Objetivo: A segurança no uso de medicamentos tem constituído importante indicador na assistência prestada em nível hospitalar. Para tanto, este estudo propõe avaliar o impacto clínico e econômico da implantação de um programa de farmacovigilância (PFV) intensiva em um hospital geral, através do monitoramento de reações adversas à vancomicina. Delineamento: Coorte. Amostra: 689 pacientes constituíram a amostra, sendo 151 acompanhados antes do PFV e 538 depois PFV. Principais Medidas: Ocorrência de reação adversa a medicamento (RAM) baseado no algoritmo de Naranjo e estimativa de custos hospitalares. Resultados: Houve redução na ocorrência de RAM após a implementação do PFV (19,9% vs. 13,4%; P < 0,05). O PFV foi um fator independente relacionado a uma diminuição da RAM, especialmente naqueles pacientes em uso de vancomicina inferior a 12 dias e em pacientes pediátricos, com um NNT de 15. Não houve diferença nos custos antes e após o programa, entretanto aqueles pacientes com RAM apresentaram um custo adicional de R$ 12.676,47, sendo que a atividade de vigilância representou um custo estimado de R$ 19,23 por caso acompanhado. Conclusão: Um PFV implementado ativamente, com busca e monitoramento de RAM, e com estratégias pró-ativas para minimizá-las, tem impacto positivo nos resultados clínicos e econômicos hospitalares. / Proper drug safety monitoring is a central aspect and an important quality indicator of hospital care. This study was carried to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of the implementation of an Intensive Phamacovigilance Program (IPP) in a general hospital. We selected the occurrence of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) related to the antimicrobial drug vancomycin to evaluate the program. Study design: Cohort. Methods: 689 patients were included, 151 of them were followed before the implementation of the IPP and 538 patients were followed after this. Main determinants: The occurrence of ADR was measured and classified based in the ‘Naranjo’ algorithm. All the hospital costs were estimated using the register of the financial department of the hospital. Results: There was a significant reduction in the ADR rates after the implementation of the IPP (19.9% versus 13.4%; P-value<0.05). The IPP was an independent factor for the reduction of the ADR rates; it was more important in those that used vancomycin for a period of time ≤ 12 days, and in pediatric patients, in this case the number needed to treat (NNT) estimated was 15. There was no difference between the costs comparing the period before and after the IPP implementation, but those patients that has ADR represented an additional cost of R$ 12,676.47. The cost of the IPP program was R$ 19.23 per individual case followed. Conclusion: The implementation of an IPP that monitored ADR and the strategies that were simultaneously developed to minimize them, had a positive impact in the clinical and economic aspects analized.

Objetivo: A segurança no uso de medicamentos tem constituído importante indicador na assistência prestada em nível hospitalar. Para tanto, este estudo propõe avaliar o impacto clínico e econômico da implantação de um programa de farmacovigilância (PFV) intensiva em um hospital geral, através do monitoramento de reações adversas à vancomicina. Delineamento: Coorte. Amostra: 689 pacientes constituíram a amostra, sendo 151 acompanhados antes do PFV e 538 depois PFV. Principais Medidas: Ocorrência de reação adversa a medicamento (RAM) baseado no algoritmo de Naranjo e estimativa de custos hospitalares. Resultados: Houve redução na ocorrência de RAM após a implementação do PFV (19,9% vs. 13,4%; P < 0,05). O PFV foi um fator independente relacionado a uma diminuição da RAM, especialmente naqueles pacientes em uso de vancomicina inferior a 12 dias e em pacientes pediátricos, com um NNT de 15. Não houve diferença nos custos antes e após o programa, entretanto aqueles pacientes com RAM apresentaram um custo adicional de R$ 12.676,47, sendo que a atividade de vigilância representou um custo estimado de R$ 19,23 por caso acompanhado. Conclusão: Um PFV implementado ativamente, com busca e monitoramento de RAM, e com estratégias pró-ativas para minimizá-las, tem impacto positivo nos resultados clínicos e econômicos hospitalares. / Proper drug safety monitoring is a central aspect and an important quality indicator of hospital care. This study was carried to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of the implementation of an Intensive Phamacovigilance Program (IPP) in a general hospital. We selected the occurrence of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) related to the antimicrobial drug vancomycin to evaluate the program. Study design: Cohort. Methods: 689 patients were included, 151 of them were followed before the implementation of the IPP and 538 patients were followed after this. Main determinants: The occurrence of ADR was measured and classified based in the ‘Naranjo’ algorithm. All the hospital costs were estimated using the register of the financial department of the hospital. Results: There was a significant reduction in the ADR rates after the implementation of the IPP (19.9% versus 13.4%; P-value<0.05). The IPP was an independent factor for the reduction of the ADR rates; it was more important in those that used vancomycin for a period of time ≤ 12 days, and in pediatric patients, in this case the number needed to treat (NNT) estimated was 15. There was no difference between the costs comparing the period before and after the IPP implementation, but those patients that has ADR represented an additional cost of R$ 12,676.47. The cost of the IPP program was R$ 19.23 per individual case followed. Conclusion: The implementation of an IPP that monitored ADR and the strategies that were simultaneously developed to minimize them, had a positive impact in the clinical and economic aspects analized.

