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Ο έλεγχος της έκφρασης των πρωτεϊνών που χαρακτηρίζουν τον Λείο Μυικό Φαινότυπο (ΛΜΦ) είναι εξαιρετικής σημασίας για την κατανόηση, σε μοριακό επίπεδο, διεργασιών που σχετίζονται με πολλές φυσιο-παθολογικές καταστάσεις στον άνθρωπο. Μεταξύ των ασθενειών όπου ο ΛΜΦ είναι καθοριστικής σημασίας για την ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξή τους, είναι η αθηροσκλήρωση, η υπέρταση, η επαναστένωση των αρτηριών μετά από αγγειοπλαστική, η ίνωση οργάνων όπως οι πνεύμονες, το ήπαρ και οι νεφροί, και η ανάπτυξη μεταστάσεων από συμπαγείς όγκους. Επομένως, κατανόηση των κυτταρικών και μοριακών μηχανισμών που οδηγούν σε τροποποίηση του ΛΜΦ είναι βασικής σημασίας για την αναγνώριση στρατηγικών περιορισμού της εξέλιξης των νόσων αυτών και της εκδήλωσης των κλινικών συνεπειών τους. Αρχικό στόχο αποτέλεσε η ανάπτυξη και καθιέρωση ενός in vitro προτύπου συστήματος για την διαφοροποίηση μη διαφοροποιημένων κυττάρων προς φαινότυπο που προσομοιάζει με αυτό των Λείων Μυικών Κυττάρων (ΛΜΚ), ώστε να χρησιμεύσει στη μελέτη του μοριακού καθορισμού και ελέγχου του φαινότυπου των κυττάρων αυτών. Πρώτα-πρώτα, χαρακτηρίσαμε βασικά, σημαντικά «μοριακά εργαλεία» για την διαπίστωση και μοριακή διερεύνηση του ΛΜ-φαινοτύπου. Χρησιμοποιώντας τα, αναπτύξαμε και χαρακτηρίσαμε πρωτογενώς ένα πρότυπο σύστημα διαφοροποίησης σε ΛΜΚ, βασιζόμενο σε Μεσεγχυματικά Βλαστικά Κύτταρα (ΜΒΚ) προερχόμενα από γέλη Wharton ομφάλιου λώρου. Στα κύτταρα αυτά, η έκφραση γονιδίων και πρωτεϊνών που χαρακτηρίζουν τον ΛΜΦ εξαρτάται από την επαρκή έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης Serum Response Factor (SRF), από την ύπαρξη αλληλουχιών Serum Response Element (SRE) στον υποκινητή των εξεταζόμενων ΛΜΚ-ειδικών γονιδίων, και επάγεται από εξωγενή έκφραση της Μυοκαρδίνης. Επομένως, όπως έχει περιγραφεί και για άλλα πρότυπα συστήματα, η διαφοροποίηση των κυττάρων αυτών σε κύτταρα που προσομοιάζουν ΛΜΚ στηρίζεται στην συνέργεια δύο μεταγραφικών παραγόντων, του SRF και της Μυοκαρδίνης. Το πρότυπο αυτό θα είναι χρήσιμο για να διερευνήσουμε τους μοριακούς μηχανισμούς δράσης φυσιολογικών και φαρμακολογικών παραγόντων στον έλεγχο του ΛΜΦ. Επί πλέον, το πρότυπο σύστημα αυτό δύναται να αποβεί χρήσιμο για την κατανόηση εν γένει διεργασιών που οδηγούν στην βασική κυτταρική αλλαγή γνωστή ως Επιθηλιακή-Μεσεγχυματική Μετάβαση (ΕΜΤ) και κατ’ επέκταση για την κατανόηση μηχανισμών παθογένειας πλείστων νόσων που χαρακτηρίζονται από ΕΜΤ. Παράλληλα, έγινε προσπάθεια διερεύνησης αν η κυτταρική σειρά A7r5 αγγειακών ΛΜΚ αποτελεί βιώσιμο φαρμακολογικό σύστημα για την διερεύνηση των μηχανισμών μέσω των οποίων η έκφραση του ΛΜΦ ελέγχεται σε μοριακό επίπεδο από τους αδρενεργικούς υποδοχείς, μία οικογένεια υποδοχέων που διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην ομοιόσταση του αγγειακού τοιχώματος και στην αρτηριακή παθοφυσιολογία. Δείξαμε ότι ο κυτταρικός πληθυσμός A7r5 δεν απαντά σε α1-αδρενεργική διέγερση διότι στερείται α1-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων. Διέγερση αποκτάται με εισαγωγή μέσω πλασμιδίου α1-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων, άρα το ενδογενές σηματοδοτικό σύστημα είναι παρόν και λειτουργικό. Επιπρόσθετα, ανακαλύψαμε ότι τα κύτταρα A7r5 εκφράζουν ενδογενώς λειτουργικούς β-αδρενεργικούς υποδοχείς. Θέτουμε έτσι τα θεμέλια για μία σε βάθος διερεύνηση του τυχόν ρόλου των β-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων στον έλεγχο του φαινοτύπου των αγγειακών ΛΜΚ, ο οποίος είναι καθοριστικός για την γένεση και πορεία των καρδιαγγειακών νοσημάτων εν γένει. Συμπερασματικά λοιπόν α) τα μεσεγχυματικά βλαστικά κύτταρα προερχόμενα από τη γέλη Wharton ανθρώπινου ομφάλιου λώρου αποτελούν κατάλληλο πρότυπο σύστημα διερεύνησης της ρύθμισης των μοριακών μηχανισμών που εμπλέκονται στη διαφοροποίηση προς ΛΜΚ από μόρια φαρμακολογικής σημασίας, και β) τα κύτταρα A7r5 αποτελούν καλό πρότυπο σύστημα για την διερεύνηση του τυχόν ρόλου των β-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων στον έλεγχο του φαινοτύπου των ΛΜΚ των αγγείων. / The control of the genes that specify the Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype is of great importance for our understanding, at a molecular level, of the processes central in a number of human pathologies. Among the diseases whose onset and progress is influenced by alterations in Smooth Muscle-Like (SM-L) phenotype are atherosclerosis, organ fibrosis (lung, liver and kidney), and metastasis associated with solid tumors. For these reasons, the understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms that lead to changes in the SM phenotype expression are of central importance in our efforts to identify new approaches in limiting the progress of these diseases and the manifestation of the associated clinical symptoms. The first Aim of this work was the development and initial characterization of an in vitro model of differentiation towards a Smooth-Muscle-Like phenotype, to serve for the study of its molecular control. Initially, we characterized basic important molecular tools useful in determining the SM-L phenotype. With their aid, we developed and characterized a model system based on Wharton’s Jelly-derived Mesenchymal stem Cells (MSCs). In these cells, the expression of genes and proteins characteristic of the SM Phenotype depends on the protein levels of Serum Response Factor (SRF) and on the existence of SRF-binding elements on the promoters of the SM-specific