Universidade Salgado de Oliveira / A transmigração da Corte portuguesa para a América no ano de 1808 implicou na transferência de boa parte do aparato administrativo existente em Lisboa, de modo a permitir que o príncipe regente, D. João, pudesse governar o Império, a partir do Rio de Janeiro. Esta tese de doutorado analisa um dos órgãos então estabelecidos: a Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil. Partindo-se do princípio de que a dominação se estabelece pela administração, pretendeu-se, pelo estudo dessa instituição, atentar para determinados aspectos que envolveram a instalação dos órgãos de poder no continente americano. Nesse sentido, duas questões nortearam a estruturação e o desenvolvimento dos capítulos deste trabalho. Em um nível mais recortado, atentou-se para um exame sobre as principais caraterísticas da estrutura administrativa dessa instituição, percebendo quem eram os seus oficiais, os cargos ocupados e os seus respectivos ordenados, de modo a compreender as especificidades, o perfil do seu corpo burocrático; bem como a importância desse grupo de funcionários na configuração de um estilo administrativo na nova Corte. No tocante a um âmbito mais amplo, inseriu-se a Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil no quadro que a relaciona a outros órgãos de poder então existentes. A partir deste aspecto, tentou-se apreender o eixo da política do príncipe regente para o Brasil. O exame dos tópicos de ação político-administrativa dessa instituição permitiu demonstrar o sentido da administração joanina, durante os quatro primeiros anos de permanência no Rio de Janeiro. / The migration of the Portuguese Court to America in 1808 caused the transference of a great deal of the existing administrative system in Lisbon, so that the Royal Prince D. João could govern the Empire, from Rio de Janeiro. This thesis analyzes one of the agencies established then: Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil The State Secretariat of Affairs in Brazil. Departing from the principle that domination takes place through administration, it was intended, through the study of this institution, draw attention to certain aspects that involved the installation of the agencies of power in the American continent. In that sense, two issues conducted the framework and the development of the chapters of this work. At a more specific level, an examination of the main characteristics of the administrative structure of this institution was carried out, realizing who their officers were, the posts occupied and their respective assigned, in order to understand its particular features, the profile of its bureaucratic work group as well as the importance of this group of employees in the establishment of an administrative style in the new Court. Regarding a broader level, the State Secretariat of Business in Brazil was inserted in the structure which relates it to other existing power agencies of that time. From this aspect, this work tried to apprehend the core of the politics of the Royal Prince for Brazil. The analysis of the political and administrative action topics of this institution allowed to show the sense of the D.João administration, during the first four years of his stay in Rio de Janeiro.

Universidade Salgado de Oliveira / A transmigração da Corte portuguesa para a América no ano de 1808 implicou na transferência de boa parte do aparato administrativo existente em Lisboa, de modo a permitir que o príncipe regente, D. João, pudesse governar o Império, a partir do Rio de Janeiro. Esta tese de doutorado analisa um dos órgãos então estabelecidos: a Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil. Partindo-se do princípio de que a dominação se estabelece pela administração, pretendeu-se, pelo estudo dessa instituição, atentar para determinados aspectos que envolveram a instalação dos órgãos de poder no continente americano. Nesse sentido, duas questões nortearam a estruturação e o desenvolvimento dos capítulos deste trabalho. Em um nível mais recortado, atentou-se para um exame sobre as principais caraterísticas da estrutura administrativa dessa instituição, percebendo quem eram os seus oficiais, os cargos ocupados e os seus respectivos ordenados, de modo a compreender as especificidades, o perfil do seu corpo burocrático; bem como a importância desse grupo de funcionários na configuração de um estilo administrativo na nova Corte. No tocante a um âmbito mais amplo, inseriu-se a Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil no quadro que a relaciona a outros órgãos de poder então existentes. A partir deste aspecto, tentou-se apreender o eixo da política do príncipe regente para o Brasil. O exame dos tópicos de ação político-administrativa dessa instituição permitiu demonstrar o sentido da administração joanina, durante os quatro primeiros anos de permanência no Rio de Janeiro. / The migration of the Portuguese Court to America in 1808 caused the transference of a great deal of the existing administrative system in Lisbon, so that the Royal Prince D. João could govern the Empire, from Rio de Janeiro. This thesis analyzes one of the agencies established then: Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil The State Secretariat of Affairs in Brazil. Departing from the principle that domination takes place through administration, it was intended, through the study of this institution, draw attention to certain aspects that involved the installation of the agencies of power in the American continent. In that sense, two issues conducted the framework and the development of the chapters of this work. At a more specific level, an examination of the main characteristics of the administrative structure of this institution was carried out, realizing who their officers were, the posts occupied and their respective assigned, in order to understand its particular features, the profile of its bureaucratic work group as well as the importance of this group of employees in the establishment of an administrative style in the new Court. Regarding a broader level, the State Secretariat of Business in Brazil was inserted in the structure which relates it to other existing power agencies of that time. From this aspect, this work tried to apprehend the core of the politics of the Royal Prince for Brazil. The analysis of the political and administrative action topics of this institution allowed to show the sense of the D.João administration, during the first four years of his stay in Rio de Janeiro.

