verge of redefining the way we produce and manufacture things. AM encompasses many technologies and subsets, which are all joint by a common denominator; they build three dimensional (3D) objects by adding materials layer-upon-layer. This family of methods can do so, whether the material is plastic, concrete, metallic or living cells which can function as organs. AM manufacturing at the micro scale introduces new capabilities for the AM family that has been proven difficult to achieve with established AM methods at the macro scale. Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet or EHD jet) printing is a micro AM technique which has the ability to print at high resolution and speed by exploiting physical phenomena to generate droplets using the means of an electric field. However, when printing metallic materials, this method requires nanoparticles for deposition. To obtain a stable structure the material needs to be sintered, after which the deposited material is left with a porous structure. In contrary, electrochemical methods using the well-known deposition mechanism of electroplating, can deposit dense and pure structures with the downside of slow deposition. In this thesis, a new method is proposed to micro additive manufacturing by merging an already existing technology EHD with simple electrochemistry. By doing so, we demonstrate that it is possible to print metallic structures at the micro- and nanoscale with high speeds, without the need for presynthesized nanoparticles. To achieve this, a printing setup was designed and built. Using a sacrificial wire and the solvent acetonitrile, metallic building blocks such as lines, pillars and other geometric features could be printed in copper, silver, and gold with a minimum feature size of 200 nm. A voltage dependence was found for porosity, where the densest pillars were printed at 135-150 V and the most porous at 260 V. The maximum experimental deposition speed measured up to 4.1 µm · s−1 at 220 V. Faraday’s law of electrolysis could be used to predict the experimental deposition speed at a potential of 190 V with vexp = 1.8 µm · s−1 and vtheory = 0.8 µm · s−1. The microstructure of the pillars could be improved through lowering the applied voltage. In addition, given that Faraday’s law of electrolysis could predict experimental depositions speeds well, it gives further proof to reduction being the mechanism of deposition.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-03-19T13:06:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas Rafael Veit_.pdf: 4241312 bytes, checksum: db46ad98d688b6b42902ae0142a9b574 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T13:06:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas Rafael Veit_.pdf: 4241312 bytes, checksum: db46ad98d688b6b42902ae0142a9b574 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / GMAP/Unisinos / As ferramentas relacionadas à Manufatura Avançada estão se desenvolvendo rapidamente e irão transformar o futuro dos sistemas de produção. O paradigma de produção será alterado para o desenvolvimento, fabricação e a comercialização de novos produtos a partir do uso destas tecnologias. Nesse contexto, uma das tecnologias tratadas com maior atenção no que tange aos sistemas produtivos é a Manufatura Aditiva. Este trabalho identificou os impactos da utilização da Manufatura Aditiva pelos sistemas produtivos e suas repercussões nos critérios competitivos. Para atender a este objetivo, foram utilizados Métodos Múltiplos de Pesquisa. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura no tema em questão. Dessa revisão, emergiram proposições a respeito dos impactos e suas repercussões na competitividade das organizações, utilizados como base para o questionário das entrevistas. Este questionário foi aplicado a três grupos de entrevistados distintos: Fabricantes e Representantes da Manufatura Aditiva (Brasil e EUA), Usuários da tecnologia (Brasil, EUA e Alemanha) e Representantes de Governos nacionais (Brasil e EUA). Tanto para a literatura quanto para as entrevistas realizou-se a análise de conteúdo procurando identificar as convergências e divergências entre as análises. Ainda, para confrontar estes resultados com a prática, foram realizados dois estudos de campo e um estudo de caso. Como resultados, destaca-se que a utilização da Manufatura Aditiva é um caminho sem volta. Seus benefícios partem da redução do tempo de atravessamento desde o processo de desenvolvimento de produto até a fabricação, além da viabilidade de novos modelos de negócios. Barreiras como a velocidade de impressão e a qualidade final (aparência) devem ser solucionadas em breve, devido ao avanço da tecnologia, propiciando às organizações maior competitividade em um conjunto significativo de critérios competitivos. / The tools related to Advanced Manufacturing are developing rapidly and will transform the future of production systems. From these technologies the production paradigm will be changed for the development, manufacture and commercialization of new products. In this context, one of the technologies most carefully addressed in production systems is Additive Manufacturing. This research aimed to identify the impacts of the use of the Additive Manufacturing on the production systems and its repercussions on the competitive criteria. To achieve this goal, Multiple Research Methods were used. Initially, a systematic literature review on the subject was carried out. From this review, propositions emerged about the impacts of the additive manufacturing on the production systems and their repercussions on the competitiveness of organizations. These propositions were the basis for the elaboration of the interview questionnaire, which was applied to three different groups: Manufacturers and Representatives of the Additive Manufacturing (Brazil and USA), Users of the technology (Brazil, USA and Germany) and Representatives of national governments (Brazil and USA). For both the literature and the interviews findings, content analysis was carried out in order to identify the convergences and divergences between them. In order to compare these results with the empirical reality, two field studies and one case study were carried out. As a result, it is emphasized that the use of Additive Manufacturing is a path with no return. Its benefits include the reduction of lead time, from the product development to the manufacturing product development, and the viability of new business models. Barriers such as speed of print and final quality (appearance) should be solved soon, due to the technology improvement, giving organizations greater competitiveness in a significant set of criteria.

