Le développement d'un produit portable et performant, tout en limitant les coûts, répond à la croissance du marché de la détection biologique par la méthode de la biochimiluminescence. Cet outil de diagnostic d'hygiène et de qualité en temps réel in situ permet une meilleure sécurité, gestion des risques, traçabilité et surveillance des risques. Cet outil trouvera son application dans les domaines agroalimentaires, médicaux, pharmaceutiques, cosmétologiques, environnementaux (eau, air, surfaces), le tertiaire ou les collectivités. Les intérêts sont industriels, écologiques et économiques, et reflètent le désir de proposer un produit novateur et compétitif sur un marché en plein essor. En effet, la détection de certains contaminants est devenue une priorité dans la gestion des risques microbiologiques. La plupart des méthodes de diagnostic actuelles sont lentes, coûteuses, complexes, et limitées dans leur mise en uvre et leurs résultats. Le diagnostic étant essentiel dans tous les secteurs d'activité, il est impératif d'apporter des solutions alternati ves de détection et de quantification des germes pathogènes ou autre toxiques, par la conception de nouveaux outils d'analyse sur le terrain, en temps réel, avec une rapidité et une sensibilité élevées. Ceci passe par une étude fine des phénomènes de biochimiluminescence (BCL) et par la recherche des différents composants optoélectronique capables de détecter les faibles puissances lumineuses émises. Le projet de conception d'un luminomètre de terrain à base de photodiodes PIN ou avalanche, ou de photomultiplicateurs répond aux besoins de la détection et de la mesure de la puissance lumineuse rayonnée par des réactions spécifique ou non de biochimiluminescence. L'élaboration d'un appareil de mesure portable destiné à la quantification in situ de biomasse ou molécules à l'état de traces est nécessaire à l'exploitation des réactifs. En effet, les appareils existants fournissent une information en RLU (Relative Light Unit, unité arbitraire qui né cessite une comparaison à un étalon connu) et ne donnent pas une information quantifiée directe sur la concentration de l'élément recherché dans l'échantillon testé. Ils ne permettent donc pas d'optimiser la biochimiluminescence sur le terrain. L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre au point une alternative plus performante que les systèmes de détection actuels et qui soit moins onéreuse. / The development of a portable and efficient device, while reducing costs, meets the growing market for biological detection by the method of biochimiluminescence. This diagnostic tool of hygiene and quality in real time in situ allows for better security, risk management, traceability and risk monitoring.This tool will find application in the areas food, medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, environmental (water, air and surfaces), the tertiary or communities. Interests are industrial, environmental and economic, and reflect the desire to offer an innovative and competitive device in a booming market.Indeed, the detection of contaminants has become a priority in the management of microbiological hazards. Most current diagnostic methods are slow, costly, complex and limited in their implementation and their results.The diagnosis is essential in all industries, it is imperative to provide alternative solutions for the detection and quantification of pathogens or other toxic by the conception of new analytical tools in situ in real time with speed and high sensitivity. This requires a detailed study of biochimiluminescence (BCL) phenomena and the search for various optoelectronic components capable of detecting low power emitted light.The projet for the conception of a field-luminometer based on avalanche photodiodes, or PIN, or photomultiplier responds to the needs of detecting and measuring the light power radiated by reactions biochimiluminescence specific or not. The development of a portable measuring device for in situ quantification of biomass or molecules trace is necessary for the operation of the reactants.Indeed, existing devices provide information in RLU (Relative Light Units, arbitrary units implying a comparison to a known standard) and do not give a direct quantified information on the concentration of the desired item in the test sample. So, they do not optimize biochimiluminescence field. The objective of this work is to develop an alternative more efficient than current detection systems and is less expensive.