Objetivo: A segurança no uso de medicamentos tem constituído importante indicador na assistência prestada em nível hospitalar. Para tanto, este estudo propõe avaliar o impacto clínico e econômico da implantação de um programa de farmacovigilância (PFV) intensiva em um hospital geral, através do monitoramento de reações adversas à vancomicina. Delineamento: Coorte. Amostra: 689 pacientes constituíram a amostra, sendo 151 acompanhados antes do PFV e 538 depois PFV. Principais Medidas: Ocorrência de reação adversa a medicamento (RAM) baseado no algoritmo de Naranjo e estimativa de custos hospitalares. Resultados: Houve redução na ocorrência de RAM após a implementação do PFV (19,9% vs. 13,4%; P < 0,05). O PFV foi um fator independente relacionado a uma diminuição da RAM, especialmente naqueles pacientes em uso de vancomicina inferior a 12 dias e em pacientes pediátricos, com um NNT de 15. Não houve diferença nos custos antes e após o programa, entretanto aqueles pacientes com RAM apresentaram um custo adicional de R$ 12.676,47, sendo que a atividade de vigilância representou um custo estimado de R$ 19,23 por caso acompanhado. Conclusão: Um PFV implementado ativamente, com busca e monitoramento de RAM, e com estratégias pró-ativas para minimizá-las, tem impacto positivo nos resultados clínicos e econômicos hospitalares. / Proper drug safety monitoring is a central aspect and an important quality indicator of hospital care. This study was carried to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of the implementation of an Intensive Phamacovigilance Program (IPP) in a general hospital. We selected the occurrence of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) related to the antimicrobial drug vancomycin to evaluate the program. Study design: Cohort. Methods: 689 patients were included, 151 of them were followed before the implementation of the IPP and 538 patients were followed after this. Main determinants: The occurrence of ADR was measured and classified based in the ‘Naranjo’ algorithm. All the hospital costs were estimated using the register of the financial department of the hospital. Results: There was a significant reduction in the ADR rates after the implementation of the IPP (19.9% versus 13.4%; P-value<0.05). The IPP was an independent factor for the reduction of the ADR rates; it was more important in those that used vancomycin for a period of time ≤ 12 days, and in pediatric patients, in this case the number needed to treat (NNT) estimated was 15. There was no difference between the costs comparing the period before and after the IPP implementation, but those patients that has ADR represented an additional cost of R$ 12,676.47. The cost of the IPP program was R$ 19.23 per individual case followed. Conclusion: The implementation of an IPP that monitored ADR and the strategies that were simultaneously developed to minimize them, had a positive impact in the clinical and economic aspects analized.

Class of 2014 Abstract / Specific Aims: To assess if the use of three targeted open ended questions elicited more adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and allergies than found in the electronic medical record. Subjects: Inpatients at the University of Arizona Medical Center (UAMC) in Tucson, AZ that were 18 years or older and agreed to participate in the study. Methods: Data was collected using a verbal questionnaire. Each patient was asked the exact same three open ended questions in the same order by the one student to determine the number of ADRs the patient has had. The patient’s electronic medical record at UAMC was used to determine the number of ADRs documented. The number of ADRs elicited by the two methods were documented and compared using statistical analysis. No demographic variables were collected in this study. Main Results: A total of 58 patients at UAMC agreed to participate in our study by answering three targeted open ended questions. Overall the use of the three open ended question did elicit more ADRs (mean = 1.12) than listed on their electronic medical record which were elicited by asking one closed ended question (mean = 0.91). However, the results were not statistically significant (p-value = 0.57). Conclusion: The use of three targeted open ended questions appears to elicit a similar number of ADRs compared to the number of ADRs listed in the patient’s electronic medical record.

What is known and objective: Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) is the cornerstone of many serious invasive fungal infections. Despite lower frequencies of commonly reported adverse events in clinical trials compared to conventional formulations, post-marketing complications continue to mount. Case description: We present a case of chest pain following the initial dose of L-AmB for cryptococcal meningitis. Electrocardiogram demonstrated no acute electrocardiogram findings. Upon rechallenge, the chest pain worsened was subsequently accompanied by ST-segment elevation. Emergent coronary angiography found no acute findings. What is new and conclusion: Providers should be aware of cardiac complications with L-AmB, including non-occlusive ST-segment elevation.