genes; it is also potently induced by the exogenous expression of the transcription factor Myocardin. Therefore, this population of MSCs behaves as other characterized model systems, in that their differentiation to a SM-L phenotype is supported by the synergistic action of SRF and Myocardin. This novel model system based on Wharton’s Jelly MSCs will be useful to study the role of specific physiological and pharmacological agents in the control of the SM phenotype. In addition, such a system can offer insights in the basic cellular process of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and by extent, in the pathological mechanisms of diseases characterized by EMT. In parallel, we investigated whether the differentiated SMC line A7r5 is a viable pharmacological model system to investigate the control of the SMC phenotype by adrenergic receptors, a family of receptors that plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of the vessel wall. We showed that A7r5 cells do not express functional α1-adrenergic receptors; however, the intracellular signaling system linked to α-adrenergic receptors is present and functional. In contrast, A7r5 cells endogenously express functional β-adrenergic receptors, and A7r5 cells are therefore an attractive model to study the role of these receptors in the control of the SMC-phenotype. In conclusion, a) Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton’s Jelly surrounding the human umbilical cord are a suitable in vitro model for the study of the molecular mechanisms that modulating Smooth Muscle Cell differentiation, and b) A7r5 cells are a good in vitro model system to investigate the role of the β-adrenergic receptor in controlling the phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle cells.

Este estudo avaliou a função vascular em anéis de aorta e no leito vascular mesentérico (LVM) de camundongos com deleção dos receptores <font face=\"symbol\">a2A e <font face=\"symbol\">a2Cadrenérgicos (KO) com 3, 5 e 7 meses, os quais apresentam uma hiperatividade simpática acompanhada de cardiomiopatia. Os KO apresentaram um aumento da freqüência cardíaca em todos os grupos avaliados, e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda aos 5 e 7 meses. Na aorta, o relaxamento dependente (acetilcolina) e independente (nitroprussiato de sódio) do endotélio e da via font face=\"symbol\">a-adrenérgica (isoproterenol), assim como a contração (fenilefrina e serotonina) e a mobilização de Ca2+ não foram alterados nos KO aos 3, 5 e 7 meses. Nos KO aos 3 meses, o relaxamento mediado pelos receptores ?2-adrenérgicos (clonidina) foi reduzido. Tanto a contração (noradrenalina) como o relaxamento (acetilcolina) no LVM dos KO aos 7 meses não foi alterado. Assim, sugere-se que os vasos arteriais parecem ser menos sensíveis do que o coração aos efeitos crônicos da hiperatividade simpática nos camundongos com deleção dos receptores <font face=\"symbol\">a2A e <font face=\"symbol\">a2C adrenérgicos. / This study assed the vascular function in aortic rings and in mesenteric vascular bed (MVB) from mice with disruption of <font face=\"symbol\">a2A and <font face=\"symbol\">a2Cadrenoceptors (KO) with 3, 5 and 7 months of age, that present sympathetic hyperactivity associated with cardiomyopathy. Heart rate was increased in all KO groups, and left ventricular hypertrophy was observed only in 5 and 7 month-old KO. There are no changes in the relaxation induced by acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside and isoproterenol in aortic rings from all groups. In addition, the contraction induced by phenylephrine and serotonin, and Ca2+ handling did not change. However, in aorta from 3 month-old KO the relaxation induced by clonidine (<font face=\"symbol\">a2-adrenergic agonist) was reduced. In MVB from 7 month-old KO, neither the contraction (noradrenaline) nor relaxation (ACh) was modified. The results suggest that arterial vessel has been more resistant than heart to chronic effects induced by sympathetic hyperactivity observed in mice with disruption o<font face=\"symbol\">a2A and <font face=\"symbol\">a2C-adrenoceptors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_lg_me_sjc.pdf: 695176 bytes, checksum: fb089e33ad4b62aa9c5866bfb90390b7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A ação de beta-bloqueadores na melhoria da qualidade óssea e sua ação anti-inflamatória embasam a hipótese de que a modulação simpática pode influenciar a evolução da doença periodontal (DP). Estudos demonstram relação entre disfunção salivar e DP; no entanto, os efeitos da DP nas glândulas salivares, cuja secreção é controlada pelo sistema nervoso autônomo, são pouco estudados. Objetivou-se analisar os efeitos do bloqueio e da ativação de receptores beta-adrenérgicos na reabsorção alveolar na DP em ratos, assim como os efeitos da DP, associada ou não a tratamento adrenérgico, nas glândulas salivares. Foram utilizados 40 ratos divididos em quatro grupos: (1) Grupo Propranolol 0,1mg/Kg com indução de DP; (2) Grupo Isoproterenol 0,75mg/Kg e DP; (3) Grupo Controle sem DP, com administração solução fisiológica ; (4) Grupo Controle com DP, com administração solução fisiológica. Depois de 14 dias de tratamento, ocorreu a eutanásia. Removeram-se as hemimandíbulas e as glândulas submandibulares e sublinguais para análise. O suporte e a perda óssea alveolar foram determinados radiográfica e macroscopicamente. As glândulas foram pesadas, medidas e submetidas à preparação