In my diploma thesis I have mainly focused on the transferred authority - it is that agenda which was delegated by the state. By this way I have extended my bachelor thesis where I especially wrote about the separate authority of the area and the elections for the local authority. I have pointed out the related problems, as the questions of finance and cooperation on particular levels of the civil service. In the beginning of my thesis I have engaged the theoretical part about the origins of the local and district administration, the development of the political administration and finally I have engaged some biograms about the famous representatives of the area. The next main part of my thesis is dedicated to the laws that were issued for the area in provincial and of the empire codes of law. Then I have completed the elections to the local school council and to the particular departments of the local authority. I have mainly derived from the methods of the school in Brno which is leaded by Lukáš Fasora, Jiří Malíř and Jiří Hanuš.

Abstract The land use rights of the Sami were based on collectively agreed immemorial rights of use. Land areas were inherited, bought and sold, fishing waters were shared between families. Disputes about land areas were settled at the so-called Sami court. Only rarely did the actual court system settle disputes between the residents on Inari and Utsjoki. In the mid-16th century, the government did not have much control, but their influence increased gradually. The border closing of 1852 was the final act that established government control over the region. It closed the border between Norway and Finland. The first settlements were established in Inari as early as the 16th century. The first settlement was built in Utsjoki in 1831. The Sami tried to establish their rights of ownership and use for the land areas they had used for ages by establishing fishing settlements. They clearly derived from the old form of dwelling and land use. Fishing settlements were only established in Finnish Lapland in the 1840s and 1850s in Inari and Utsjoki. However, the solution was only temporary. The government took administrative actions to increase the pace of settlement. One of these actions was the organisation reform of 1858, which resulted in the authorities starting regional reviews. At the same time, land estates were transferred closer to winter dwellings. The extensive areas which the Sami had rights to use according to the seasons were limited. The term “settlement” is often thought to refer to new estates built on the crown's land. However, this was not the case in Inari and Utsjoki. There the Sami found new estates on the land areas they had inherited. The imperial decree of 1866 gave the Forestry Board control of Inari's and Utsjoki's forests. The area was placed temporarily under the Forestry Board's control. The separation of the surplus land of the state was carried out in Inari in 1902–1906. The government was free to sell timber, whereas similar rights to sell timber were not issued to the landowners. After the Forestry Board started to control people's land use, the standing of people outside the land ownership system weakened. Establishing new estates became more difficult and felling and collecting lichen was restricted. With the help of the Forestry Board, government directed settlement towards crofts in crown forests. / Tiivistelmä Saamelaisten maankäyttöoikeudet perustuivat yhteisesti määriteltyihin ikimuistoisiin nautintaoikeuksiin. Maita perittiin, ostettiin ja myytiin, kalavedet olivat jaettuja sukujen ja perheiden kesken. Maista syntyneet kiistat ratkaistiin kotakäräjillä. Varsinainen käräjälaitos ratkoi vain harvoin inarilaisten ja utsjokelaisten riitoja. Valtiovallan ote vielä 1700-luvun puolivälissä oli hyvin heikko mutta vahvistui vähitellen. Vallan vakiintuminen tapahtui viimeistään vuoden 1852 rajasulussa. Siinä Norjan ja Suomen vastainen raja suljettiin. Ensimmäiset uudistilat perustettiin Inariin jo 1700-luvulla. Utsjoelle ensimmäinen uudistila perustettiin vuonna 1831. Saamelaiset yrittivät vakiinnuttaa omistus- ja nautintaoikeutensa vanhastaan käyttämiinsä maihin perustamalla kalastustiloja. Ne olivat vanhan asumismuodon ja maankäytön selkeitä perillisiä. Kalastustiloja