L'adénosine est un nucléotide purinergique ubiquitaire qui exerce plusieurs fonctions dans l'organisme, notamment au sein du tissu cardiovasculaire, via ses 4 récepteurs RCPGs: A1, A2a, A2B, A3. Le système adénosinergique est donc particulièrement impliqué dans la pathologie cardiovasculaire et en particulier dans la maladie coronarienne et dans la fibrillation auriculaire.Dans la maladie coronarienne, le rôle du récepteur A2a est crucial puisqu'il participe au contrôle du flux coronaire. Nous avons comparé le niveau d’expression de ce récepteur dans les cellules mononuclées circulantes et dans des fragments d’artères coronaires prélevés chez des patients atteints de coronaropathie. L’expression du récepteur A2a dans les PBMCs est corrélée à celle mesurée dans les artères coronaires. Ces résultats indiquent que le récepteur A2a exprimé par les PBMCs a un comportement similaire à celui de son homologue in situ.L’adénosine affecte également le rythme cardiaque. Nous avons donc étudié son implication, via les récepteurs A1 et A2a, dans la fibrillation auriculaire. Nous avons observé une élévation très importante de l’adénosine dans la cavité auriculaire au cours de l’épisode de fibrillation auriculaire, et cette augmentation de l’adénosinémie pourrait participer à la permanence de la fibrillation.Dans une troisième partie nous avons évalué la corrélation entre les valeurs de l’ionogramme sanguin et celles de l’ionogramme sudoral et nous avons observé une corrélation entre la kaliémie et le potassium sudoral. Cela pourrait permettre de surveiller de manière continue etnon invasive les dyskaliémies, actrices des troubles du rythme. / The adenosine is an ubiquitous purinergic nucleotide which performs several functions in the body, in particular within the cardiovascular system, via his 4 receptors GPCRs: A1, A2a, A2B, A3. Thus the adenosinergic system is particularly involved in the cardiovascular pathology and in particular in the coronary disease and in the atrial fibrillation.In the coronary disease, the role of the A2a receptor is crucial because it participates in the control of the coronary flow. We compared the level of expression of this receptor in PBçCs and in fragments of coronary arteries taken from patients with coronaropathie. The expression of the A2a receptor in the PBMCs is correlated with that measured in the coronary arteries. These results indicate that the A2a receptor expressed by the PBMCs has a behavior similar to that of his in situ counterpart.The adenosine also modulates the heart rhythm. We thus studied her implication, via the A1 and A2a receptor, in the atrial fibrillation. We observed a very important rise of the adenosine in the left atrium during the episode of fibrillation, and we suggest that this increase in peripheral adenosine concentration could participate in the durability of the fibrillation.In the third part we estimated the correlation between the values of the blood ionogramme and those of the sweat ionogramme and we observed a correlation between the bllod concentration of potassium and the sweatpotassium. It could allow monitoring in a continuous and non-invasive way changes in blood potassium concentration which has a major role in cardiac rhytm diseases.

Accumulation of osmotically active metabolites, which create an osmotic gradient estimated at ∼60 mOsM, and cell swelling are prominent features of ischemic myocardial cell death. This study tests the hypothesis that reduction of ischemic swelling by enhanced cell volume regulation is a key mechanism in the delay of ischemic myocardial cell death by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Experimental protocols address whether: (i) IPC triggers a cell volume regulation mechanism that reduces cardiomyocyte swelling during subsequent index ischemia; (ii) this reduction in ischemic cell swelling is sufficient in magnitude to account for the IPC protection; (iii) the molecular mechanism that mediates IPC also mediates cell volume regulation. Two experimental models with rabbit ventricular myocytes were studied: freshly isolated pelleted myocytes and 48-h cultured myocytes. Myocytes were preconditioned either by distinct short simulated ischemia (SI)/simulated reperfusion protocols (IPC), or by subjecting myocytes to a pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) protocol (1 μM calyculin A, or 1 μM N6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine (APNEA), prior to subjecting them to either different durations of long SI or 30 min hypo-osmotic stress. Cell death (percent blue square myocytes) was monitored by trypan blue staining. Cell swelling was determined by either the bromododecane cell flotation assay (qualitative) or video/confocal microscopy (quantitative). Simulated ischemia induced myocyte swelling in both the models. In pelleted myocytes, IPC or PPC with either calyculin A or APNEA produced a marked reduction of ischemic cell swelling as determined by the cell floatation assay. In cultured myocytes, IPC substantially reduced ischemic cell swelling (P < 0.001). This IPC effect on ischemic cell swelling was related to an IPC and PPC (with APNEA) mediated triggering of cell volume regulatory decrease (RVD). IPC and APNEA also significantly (P < 0.001) reduced hypo-osmotic cell swelling. This IPC and APNEA effect was blocked by either adenosine receptor, PKC or Cl- channel inhibition. The osmolar equivalent for IPC protection approximated 50-60 mOsM, an osmotic gradient similar to the estimated ischemic osmotic load for preconditioned and non-preconditioned myocytes. The results suggest that cell volume regulation is a key mechanism that accounts for most of the IPC protection in cardiomyocytes.