de rotina para coloração com hematoxilina e eosina e Alcian Blue. Avaliou-se histomorfometricamente a área de ácinos, ductos e a vacuolização celular. Após estatística (p<0,05), verificou-se menor suporte e maior perda alveolar na presença de ligadura e maior perda alveolar em animais com tratados com isoproterenol. O isoproterenol aumentou significantemente peso e dimensões glandulares, reduziu área ductal e vacuolização, e aumentou área acinar na submandibular. Propranolol apenas reduziu vacuolização em relação ao controle com DP, e as demais comparações não foram estatisticamente significantes... / The action of beta-blockers in the improvement of bone quality and their anti-inflammatory actions base the hypothesis that sympathetic nervous system modulation can influence periodontal disease (PD). Studies demonstrate a relationship between salivary dysfunction and PD; however, there are few studies about the effects of PD in salivary glands, whose secretion is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the blockade and of the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors in alveolar resorption in PD in rats, as well as the effects of PD, associated or not to adrenergic treatment, in salivary glands. Forty rats were divided into four groups: (1) group Propranolol 0.1mg/Kg with PD induction; (2) group Isoproterenol 0.75mg/Kg and PD; (3) group Control without PD, which received saline; (4) group Control with PD, which also received saline. After 14 days of treatment, euthanasia occurred. Hemimandibles and submandibular and sublingual glands were removed for analysis. Alveolar bone support and alveolar bone loss were evaluated by radiographic and macroscopic analysis. Gland weight and dimensions were measured, and then the samples were submitted to routine preparation for hematoxilin and eosin and Alcian blue stainings. Acinar and ductal area and cellular vacuolization were histomorphometrically evaluated. After statistical analysis (p <0.05), less alveolar bone support and larger alveolar loss were verified in animals with ligatures for PD induction and larger alveolar loss were also verified in rats treated with isoproterenol. Isoproterenol also increased significantly glandular weight, size and acinar area, and reduced ductal area and cellular vacuolization in submandibular glands. Group Propranolol presented less vacuolization than group Control with DP... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2885.pdf: 1014245 bytes, checksum: f9caee9a0cfd9bbc23af2760d02bb6a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-07 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Previous studies have shown the importance of serotonergic GABAergic and aadrenergic mechanisms of the lateral parabraquial nucleus (LBPN) in the control of sodium intake. The importance of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) for sodium intake induced by different protocols was also demonstrated. Considering the studies showing reciprocal connections between these two structures, the objective of the present study was to investigate if the increase of sodium and water intake produced by the blockade of serotonergic mechanism, or the activation of GABAergic receptors or &#945;2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN would depend on the CeA integrity. Male Holtzman rats with bilateral CeA lesions and bilateral stainless steel cannulas implanted in the LPBN were used to study the possible involvement of the CeA: 1) in water and 0.3 M NaCl intake produced by injections of the diuretic furosemide (FURO) combined with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (CAP) subcutaneously (sc); 2) in the increase of 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by the blockade of serotonergic mechanisms or activation of the &#945;2-adrenoceptors of the LPBN in rats treated with FURO + CAP sc; 3) in 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by the activation of GABAergic receptorss of the LPBN in satiated and normovolemic rats. Additionally, the pharmacological blockade of the CeA neurons with bilateral injections of GABAA receptor agonist muscimol was performed in order to test if the effects of CeA electrolytic lesions after the blockade of the inhibitory mechanisms of the NPBL were due to destruction of CeA neurons or destruction of fibers of passage. CeA lesionedrats had a decrease in daily water intake in comparison to sham-lesioned rats during the whole period of test, while the reduction of daily 0.3 M sodium intake occurred after the eighth day of lesions. Animals with bilateral lesions of the CeA also showed a reduction in body weight when compared to sham lesioned-rats. Bilateral lesions of the CeA did not affect FURO+CAP induced-water (9.2 &#61617;&#61472;1.6 ml/2 h vs. sham lesion: 12.8 &#61617;&#61472;0.7 ml/2 h) and 0.3 M NaCl intake (6.5 &#61617;&#61472;3.5 ml/2 h vs. sham lesion: 5.2 &#61617;&#61472;0.9 ml/2 h). Bilateral lesions of the CeA (3 days) completely abolished the ingestion of water (0.1 &#61617;&#61472;0.05 ml/4 h vs. sham lesion: 8.2 &#61617;&#61472;3.5 ml/4 h) and 0.3 M NaCl (0.1 &#61617;&#61472;0.1 ml/4 h vs. sham lesion: 16.1 &#61617;&#61472;5.4 ml/4 h) induced by bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 &#956;l) into the LPBN in satiated rats. Bilateral lesions of the CeA (5 to 18 days) also abolished the increase in 0.3 M NaCl (11,7 &#61617;&#61472;2,8 ml/2 h e 11,7 &#61617;&#61472;2,8 ml/2 h vs. sham