perustettiin Suomen Lapissa 1840- ja 1850-luvulla vain Inariin ja Utsjoelle. Ratkaisu oli kuitenkin vain tilapäinen. Uudisasutusta kiihdytettiin hallinnollisilla toimilla. Tällainen oli vuoden 1858 organisaatiouudistus, jonka seurauksena viranomaiset ryhtyivät pitämään aluekatselmuksia. Samassa yhteydessä tiluksia siirrettiin lähemmäksi talvipaikkaa. Laajat vuosikierron mukaiset nautinta-alueet supistuivat pienemmiksi. Uudistiloista puhuttaessa syntyy yleensä kuva kruunun maille perustetuista tiloista. Inarissa ja Utsjoella näin ei ollut, sillä saamelaiset perustivat uudistilat vanhoille perintömailleen. Inarin ja Utsjoen metsät otettiin metsähallituksen valvontaan 1866 annetulla keisarillisella kirjeellä. Alue asetettiin väliaikaisesti metsähallinnon alaiseksi. Kruunulle otetun liikamaan erottaminen tehtiin Inarissa vuosina 1902–1906. Valtio pääsi vapaasti myymään puuta, kun vastaavaa puunmyyntioikeutta ei annettu tilallisille. Kun metsähallitus alkoi valvoa asukkaiden maankäyttöä, tilajärjestelmän ulkopuolella olevien asema heikkeni. Uudistilojen perustaminen vaikeutui, puun- ja jäkälänottoa alettiin rajoittaa. Valtiovalta metsähallinnon avustuksella ohjasi asutuksen kruununmetsätorppiin.

Cette recherche concerne donc la figure d' Antonin le Pieux et les dispositions prises directement en conséquence à son auctoritas, afin d'identifier le Leitmotiv de l'empire de l'empereur. Mon enquête s'agit de mettre en évidence les choix politiques impériaux, pour ensuite identifier les principes et les lignes directrices à travers l'analyse des mandata principum, des rescrits, des lettres de l'empereur aux gouverneurs, des témoignages et des formes de correspondance. Le parcours se compose de quatre chapitres. Le premier dessine un cadre diachronique et historique des étapes les plus importantes de la province d'Asie, en mettant en évidence surtout l'histoire politico-administrative. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les aspects institutionnels qui ont permis de mettre au point, dans une perspective qualitative et quantitative, les relations entre Antonin le Pieux et la province d'Asie, principalement selon un ordre chronologique. Le troisième chapitre est dédié à l'étude prosopographique du personnel administratif de la province d'Asie et à la rédaction des Fastes, dans le but de donner une chronologie des gouverneurs, utile à définir un cadre du système politique, des relations et des intérêts entre les membres de l'ordo sénatorial. Le quatrième chapitre est dédié à l'étude du système conventuel. Les exemples étudiés ont donc mis en valeur le fait que Antonin, grâce à son expérience en tant que proconsul en Asie, a mieux géré l'organisation du système conventuel, ce qui lui a permis de augmenter le nombre des chefs-lieux, dans l'intérêt des cités émergentes en Phrygie, surtout en ce qui concerne le système administratif et économique. / This research concerns the figure of Antonius Pius and the dispositions which are directly taken accordingly to his auctoritas, in order to identify the Leitmotiv of his empire. The aim of this research is to highlight the imperial political choices and, through the analysis of mandata principum, rescripts, letters from the emperor to governors, testimonies and forms of correspondence, to identify the principles and guidelines of his politics. The monograph consists of four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to a historical excursus, which is useful to have a preliminary historical view of the province of Asia, with particular attention to the political and administrative aspects. The second chapter focuses the institutional aspects in the relationship between Antoninus Pius and the province of Asia, from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. The third chapter is dedicated to a prosopographical study of the administrative staff of the province of Asia, useful to define a framework of the political system, relations and interests within the members of the Senate and the imperial family. The fourth chapter is devoted to the study of the conventual system : the evidences highlight how Antonin, thanks to his experience as a proconsul in Asia, managed a better organization of the conventual system, probably increasing the number of the capitals.