Hydrodynamic analysis and electron microscopy of GLUT1/lipid/detergent micelles and freeze fracture electron microscopy of GLUT1 proteoliposomes support the hypothesis that the glucose transporter is a multimeric (probably tetrameric) complex of GLUT1 proteins. Some detergents (e.g. octylglucoside) maintain the multimeric complex while other detergents (e.g. CHAPS and dodecylmaltoside) promote the dissociation of GLUT1 oligomers into smaller aggregation states (dimers or monomers). GLUT1 does not appear to exchange rapidly between protein/lipid/detergent micelles but is able to self-associate in the plane of the lipid bilayer. Quantitatively deglycosylated GLUT1 displays aberrant electrophoretic mobility, but each protein band contains full-length GLUT1 and the less mobile species, when treated with additional detergent and reductant, converts to the more mobile species. Preliminary structural analysis suggests that denaturing detergent- and thiol chemistry-related changes of α-helical content may mirror mobility shifts. Limited proteolysis of membrane-resident GLUT1 (± ligands) releases membrane-spanning α-helical domains suggesting that (i) some bilayer-resident helices are highly solvent exposed; (ii) membrane-spanning domains 1, 2, & 4 and 7, 8, & 10 are destabilized upon ligand binding; and (iii) helix packing compares well with high-resolution structures of prokaryotic transporters from the same superfamily. Results are consistent with a central, hydrophilic, translocation pathway comprised of amphipathic, membrane-spanning domains that alter associations upon ligand/substrate binding. We have resolved technical difficulties (heterogeneity, lipid/detergent removal, glycosylation, small molecule contamination) associated with GLUT1 analysis by mass spectrometry; and we map global conformational changes between sugar uptake and sugar efflux.

Properties of the nucleotide binding site of the Ca²⁺-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum have been investigated. The study centred around interaction of the high affinity ATP analog, 2'-3'-0-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate, (TNP-ATP), with the Ca²⁺-ATPase. Defined fractions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), corresponding to the terminal cisternae (TC) and light SR (LSR), were isolated. The TC were shown to have distinctive morphological characteristics that differ from the LSR. The TC vesicles contained electron dense intravesicular material representative of Ca²⁺ binding proteins, and visible membranous "feet" structures, which are reported to interconnect with the transverse tubule. Functional characterisation of the isolated fractions provided evidence for the predominant localisation of Ca²⁺ release channels in TC, and concentration of Ca²⁺-ATPase molecules in LSR. These conclusions were based on the following observations: (a) decreased Ca²⁺ transport of TC versus LSR; ruthenium red, a Ca²⁺ channel blocker, enhanced Ca²⁺ transport and pumping efficiency in TC, (b) higher Ca²⁺-ATPase activity for LSR in the presence and absence of ionophore, (c) rapid Ca²⁺ efflux from TC which is inhibited by ruthenium red. Of special interest was the characterisation of the TC and LSR with respect to turnover-dependent TNP-ATP fluorescence. Fluorescence observed for TC was approximately 65% of that for LSR. This phenomenon may be attributable to either the decreased Ca²⁺ ATPase content of the TC vesicles or open Ca²⁺ release channels. Hence the TNP-ATP fluorescence characteristics appear to reflect the morphological and functional subspecialisation of the defined SR fractions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第19806号 / 人博第777号 / 新制||人||187(附属図書館) / 27||人博||777(吉田南総合図書館) / 32842 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 林 達也, 教授 森谷 敏夫, 教授 石原 昭彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Rationale and objective: The adenosine A(2A) receptor forms a mutually inhibitory heteromer with the dopamine D2 receptor, and A(2A) agonists decrease D2 signaling. This study analyzed whether an adenosine A(2A) agonist would alleviate deficits in sensorimotor gating and increases in cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the neonatal quinpirole model of schizophrenia (SZ). Methods: Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were neonatally treated with saline (NS) or quinpirole HCl (NQ; 1 mg/kg) from postnatal days (P) 1–21. Animals were raised to P44 and behaviorally tested on auditory sensorimotor gating as measured through prepulse inhibition (PPI) from P44 to P48. Approximately 15 min before each session, animals were given an ip administration of saline or the adenosine A(2A) agonist CGS 21680 (0.03 or 0.09 mg/kg). One day after PPI was complete on P49, animals were administered a locomotor activity test in the open field after saline or CGS 21680 treatment, respectively. On P50, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was evaluated for CREB protein. Results: NQ-treated rats demonstrated a deficit in PPI that was alleviated to control levels by either dose of CGS 21680. The 0.03 mg/kg dose of CGS 21680 increased startle amplitude in males. The 0.09 mg/kg dose of CGS 21680 resulted in an overall decrease in locomotor activity. NQ treatment significantly increased NAc CREB that was attenuated to control levels by either dose of CGS 21680. Conclusions: This study revealed that an adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist was effective to alleviate PPI deficits in the NQ model of SZ in both male and female rats.