lesion: 31,5 &#61617;&#61472;4,2 ml/2 h e 18,3 ± 3,1 ml/2 h) and water intake (6,7 &#61617;&#61472;1,8 ml/2 h e 13,8 &#61617;&#61472;2,7 ml/2 h vs. sham lesion: 19,9 &#61617;&#61472;3,2 ml/2 h e 22,4 &#61617;&#61472;2,5 ml/2 h) produced respectively by bilateral injections of moxonidine (0.5 nmol/0.2 &#956;l) or methysergide (4 &#956;g/0.2 &#956;l) into the LPBN in FURO + CAP treated-rats. Bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol) into the CeA abolished water (0.1 &#61617;&#61472;0.02 ml/4 h vs. saline: 8.8 &#61617;&#61472;3.2 ml/4 h) and 0.3 M NaCl intake (0.1 &#61617;&#61472;0.04 ml/4h vs. saline: 19.1 &#61617;&#61472;6.4 ml/4 h) induced by bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 &#956;l) in the NPBL in satiated animals. Bilateral injections of muscimol (0.25 nmol/0.2 &#956;l) in the CeA abolished the increase of water (3.3 &#61617;&#61472;2.3 ml/2 h vs. saline: 26.4 &#61617;&#61472;6.7 ml/2 h) and 0.3 M NaCl intake (2.8 &#61617;&#61472;1.6 ml/2 h vs. saline: 29.7 &#61617;&#61472;7.2 ml/2 h) produced by the bilateral injections of moxonidine (0.5 nmol/0.2 &#956;l) into the NPBL. The present results show that CeA is essential for sodium and water intake after the blockade of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms. The suggestion is that CeA facilitatory mechanisms for sodium intake might be activated after the blockade of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms which might drive rats to ingest sodium. Therefore, if LPBN inhibitory mechanisms were acting normally, they may limit sodium intake because they inhibit CeA facilitatory signals for sodium intake. / Estudos anteriores demonstraram a importancia dos mecanismos serotoninergicos, GABAergicos e adrenergicos do nucleo parabraquial lateral (NPBL) na regulacao da ingestao de sodio hipertonico. Tambem ja foi demonstrada a importancia do nucleo central da amigdala (CeA) para a ingestao de sodio hipertonico induzida por diferentes protocolos. Considerando-se os estudos mostrando conexoes reciprocas entre essas duas estruturas, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se o aumento da ingestao de sodio hipertonico produzido pelo bloqueio serotoninergico ou ativacao GABAergica ou adrenergica no NPBL dependeria da integridade do CeA. Em ratos com lesoes bilaterais do CeA e com canulas de aco inoxidavel implantadas bilateralmente no NPBL, foi estudado o possivel envolvimento do CeA: 1) na ingestao de agua e NaCl 0,3 M produzida pelo tratamento subcutaneo com o diuretico furosemida (FURO) combinado com o inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina captopril (CAP); 2) no aumento da ingestao de NaCl 0,3 M produzido pelo bloqueio de receptores serotoninergicos ou ativacao dos receptores adrenergicos &#945;2 do NPBL em ratos tratados com FURO + CAP sc; 3) na ingestao de NaCl 0,3 M induzida pela ativacao de receptores GABAergicos do NPBL em ratos saciados e normovolemicos. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o bloqueio farmacologico dos neuronios do CeA com injecoes bilaterais de muscimol, agonista de receptor GABAA, para verificar se os efeitos das lesoes eletroliticas do CeA apos o bloqueio dos mecanismos inibitorios do NPBL eram devido a destruicao de neuronios do CeA ou destruicao de fibras de passagem. Em animais com lesoes bilaterais do CeA a ingestao diaria de agua foi menor quando comparada aos animais com lesoes ficticias ao longo de todo periodo experimental, enquanto que a ingestao diaria de NaCl 0,3 M foi reduzida a partir do oitavo dia apos as lesoes. Esses animais apresentaram uma reducao no peso corporal persistente por todo periodo experimental comparado com o grupo com lesoes ficticias. As lesoes bilaterais do CeA nao afetaram a ingestao de agua (9,2 &#61617;&#61472;1,6 ml/2 h vs. lesoes ficticias: 12,8 &#61617;&#61472;0,7 ml/2 h) e NaCl 0,3 M (6,5 &#61617;&#61472;3,5 ml/2 h vs. lesoes ficticias 5,2 &#61617;&#61472;0,9 ml/2 h) induzida por FURO + CAP sc. As lesoes bilaterais do CeA (3 dias) aboliram a ingestao de NaCl 0,3 M (0,1 &#61617;&#61472;0,1 ml/4 h vs. lesoes ficticias: 16,1 &#61617;&#61472;5,4 ml/4 h) e de agua (0,1 &#61617;&#61472;0,05 ml/4 h vs. lesoes ficticias: 8,2 &#61617;&#61472;3,5 ml/4 h) induzida pelas injecoes bilaterais de muscimol (0,5 nmol/0,2 &#956;l) no NPBL de ratos saciados. As lesoes bilaterais do CeA (5 a 18 dias) tambem aboliram o aumento da ingestao de NaCl 0,3 M (11,7 &#61617;&#61472;2,8 ml/2 h e 11,7 &#61617;&#61472;2,8 ml/2 h vs. lesoes ficticias: 31,5 &#61617;&#61472;4,2 ml/2 h e 18,3 ± 3,1 ml/2 h) e agua (6,7 &#61617;&#61472;1,8 ml/2 h e 13,8 &#61617;&#61472;2,7 ml/2 h vs. lesoes ficticias: 19,9 &#61617;&#61472;3,2 ml/2 h e 22,4 &#61617;&#61472;2,5 ml/2 h) induzidos, respectivamente, pelas injecoes bilaterais de moxonidina (0,5 nmol/0,2 &#956;l) ou metisergida (4 &#956;g/0,2 &#956;l) em ratos previamente tratados com FURO+CAP sc. Injecoes bilaterais de muscimol (0,5 nmol/0,2 &#956;l) no CeA aboliram a ingestao de agua (0,1 &#61617;&#61472;0,02 ml/4 h vs. salina: 8,8 &#61617;&#61472;3,2 ml/4 h) e NaCl 0,3 M (0,1 &#61617;&#61472;0,04 ml/4h vs. salina: 19,1 &#61617;&#61472;6,4 ml/4 h) induzidas pela injecao bilateral de muscimol (0,5 nmol/0,2 &#956;l) no NPBL em animais saciados, como tambem as injecoes bilaterais de muscimol (0,25 nmol/0,2 &#956;l) no CeA aboliram o aumento da ingestao de agua (3,3 &#61617;&#61472;2,3 ml/2 h vs. salina: 26,4 &#61617;&#61472;6,7 ml/2 h) e NaCl 0,3 M (2,8 &#61617;&#61472;1,6 ml/2 h vs. salina: 29,7 &#61617;&#61472;7,2 ml/2 h) produzido pela injecao bilateral de moxonidina (0,5 nmol/0,2 &#956;l) no NPBL em animais tratados com FURO + CAP sc. Esses resultados demonstram que o CeA e essencial para a ingestao de sodio e agua que ocorre apos o bloqueio dos mecanismos inibitorios do NPBL. A sugestao e que mecanismos facilitatorios para a ingestao de sodio presentes no CeA seriam ativados apos o bloqueio dos mecanismos inibitorios do NPBL o que estimularia os animais a ingerirem sodio. Portanto, se estiverem atuando normalmente, os mecanismos inibitorios do NPBL limitariam a ingestao de sodio porque inibiriam os sinais facilitatorios para ingestao de sodio produzidos pelo CeA.