Provincial town clerks and scriveners have hitherto been a neglected subject in the historiography of the legal profession, yet as this thesis demonstrates, they contributed significantly to medieval England’s legal and scribal culture. Arguing for a new definition of scriveners based on their legal and linguistic literacy, this fresh interpretation differentiates between scriveners, notaries, generic clerks and lawyers and modifies the existing tendency towards classifying scriveners purely on the basis of the work they did and the legal instruments they produced. The study not only rectifies a gap in our knowledge, but reconceptualises our understanding of the lower echelons of the legal profession by examining the work that scriveners did and the role that they played in the local legal administration of medieval England, and by extension, the ways in which they facilitated access to justice on several levels. Focussing primarily on Exeter, Bristol, Bridgwater and Southampton, this research for the first time reveals the identities of some of the many scriveners who worked outside of London and evaluates their activities in provincial England. In order to achieve this, the thesis considers the extent to which scriveners were an integral part of an urban legal service as members of the provincial secretariat. Underpinning the theoretical framework of this thesis are themes such as literacy, clerical identity and professionalization – all of which are examined through the prism of law, languages and access to justice. Grounded in a palaeographic and diplomatic approach to the manuscript sources, this research has yielded some surprising results regarding the essential role of provincial scriveners within the legal, political and administrative landscape of medieval England. Fundamentally, this thesis offers a new vision of provincial English scriveners and the influence of their work. Set against the backdrop of an increasingly ‘professional’ legal profession, the importance of provincial scriveners as the keepers and creators of legal memory is highlighted along with the impact that this had on the wider legal community of medieval England.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho problematiza a Câmara Municipal da cidade-corte do Rio de Janeiro como uma sociedade de discurso. Por meio de seus enunciados, visíveis a partir das Posturas Municipais, é possível entender o discurso como um mecanismo de poder, que estabelece relações e sujeições. Prática que busca formar sistematicamente os objetos de que fala, a lei é um dispositivo de poder e um espaço de exterioridade, que cria e desenvolve uma rede de lugares distintos. Este saber/poder inventa formas de percepção e hierarquizações, fabrica evidências e organiza lugares. Produz mais que dizibilidades, saberes que devem circular, ser conhecidos e obedecidos. Há toda uma produção de visibilidades, ancorada às normas, que procura formar individualidades docilizadas. Oficiais nomeados e transgressores são, portanto, efeitos de uma governamentalidade que, após a emancipação política do Brasil, se volta ao cotidiano em seus mais efêmeros detalhes. Assim, esta tese de doutorado objetiva cartografar esta matriz discursiva e os dispositivos de sujeição experimentados pela Câmara Municipal, analisando suas Posturas e Registros de Infração, como práticas de subjetivação aplicadas no governo da cidade. / This paper presents the problem of the City Council of the court-city of Rio de Janeiro as a discourse society. By means of its statements, visible as from the Municipal Postures, it is possible to understand the discourse as a power mechanism, which establishes relations and subjections. Being a practice that seeks to systematically form the objects it refers to, the law is a power device, and a space for exteriority, which creates and develops a network of distinct places. This knowledge/power invents forms of perception and hierarchies, manufactures evidences and organizes places. It produces more than sayings, knowledge that shall circulate, that shall be known and obeyed. There is a whole production of visibilities, anchored to the rules, which tries to form docile individualities. Appointed officers and transgressors are, therefore, the result of a governability that, after Brazil's political emancipation, refers to the daily life in its ephemeral details. Thus, this doctorate's dissertation seeks to trace this discursive matrix and the subjection devices used by the City Council, analyzing its Postures and Infractions Registers, as subjectivation practices applied in the city's government.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho problematiza a Câmara Municipal da cidade-corte do Rio de Janeiro como uma sociedade de discurso. Por meio de seus enunciados, visíveis a partir das Posturas Municipais, é possível entender o discurso como um mecanismo de poder, que estabelece relações e sujeições. Prática que busca formar sistematicamente os objetos de que fala, a lei é um dispositivo de poder e um espaço de exterioridade, que cria e desenvolve uma rede de lugares distintos. Este saber/poder inventa formas de percepção e hierarquizações, fabrica evidências e organiza lugares. Produz mais que dizibilidades, saberes que devem circular, ser conhecidos e obedecidos. Há toda uma produção de visibilidades, ancorada às normas, que procura formar individualidades docilizadas. Oficiais nomeados e transgressores são, portanto, efeitos de uma governamentalidade que, após a emancipação política do Brasil, se volta ao cotidiano em seus mais efêmeros detalhes. Assim, esta tese de doutorado objetiva cartografar esta matriz discursiva e os dispositivos de sujeição experimentados pela Câmara Municipal, analisando suas Posturas e Registros de Infração, como práticas de subjetivação aplicadas no governo da cidade. / This paper presents the problem of the City Council of the court-city of Rio de Janeiro as a discourse society. By means of its statements, visible as from the Municipal Postures, it is possible to understand the discourse as a power mechanism, which establishes relations and subjections. Being a practice that seeks to systematically form the objects it refers to, the law is a power device, and a space for exteriority, which creates and develops a network of distinct places. This knowledge/power invents forms of perception and hierarchies, manufactures evidences and organizes places. It produces more than sayings, knowledge that shall circulate, that shall be known and obeyed. There is a whole production of visibilities, anchored to the rules, which tries to form docile individualities. Appointed officers and transgressors are, therefore, the result of a governability that, after Brazil's political emancipation, refers to the daily life in its ephemeral details. Thus, this doctorate's dissertation seeks to trace this discursive matrix and the subjection devices used by the City Council, analyzing its Postures and Infractions Registers, as subjectivation practices applied in the city's government.