Introduction: Medicines are an important component of any health system. Even though the importance of medicines in the health system is indisputable, one of the major concerns remains the risk of adverse drug reactions when used by consumers. Adverse drug reactions place a burden on the healthcare system, usually as a result of complications requiring hospital admission or extended hospital admissions. In Africa, about 28.6% of adverse drug reactions reported in Africa were due to antiretroviral therapy. Recently, the adoption of the “test and treat” policy by the World Health Organisation increased the number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to explore the magnitude of antiretroviral therapy-related adverse drug reactions hospitalisations, and mortalities in the region, following the increase in people initiating therapy, and the implications to the service delivery component of the healthcare system. Methods: In March 2021, PubMed, EBSCOHost, and SCOPUS, databases were systematically searched for appropriate articles. The selection of articles was based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from included articles were extracted as per a set of defined criteria into a data extraction form. A meta-analysis was done using Stata package software 15.0 using Stata “metaprop” command. Results: The pooled prevalence of adverse drug reactions hospitalisations in all studies was 26.5% (95% confidence interval:18.4,35.4) and that of mortality was 6.1% (95% confidence interval:2.1,11.7). The most prevalent adverse reactions reported include hepatotoxicity, kidney injury, lactic acidosis, skin, neurologic, and hematologic reactions. The antiviral implicated, are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. The pediatric population was underrepresented as only two studies included pediatric patients. The economic impact of adverse reactions was impossible to estimate, as only one study reported on financial implications. Conclusion: Antiretroviral therapy-related adverse reactions hospitalisations and mortalities have a high prevalence in Africa. There are concerns about age-related morbidities and lifestyle diseases as risk factors related to adverse reactions. To adequately combat adverse reactions associated with antiretrovirals, African country health systems need multidisciplinary actions to strengthen strategies for prediction, identification, reporting, and prevention of adverse reaction occurrence.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 113-119.