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1843957 bytes, checksum: 23eff6067396c6f267138994bec5be02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The studed Herbal Product is indicated for treatment of intestinal colic and constipation, though there are no scientific data, that prove its efficacy. Thus, this study aimed in preclinical pharmacologic trials to evaluate its laxative and spasmolytic action and elucidate its possible pathway. For this, pharmacological tests were carried out in vivo to evaluate its stimulating effect on the gastrointestinal tract and in vitro assays in order to evaluate its spasmodic activity. The Herbal Product increased small intestinal motility in male mice at doses of 100mg/kg (161.66 ± 14.86%, n=6) and 200mg/kg (151.04 ± 17.17%, n=6) compared to control (100.00 ± 10.49%, n=6). The intestinal transit of animals constipated by loperamide (3mg/kg/day, three days) was reduced to 66.25 ± 7.49% (n=8) compared to the control group (100 ± 5.16%, n=8). In the constipated animals treated with doses of 100 and 200mg/kg (98.42 ± 6.33%, n=7) (99.32 ± 8.47%, n=7) was observed the normalization of the traffic bowel. Similar results were observed for 24 hours in the quantification of rat feces constipated by loperamide (3mg/kg/day, three days). The herbal medicine induced return of quantity of feces normal levels (7.92 ± 1.01g, n=6) in constipated animals (4.01 ± 1.43g, n=6), at dose of 100mg/kg (11.24 ± 2.90g, n=6) and 200mg/kg (8.70 ± 2.01g, n=6). These results demonstrate the stimulating action of this preparation in the intestine of the animals with potential laxative effect. Adding increasing and cumulative (0.01-1000μg/mL) of this product did not significantly alter spontaneous contractions in guinea pig ileum. However, its addition (1-1000μg/mL) caused a relaxation in this organ pre-contracted with 1μM carbachol, Emax= 67.61 ± 6.25%; EC50 269.77μg/mL (215.8 to 337.1), n=6; histamine 1μM (Emax= 58.68 ± 7.17%, EC50= 144.10μg/mL (86.65 to 239.70), n=6, and 40mM KCl (Emax= 50.76 ± 3.79%; EC50= 91.94μg/mL (57.97 to 145.80), n=7, no significant difference in the powers, suggesting an action of this product on a step common to these three agents. The relaxing action of this preparation was attenuated in ileum pre-contracted with 60mM KCl (Emax= 39.28 ± 1.95%, n=7) and the efficacy and potency were also significantly attenuated in the presence of potassium channel blockers, 5mM TEA, Emax= 22.79  2.99%; EC50 93.41μg/mL (54.89 to 159.00), n=5; and 5mM CsCl; Emax= 29.44  6.24%, EC50= 112,60μg/mL (44.09 to 287.80), n=5, suggesting the participation of these channels in relaxation. In contractions induced by 300nM S(-)BayK-8644, Cav channel agonist, the effect induced by phytomedicine, Emax= 39.28 ± 1.95%, EC50= 199.70μg/mL (120.50 to 239.00), n=8, was significantly lower when compared to carbachol, indicating the involvement of Cav in its effect. In preparations pre-incubated with 1μM propranolol (Emax= 34.45 ± 4.97%, n=6), the Emax was attenuated, suggesting also the involvement of β-adrenergic receptors in the effect induced by preparation. Thus, we conclude that the Herbal Product acts stimulating the intestine of rats and mice, especially in constipated animals and has spasmolytic activity in guinea pig ileum probably due to opening of K+ channels, inhibition of Ca2+ channels and activation of β-adrenoceptor. / O Produto Fitoterápico estudado é indicado no tratamento de cólicas intestinais e constipação, entretanto não apresenta dados científicos que comprovem sua eficácia. Assim, este estudo objetivou realizar ensaios farmacológicos pré-clínicos para avaliar sua ação laxante e sua ação espasmolítica, bem como elucidar seu provável mecanismo de ação. Para tal, realizaram-se ensaios farmacológicos in vivo para avaliar seu efeito estimulante sobre o trato gastrointestinal e ensaios in vitro com o intuito de avaliar sua atividade espasmolítica. O Produto Fitoterápico aumentou a motilidade do intestino delgado em camundongos machos, nas doses de 100mg/kg (161,66 ± 14,86%; n=6) e 200mg/kg (151,04 ± 17,17%, n=6) quando comparados ao controle (100,00 ± 10,49%; n=6). O trânsito intestinal de animais constipados por loperamida (3mg/kg/dia, três dias) foi reduzido a 66,25 ± 7,49% (n=8) em comparação ao grupo controle (100 ± 5,16%; n=8). Nos animais constipados e tratados com doses de 100 e 200mg/kg (98,42 ± 6,33%, n=7); (99,32 ± 8,47%; n=7), observou-se a normalização do trânsito intestinal. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados na quantificação por 24 horas de fezes de ratos constipados por loperamida (3mg/kg/dia, três dias), em que o Produto Fitoterápico induziu o retorno da quantidade de fezes a níveis normais (7,92 ± 1,01g; n=6) de animais constipados (4,01 ± 1,43g; n=6), tanto na dose de 100mg/kg (11,24 ± 2,90g; n=6) como na dose de 200mg/kg (8,70 ± 2,01g; n=6). Estes resultados demonstram a ação estimulante da preparação estudada no intestino destes animais com potencial efeito laxante. A adição crescente e cumulativa (0,01-1000μg/mL) deste produto não alterou significativamente as contrações espontâneas em íleo de cobaia. Entretanto, sua adição (1-1000μg/mL) promoveu relaxamento neste órgão pré-contraído com carbacol 1μM, Emax= 67,61 ± 6,25%; CE50 269,77μg/mL (215,8 337,1); n=6, com histamina 1μM, Emax= 58,68 ± 7,17%; CE50= 144,10 μg/mL (86,65 239,70); n=6, ou com KCl 40mM, Emax= 50,76 ± 3,79%; CE50= 91,94μg/mL (57,97 145,80); n=7, não apresentando diferença estatística nas potências, o que sugere uma ação sobre uma etapa comum a estes três agentes. A ação relaxante desta preparação foi atenuada em íleo pré-contraído com KCl 60mM (Emax= 39,28 ± 1,95%; n=7) e sua eficácia e potência também foram significantemente atenuados na presença de bloqueadores de canais para K+, 5mM TEA, Emax= 22,79  2,99%; CE50 93,41μg/mL (54,89 159,00); n=5, e 5mM CsCl, Emax= 29,44  6,24%; CE50= 112,60μg/mL (44,09 287,80); n=5, sugerindo participação destes canais em seu relaxamento. Em contrações induzidas por 300nM S(-)-BayK 8644, agonista de canais Cav, o efeito induzido pelo Produto Fitoterápico Emax= 39,28 ± 1,95%; CE50= 199,70μg/mL (120,50 239,00); n=8, foi significativamente menor, quando comparado ao carbacol, indicando a participação dos Cav em seu efeito. Em preparações pré-incubadas com 1μM propranolol (Emax= 34,45 ± 4,97%; n=6), o Emax foi atenuado, sugerindo também a participação de receptores β-adrenérgicos no efeito induzido pela preparação. Assim, concluimos que o Produto Fitoterápico age estimulando o intestino de ratos e camundongos, principalmente em animais constipados e apresenta atividade espasmolítica em íleo de cobaia provavelmente pela abertura de canais para K+, inibição de canais para Ca2+ e ativação de β-adrenoceptores.

Um dos mais importantes achados dos últimos anos foi o de que o remodelamento ósseo está sujeito ao controle do SNC, com o SNS agindo como efetor periférico. Um estudo do nosso grupo demonstrou que camundongos <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A/<font face=\"Symbol\">a2C-AR-/- apresentam um fenótipo de alta massa óssea, como também são resistentes à osteopenia induzida pelo excesso de hormônio HT. Com o intuito de verificar a participação do <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- nestes processos, tivemos como objetivos: caracterizar o fenótipo ósseo de camundongos <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- e avaliar o efeito do HT na estrutura óssea desses camundongos tratados. Pudemos observar que o comprimento longitudinal dos ossos dos animais <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- são menores do que dos animais selvagens e a análise por <font face=\"Symbol\">mCT do fêmur mostrou uma diminuição da porosidade da cortical. Com relação ao tratamento com hormônio tireoideano, os animais <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- tratados com T3 foram resistentes à diminuição do comprimento dos ossos causado pelo excesso de HT e vimos, ainda, que o osso trabecular dos animais <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- foi mais sensível aos efeitos deletérios da tirotoxicose, entretanto o osso cortical e parâmetros biomecânicos ósseos dos animais KOs foram menos sensíveis. Em conclusão, o presente estudo sugere que o <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR está envolvido no processo de crescimento ósseo e que esse receptor possa mediar, pelo menos parcialmente, ações negativas do T3 nesse processo como também do HT no osso cortical. / One of the most important finds of the recent years is that bone remodeling is subject to the control of the CNS, with SNS acting as the peripheral effector. However, a recent study of our group showed that mice <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A/<font face=\"Symbol\">a2C-AR-/- have a high bone mass phenotype, even though are resistant to the thyroid hormone-induced osteopenia. In order to verify the role of <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- in these cases, we had as objectives to evaluate whether the isolated inactivation of <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR interferes with the bone structure, and to evaluate the action of HT on these animals. We have observed that the longitudinal length of the bones of <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- animals are lower than those of wild type animals and the analysis of the femur by <font face=\"Symbol\">mCT showed a lower cortical porosity. With regard to treatment with thyroid hormone, we observed that <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- animals were resistant to the bone length decrease caused by thyroid hormone excess. We also noticed that the trabecular bone of <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR-/- animals was more sensitive to the deleterious effects of thyrotoxicosis. Moreover, the cortical bone and bone biomechanical parameters KO animals were less sensitive. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that <font face=\"Symbol\">a2A-AR is involved in the process of bone growth and that this receptor may mediate at least partly, negative actions of T3 in this process as well as the HT in the cortical bone.