De l'inscription dans la loi française de la reconnaissance de son statut d'auteur (le 11 mars 1957) à la publication de la définition légale de sa fonction au Journal Officiel (le 1er janvier 1984), une génération de chorégraphes a construit les contours, les modalités et les conditions d'un métier. Ce combat s’est traduit par un engagement syndical de longue haleine pendant les années 1960 et 1970. Réuni au sein du Syndicat national des auteurs et compositeurs (SNAC), un groupe de chorégraphes a travaillé à l’élaboration de rapports, d’enquêtes et d’études qui ont abouti à l’organisation professionnelle du champ chorégraphique, permettant ainsi à la « nouvelle danse française » qui lui succèdera dans les années 1980, d'obtenir une considérable visibilité esthétique et de marquer de son empreinte l'histoire culturelle et artistique. Rendre compte des progrès sociaux, comme des configurations et reconfigurations du métier de chorégraphe, c’est aussi rendre compte de la structuration du champ chorégraphique dans son ensemble. Cette thèse interroge l’historiographie juridique du droit d’auteur des chorégraphes pour clarifier la notion de statut d’auteur en danse. Elle propose une généalogie de la politique culturelle en danse pour démythifier l’idée d’un désert administratif et chorégraphique, constitutif de l’ère pré-Lang. Enfin, l’étude des différents projets de réglementation de l’enseignement de la danse permet de révéler les enjeux politiques et esthétiques qui ont contribué, pendant près de vingt-cinq années de négociation, à exacerber les oppositions au sein du champ chorégraphique. Ainsi, s’élabore une histoire administrative, réglementaire et politique de la danse en France qui éclaire une période de l’histoire contemporaine de la danse encore trop peu étudiée. / From the registration of an author status' recognition within the French law (March 11th, 1957), to the publication of its function's legal definition in the January 1st, 1984 Journal Officiel (official gazette of the French Republic), a whole generation of choreographers created the outlines, modalities and conditions of a profession. This struggle was the result of a long term trade union commitment between the years 1960 and 1970. Brought together under the National Syndicate of Authors and Composers (SNAC), a group of choreographers worked on drafting reports, surveys and studies which resulted in the professional organization of a choreographic field, thus allowing what was to become “the new 80s French dance” (nouvelle danse française) to obtain a substantial aesthetic visibility and to leave its mark within the cultural and artistic history. To give a full account of the social progress, such as configurations and reconfigurations of the profession of choreographer, is to also give a full account of the structuring of the choreographic field as a whole. This thesis questions the legal historiography regarding choreographers' copyright law in France (droits d'auteur) so that the notion of author's status in dance can be clarified. It suggests a genealogy of cultural politics in dance in order to demystify the idea of an administrative and choreographic deserted landscape, constitutive of the pre-Lang era (Jack Lang, French minister of culture). Finally, the study of the different projects on the regulation of dance education makes it possible to reveal political and aesthetic issues which, during a negotiation period of almost twenty five years, has contributed to the exacerbation of opposition within the choreographic field. Thus, an administrative, regulatory and political history of dance in France is able to develop, which reveals an era of contemporary history of dance still insufficiently researched.

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