The SARS-CoV2 pandemic has demonstrated on a global scale that viral infections can be highly contagious, can evolve rapidly, and are challenging to treat. The immune system provides cells with various control mechanisms to detect and prevent the spread of viral infection and further damage to the host. However, viruses have evolved methods to evade immunity, resulting in persevered viral replication and proliferation. Chronic viral infections occur when a virus evades immunity and persists in the body for an extended period, which can lead to increasingly harmful damage to the host, including increased risk of cancer. When immunity proves insufficient, alternative methods to sense virally infected cells can allow for detection and targeted elimination of the virus, which is especially necessary in cases of chronic viral infection. In this thesis, the development and characterization of RNA-editing enzymes based on adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) that have been engineered to activate in response to viral protease is discussed. Specifically, methods for targeting ADAR editing to specific mRNA transcripts and strategies in which the editing activity of engineered ADARs has been made conditional upon viral proteolytic activity are explored. The development of fluorescent and quantitative assays to characterize systems are described and the implementation of the system to control downstream transcriptional activity is discussed. This thesis explores establishing the viability of a viral protease sensor able to be self-contained in an RNA circuit, which in the future may provide a treatment method for patients with severe symptoms or chronic viral infection. The ability to sense virally infected cells and create a functional output in specific response to viral protease presence as a potential future treatment of chronic viral infection is explored through viral protease activation of engineered ADAR enzymes to enable editing of specific mRNA transcripts. / 2025-05-24T00:00:00Z

No description available.

Yes / Aims/hypothesis Hypoglycaemia is a major barrier to good glucose control in type 1 diabetes. Frequent hypoglycaemic episodes impair awareness of subsequent hypoglycaemic bouts. Neural changes underpinning awareness of hypoglycaemia are poorly defined and molecular mechanisms by which glial cells contribute to hypoglycaemia sensing and glucose counterregulation require further investigation. The aim of the current study was to examine whether, and by what mechanism, human primary astrocyte (HPA) function was altered by acute and recurrent low glucose (RLG). Methods To test whether glia, specifically astrocytes, could detect changes in glucose, we utilised HPA and U373 astrocytoma cells and exposed them to RLG in vitro. This allowed measurement, with high specificity and sensitivity, of RLG-associated changes in cellular metabolism. We examined changes in protein phosphorylation/expression using western blotting. Metabolic function was assessed using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyser. Immunofluorescent imaging was used to examine cell morphology and enzymatic assays were used to measure lactate release, glycogen content, intracellular ATP and nucleotide ratios. Results AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated over a pathophysiologically relevant glucose concentration range. RLG produced an increased dependency on fatty acid oxidation for basal mitochondrial metabolism and exhibited hallmarks of mitochondrial stress, including increased proton leak and reduced coupling efficiency. Relative to glucose availability, lactate release increased during low glucose but this was not modified by RLG. Basal glucose uptake was not modified by RLG and glycogen levels were similar in control and RLG-treated cells. Mitochondrial adaptations to RLG were partially recovered by maintaining euglycaemic levels of glucose following RLG exposure. Conclusions/interpretation Taken together, these data indicate that HPA mitochondria are altered following RLG, with a metabolic switch towards increased fatty acid oxidation, suggesting glial adaptations to RLG involve altered mitochondrial metabolism that could contribute to defective glucose counterregulation to hypoglycaemia in diabetes. / Diabetes UK (RD Lawrence Fellowship to CB; 13/0004647); the Medical Research Council (MR/N012763/1) to KLJE, ADR and CB; and a Mary Kinross Charitable Trust PhD studentship to CB, ADR and RW to support PGWP. Additional support for this work came from awards from the British Society for Neuroendocrinology (to CB and KLJE), the Society for Endocrinology (CB), Tenovus Scotland (CB) and the University of Exeter Medical School (CB and KLJE). AR was also supported by a Royal Society Industry Fellowship.