Laser Sintering (LS) is a powder based Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology capable of producing near-net shape objects from 3D data. The benefits of LS include almost unlimited design freedom and reduced material waste, however the number of commercially available materials are limited, with materials traditionally being optimised for the process using a trial and error method and material development being led by previous research into polyamide (PA). There is a desire for greater material choice in LS, particularly high performance polymers. The EOSINT P800 by AM systems manufacturer EOS GmbH is the first commercially available high temperature laser sintering (HT-LS) system capable of working high performance polymers; a PolyEtherKetone (PEK) known by the trade name HP3 PEK is the first material offered by EOS for use with the system. This research project undertakes to characterise the EOSINT P800 and HP3 PEK material with different thermal histories. Experimental work focusses on establishing material properties such as size and shape, crystallinity and decomposition. Characterisation of coalescence behaviour and comparison with theoretical models for viscous sintering is presented as a less experimentally intensive method of understanding how a material will behave during the LS process. A map of temperatures inside the powder bed in the EOSINT P800 is created for the first time and compared with output from on-board temperature sensors in the system, demonstrating the thermal distribution within the bed during building, and explaining differences between as-received and used powder. The results demonstrate that material and process characterisation methods are useful for understanding how and why a high temperature laser sintering material behaves the way it does. The behaviour of HP3 PEK observed during experimental work indicates that guidelines based on LS of PA are too restrictive as indicators of suitability for LS and newer systematic approaches are potentially better suited for qualification of HT-LS polymers. The novel method for mapping thermal distribution inside the LS system documented here shows the limitations of current hardware to effectively process high performance polymers. Overall, the finding of this research project is that understanding of material and process cannot be considered in isolation but combined have the potential to reduce the amount of trial and error required during qualification of new materials and increase the range and variety of polymers available for LS and HT-LS.

Additiv tillverkning (AT) eller 3D-utskrivning är en teknologi som har berömts den senaste tiden och förutsägs kommer att förändra hela tillverkningsindustrin. Dessa termer hänvisar båda till ett antal tillverkningstekniker där ett objekt framställs skikt för skikt genom att successivt tillföra material i tunna lager.Baserat på en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med experter inom området undersöker denna studie möjligheten att använda AT inom företaget CJ Automotive (CJA) vilket är en underleverantör inom fordonsindustrin som tillverkar olika slags pedalsystem. Rapporten beskriver additiv tillverkning, dess fördelar och olika användningsområden. Olika AT-tekniker, AT-material och välkända 3D-skrivartillverkare presenteras. Signifikanta fakta rörande både kvalitet, kostnad och teknik redogörs för. Även en jämförelse mellan olika tekniker redovisas.Denna rapport innehåller riktlinjer för hur ett företag ska tänka och vilka faktorer som är viktiga vid val av rätt 3D-skrivarteknik. Studien pekar på att det finns många fördelar med att utnyttja 3D-skrivare under utvecklingsprocessen på företaget. Detta kommer att påskynda utvecklingsprocessen och eventuellt förbättra produkterna till följd av mer flexibilitet och designmöjligheter. Slutligen föreslås två AT-tekniker som tycks vara de lämpligaste med tanke på företagets verksamhet. / Program: Högskoleingenjörsexamen i Maskiningenjörprogrammet - Produktutveckling