A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia cardíaca mais comum na prática clínica e que apresenta a maior morbidade, principalmente com o avançar da idade. O sistema nervoso autonômico, particularmente o balanço adrenérgico/colinérgico, tem profunda influência na ocorrência de fibrilação atrial. A FA pode ser gerada e mantida por uma variedade de mecanismos eletrofisiológicos e uma mudança na atividade autonômica poderá afetar cada um deles de forma diferente. Além do sistema nervoso autônomo, simpático e parassimpático, envolvidos na gênese e manutenção da FA, já é sabido que existem vários outros fatores envolvidos e, dentre eles, as células intersticiais tipo-Cajal (CITC), semelhantes às células intersticiais que contribuem para a atividade motora peristáltica do trato gastrointestinal. Essas células foram encontradas no miocárdio atrial e ventricular, e poderiam ser a origem da atividade deflagradora de focos elétricos ectópicos geradores de FA. O presente estudo teve como objetivos analisar possíveis alterações na expressão miocárdica dos receptores beta-adrenérgicos e quantificar as células intersticiais tipo-Cajal nos átrios de corações humanos, em particular, no esquerdo, e sua relação com a fibrilação atrial permanente (FAP). Para o primeiro objetivo, foram estudados 19 casos de corações de autópsias de portadores de FAP e cardiopatia crônica definida (grupo I), e 19 corações pareados com as mesmas cardiopatias, porém sem evidências de qualquer arritmia supraventricular (grupo II). Foram ressecadas uma amostra no teto do átrio direito, duas no átrio esquerdo, e uma em terminação nervosa envolvida em tecido gorduroso no epicárdio do átrio esquerdo (fat-pad). A expressão miocárdica dos receptores beta-adrenérgicos 1 a 3 e da quinase-5 do receptor adrenérgico acoplado à proteína G (GRK5) foi avaliada pela proporção positiva no miocárdio nos cortes citados. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos quando analisamos a expressão dos receptores adrenérgicos (beta-1, beta-2, beta-3 e GRK5), independentemente do uso ou não de beta-bloqueador. Para o segundo objetivo, foram estudados 6 casos de corações de autópsias de portadores de FAP e cardiopatia crônica definida (grupo I), e 6 corações pareados com as mesmas cardiopatias, porém sem evidências de qualquer arritmia supraventricular (grupo II). As CITC foram avaliadas na região média da parede diafragmática do átrio esquerdo. Não houve alterações estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos estudados, quando avaliamos o número de células positivas no miocárdio pela área do miocárdio em mm2, o número de células positivas no corte inteiro pela área do miocárdio em mm2 ou o número de células positivas no corte inteiro/área do corte inteiro em mm2, seja em relação a cada corte individualmente, ao átrio esquerdo isoladamente e a todos os cortes juntos. Em conclusão, nem alterações na expressão de receptores beta-adrenérgicos nem a presença de células tipo-Cajal parecem ter maior papel na patogênese da fibrilação atrial permanente / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice, presenting the highest morbidity, especially with advancing age. The autonomic nervous system, particularly the adrenergic/cholinergic balance, has a profound influence on the occurrence of AF. AF can be generated and maintained through a variety of electrophysiological mechanisms, and a change in autonomic activity may affect each of mechanism differently. In addition to the autonomous, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems involved in the genesis and maintenance of AF, there are several other factors known to be involved, including the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), similar to the interstitial cells that contribute to the peristaltic motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells were found in the atrial and ventricular myocardium, and could be the source of the triggering activity of ectopic electrical foci that generate AF. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the possible changes in the myocardial expression of beta-adrenergic receptors and to quantify ICCs in the atria of human hearts, in particular in the left atrium, and its relation with permanent AF (PAF). For the first objective, we studied 19 hearts from autopsies of patients with PAF and defined chronic cardiomyopathy (group I), and 19 paired hearts with the same cardiomyopathy but without evidence of any supraventricular arrhythmia (group II). A tissue sample from the ceiling of the right atrium, two from the left atrium, and one from the nerve ending involved in the adipose tissue in the epicardium of the left atrium (fat pad) were resected. The myocardial expression of beta-adrenergic receptors 1 and 3, and of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) was assessed according to the positive proportion in the myocardium in the mentioned sections. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the expression of adrenergic receptors (beta-1, beta-2, beta-3, and GRK5), regardless of the use or nonuse of beta-blockers. For the second objective, six hearts from autopsied patients with PAF and defined chronic cardiopathy (group I) were studied, along with six paired hearts with the same cardiopathies but without evidence of any supraventricular arrhythmia (group II). The ICCs were evaluated in the middle region of the diaphragmatic wall of the left atrium. There were no statistically significant changes between the groups when we evaluated the number of positive cells in the myocardium by area of the myocardium in mm2, the number of positive cells in the full section by area of the myocardium in mm2, or the number of positive cells in the full section/area of the full section in mm2, be it in relation to each section individually, the left atrium alone, or all sections together. In conclusion, neither changes in the expression of beta-adrenergic receptors nor the presence of ICCs seem to have a large role in the pathogenesis of permanent AF

Investigamos como a atividade simpática atua na expressão do Slc2a4/GLUT4 em músculo esquelético de ratos normotensos (Wistar) e espontâneamente hipertensos (SHR) diabéticos, tratados com salina, insulina, propranolol e propranolol+insulina. A insulina reduziu a glicemia, glicosúria e volume urinário, aumentou o peso e a expressão do Slc2a4 no sóleo, porém diminuiu a expressão do Slc2a4 no EDL. O propranolol reduziu a pressão caudal dos SHR, não alterou os parâmetros metabólicos, aumentou a expressão do Slc2a4 no EDL, mas reduziu no sóleo somente dos normotensos. O propranolol+insulina mostrou que em sóleo o efeito da insulina foi preponderante, entretanto, no EDL o propranolol atenuou o efeito da insulina. A expressão do Slc2a4 foi maior nos hipertensos (sóleo e EDL), sendo parcialmente acompanhada pela expressão da proteína, com algumas alterações pós-transcricionais ou por Tnfa. Portanto, o comprometimento da expressão do Slc2a4 induzido pelo diabetes é menor em SHR, provavelmente devido à hiper-atividade simpática presente no músculo esquelético. / We investigated the participation of sympathetic activity in the regulation of Slc2a4/GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle of diabetic Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, treated with saline, insulin, propranolol and propranolol+insulin. Insulin reduced glycemia, urinary volume and glucose, and increased body weight and Slc2a4 expression in soleus, but decreased it in EDL. Propranolol reduced arterial blood pressure in SHR, and did not alter the metabolic parameters, increased the mRNA expression in EDL, but reduced it in soleus of normotensive rats. Propranolol+insulin showed that in soleus the effect of insulin was preponderant, whereas in EDL propranolol attenuated the insulin effect. The Slc2a4 expression was higher in SHR (soleus, EDL), and it was similar to the protein expression, with some discrepancies, indicating post-transcription regulation, or Tnfa-related alteration. In conclusion, the impairment in Slc2a4 expression during diabetes is limited in SHR, probably because their high sympathetic activity in skeletal muscle.

Orientador: Cláudia Herrera Tambeli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T16:27:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Favaro-Moreira_NadiaCristina_D.pdf: 14440949 bytes, checksum: 19ac7e9f7196c13dfd756bd4150b1456 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é um termo coletivo que abrange uma série de problemas clínicos que envolvem os músculos mastigatórios e a articulação temporomandibular (ATM) e está comumente associada à inflamação. Apesar de medicamentos anti-inflamatórios não esteróides (AINEs) serem frequentemente utilizados no controle de dor inflamatória, sabe-se que a dor inflamatória possui um componente simpático que pode predominar em casos menos responsivos a tratamentos com AINEs. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) avaliar se os hormônios gonadais modulam a resposta antinociceptiva ao bloqueio dos ?-adrenoreceptores (ARs) na ATM de ratos, (ii) avaliar se um e três dias de tratamento com o ?-bloqueador não seletivo para AR ?1 e ?2 nadolol reduzem a dor em pacientes com DTM significativamente mais do que o placebo, (iii) avaliar se as mulheres experimentam relativamente maior benefício com o tratamento com nadolol que os homens dependendo do seu estado hormonal, e (iv ) comparar o efeito do nadolol com o efeito do ibuprofeno. O primeiro objetivo foi desenvolvido em ratos machos e fêmeas, intactos ou gonadectomizados (com ou sem reposição hormonal) através da coadministração de formalina e antagonista específico para AR ?1 , ?2 e ?3 na região da ATM. O comportamento nocieptive foi quantificado e utilizado para a análise estatística. Para o segundo objetivo Nadolol (40 mg/dia), ibuprofeno (400 mg/dia) ou placebo foi administrado em 27 mulheres que não usam contraceptivo oral (CO), 28 mulheres usando CO e 29 homens, que estavam de acordo com os Critérios Diagnósticos para Pesquisa (Research Diagnostic Chriteria) para DTM. Eles completaram um estudo cruzado, aleatorizado, duplo-cego e com controle placebo. As mulheres participaram durante três meses (durante a fase menstrual e durante a fase peri-ovulatória em mulheres que não usam CO, e durante a fase menstrual e durante a fase de uso do CO em mulheres usando CO), em um total de 6 etapas de análise ( 2 por mês), e homens participaram durante um mês com três etapas de análise com um período de 6 dias entre cada etapa. Cada etapa consistiu de uma avaliação de basal e duas avaliações durante o tratamento, uma no primeiro e o outra no terceiro dia de tratamento. A dor foi avaliada por meio da utilização da escala visual analógica (VAS) e as comparações foram feitas através do pré-tratamento (basal), o primeiro e o terceiro dia de intervenção (pós-tratamento). O bloqueio dos ARs ? reduz significativamente a nocicepção da ATM em ratos machos e fêmeas, mas as fêmeas são mais sensíveis. Os hormônios gonadais reduziram a resposta ao bloqueio de ARs ? na ATM de machos e fêmeas. No estudo em humanos um e três dias de tratamento com nadolol ou ibuprofeno produz uma analgesia em mulheres e homens significativamente maior que placebo, mas as mulheres são mais sensíveis independente do estado hormonal. Em resumo, estes dados demonstram que os hormonios sexuais podem modular o efeito analgésico de bloqueadores de ARs ? dependendo dos níveis séricos dos hormonios gonadais, do subtipo de ARs ? ativado e da dose de droga administrada. A maior eficácia no tratamento da dor em mulheres é clinicamente relevante uma vez que a DTM é mais prevalente e mais severa em mulheres do que em homens / Abstract: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a collective term embracing a number of clinical problems that involve the masticatory muscles, and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), commonly associated with inflammation. Despite anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used in the control of inflammatory pain, it is well known that inflammatory pain has a sympathetic component that might predominate in the cases less responsive to NSAIDs treatments. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate whether gonadal hormones modulate the antinociceptive responsiveness to the blockade of ?-adrenoreceptors (ARs) in the TMJ of rats, (ii) to evaluate whether one and three days of treatment with the nonselective ?1 and ?2-AR antagonist nadolol would reduce clinical pain symptoms in TMD patients significantly more than placebo, (iii) to evaluate whether women would experience relatively greater benefit from nadolol than men depending on their hormonal status, and (iv) compared the effect of nadolol with the effect of ibuprofen. The first aim was developed in male and female rats, intact or gonadectomized (with or without hormone replacement), by coadministration of formalin and specific antagonist for ?1, ?2 and ?3-ARs in the TMJ region. The nocieptive behavior was quantified and used for estatistical analysis. For the second aim Nadolol (40 mg/day), ibuprofen (400 mg/day) or placebo was administrated in 27 women not using oral contraceptive (OC), 28 women using OC, and 29 men which met the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. They completed a randomized, crossover, double¿blind, placebo controlled study. Women participated for three months (during menstrual phase and during peri-ovulatory phase in women not using OC, and during menstrual phase and during OC using phase in women using OC) in a total of 6 stages of analysis (2 per month), and men participated for one month whith three stages of analysis and 6 days of wash out. Each stage consisted of a baseline evaluation and two evaluations during treatment, one on the first and the other on the third day of treatment. Clinical pain ratings were obtained by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and comparisons were made across the pre-treatment (baseline), the first and the third day of intervention (post-treatment). Blockade of ?-ARs significantly reduce the TMJ nociception in male and female rats, but females are more responsive. The gonadal hormones reduce the responsiveness to the blockade of ?-ARs in the TMJ of males and females rats. In the human study one and three days of treatment with nadolol or ibuprofen produces analgesia in TMD women and men significantly more than placebo, but women are more responsive independent of their hormonal status. In summary, these data demonstrate that gonadal hormones can modulate the analgesic effect of ?-ARs blockers depending on the gonadal hormones serum levels, on the ?-ARs activated subtype and on the dose of drug administered. The greater treatment efficacy in women is of clinical relevance since TMD is more prevalent and severe in women than in men / Doutorado / Fisiologia Oral / Doutora em Odontologia