A hanseníase é uma das doenças mais antigas da humanidade, chamada anteriormente no Brasil de lepra e encontrada em registros de antes de Cristo. É uma doença infecciosa, de evolução crônica, que acomete predominantemente a pele, os nervos periféricos e as mucosas, além de outros órgãos e estruturas, sendo o agente etiológico, o Mycobacterium leprae. A Organização Mundial de Saúde propõe o uso dos esquemas terapêuticos padronizados ou substitutivos para controle desta doença. É pressuposto que um dos motivos de abandono do tratamento seja a ocorrência de reações adversas relativas à terapia. A estratégia global de controle da hanseníase, portanto, deve incluir o desenvolvimento de uma vigilância efetiva dentro dos serviços de saúde. Com o objetivo de analisar o perfil de segurança da farmacoterapia utilizada no tratamento da hanseníase, foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo com a população de pacientes em tratamento para hanseníase, com esquemas padrão ou substitutivo, em Hospital Universitário de Salvador/BA, 2009 a 2015. Dos 292 pacientes eleitos, 68,8% dos indivíduos eram procedentes da capital; 70,5% pertenciam à faixa etária de adultos; 52,7% eram do gênero feminino; 47,6% eram de cor parda; 40,1% dos indivíduos eram casados; 15,4% tinham apenas ensino fundamental incompleto; 64,4% apresentaram resultado de baciloscopia negativo; 60,3% classificados como paucibacilares; 30,5% dos pacientes com forma clínica predominante tuberculóide e 59,9% das pessoas não desenvolveram surto reacional durante a poliquimioterapia. Foram notificados 114 indivíduos com suspeita de pelo menos uma reação adversa a medicamento (RAM), resultando em 150 notificações. A suspeita de reação mais frequente foi anemia (57%), seguida de xerose cutânea (6%), hiperpigmentação (3%) e cefaleia (4%), dentre outras. Em 75,4% dos casos notificados, a dapsona foi o medicamento suspeito no desencadeamento da reação adversa. A razão de prevalência foi calculada para as notificações de suspeita realizadas e 52% dos pacientes com resultado normal para deficiência da enzima glicose 6-fosfato desidrogenase foram notificados com suspeita de anemia, além de 31,6% de substituições de esquema dentre os notificados com suspeita de reação adversa. A poliquimioterapia padrão, nesta população especificamente, demonstrou ser segura, uma vez que apesar do número elevado de notificações de suspeitas de RAM, a maioria apresentou resolução no curso da terapia, com um percentual reduzido de substituições. A pesquisa agregou valores frente à escassez de achados na literatura para tal população. Os resultados poderão contribuir para um maior cuidado com os pacientes assistidos, ratificando a necessidade de vigilância contínua do uso da poliquimioterapia. / Hansen's Disease is one of the oldest diseases of mankind, formerly known as leprosy, and found in records from before Christ. It is an infectious disease, of chronic evolution, which predominantly affects the skin, peripheral nerves and mucous membranes, as well as other organs and structures. Its etiologic agent is Mycobacterium leprae. The World Health Organization suggest the use of the standard therapeutic regimen or replacement regimen in order to treat the disease. It is assumed that one reason for treatment withdrawal is the occurrence of adverse reactions during the therapy. In order to analyze the safety profile of the pharmacotherapy chosen in the treatment, an observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out with the population of patients undergoing treatment for Hansen's Disease with standard or replacement regimens at the University Hospital in Salvador - BA, 2009 to 2015. 292 patients were elected: 68.8% of them were from the capital; 70.5% belonged to the adult age group; 52.7% were female; 47.6% were brown; 40.1% of the individuals were married; 15.4% had not finished middle school; 64.4% presented negative sputum culture results; 60.3% classified as paucibacillary cases; 30.5% of the patients were diagnosed with predominant tuberculoid clinical form and 59.9% of the patients did not develop a reaction outbreak during multidrug therapy. Reports showed that 114 subjects were suspected of having at least one drug adverse reaction, resulting in 150 reports. The most frequent suspected reaction was anemia (57%), followed by xerodermia (6%), hyperpigmentation (3%) and headache (4%), among others. In 75.4% of reported cases, Dapsone was the suspected drug. The prevalence ratio was calculated for the suspected reports. 52% of patients with normal results for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency were suspected of having anemia, in addition to 31.6% of regimen replacements among those reported with suspected adverse reactions. The standard multidrug therapy, particularly among this population, has been proven to be a safe choice, despite the high numbers of suspected reports of ADR, most patients presented signs of resolution during of therapy, with a low percentage of replacements. The research added values regarding the safety profile of the treatment for Hansen's Disease in the face of the scarcity of findings in the literature for such population. The results not only will contribute to a greater care with the elected patients, but will also confirm the need for continuous watching of multidrug therapy use.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund:   Läkemedelsbiverkningar utgör ett stort problem för den enskilde som drabbas och för samhället. Distriktssköterskor med förskrivningsrätt har ett ansvar att rapportera misstänkta läkemedelsbiverkningar och spontanrapportering är grunden för läkemedelssäkerhet. Studier visar att det finns en hög grad av underrapportering. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka distriktssköterskors kunskap och förståelse om läkemedelsbiverkningar samt deras handlingsberedskap för, och syn på att rapportera dessa. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvalitativ ansats användes, sju distriktssköterskor i Jämtlands län deltog. Innehållet bearbetades med hjälp av manifest innehållsanalys och resulterade i tre områden; Kunskap och förståelse, Syn på ansvarfördelning samt Handlingsberedskap. Sju kategorier identifierades. Resultat: Distriktssköterskorna hade kunskap och förståelse om läkemedelsbiverkningar men inhämtande av ny kunskap hade låg prioritet. Ansvaret för rapportering diskuterades inte på arbetsplatserna. Distriktssköterskorna ansåg att de hade rapporterat då de meddelat läkaren om en misstänkt läkemedelsbiverkning. Rapportering av läkemedelsbiverkningar ansågs vara hanterbara men kunde ibland leda till stora bekymmer. Rapporteringen beskrevs som undermålig och skulle kunna göras i större utsträckning. Slutsats: Problemområdet måste synliggöras. Fortbildning inom området kan förhoppningsvis leda till ökad rapportering och förbättrad läkemedelsäkerhet. På sikt ger det ett minskat lidande för den enskilde patienten och en ekonomisk vinst för samhället. / ABSTRACT Background:   Adverse drug reactions are a major problem for the individual affected and to society. District nurses with prescribing rights have a responsibility to report suspected adverse drug reactions and spontaneous reporting is the basis for drug safety. Studies show that there is a high degree of underreporting. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore district nurses' knowledge and understanding of adverse drug reactions and their preparedness for, and approach to reporting them. Method: Semi-structured interviews with a qualitative approach was used, seven district nurses in Jämtland county attended. The contents were processed using manifest content analysis and resulted in three domains: Knowledge and understanding, vision for sharing responsibility and readiness to act. Seven categories was identified. Results: District nurses had knowledge and understanding of drug side effects, but acquire new knowledge had low priority. Responsibility for reporting were not discussed in the workplace. District nurses felt that they had reported when they informed the doctor about a suspected adverse drug reaction. Reporting of adverse drug reactions were considered to be manageable but could sometimes lead to big trouble. The reporting was described as poor and could be made more widely. Conclusion: The problem area must be made visible. Training in the field will hopefully lead to increased reporting and improved drug safety. Eventually, it gives a less suffering for the individual patient and an economic benefit for society.

Injury and illness associated with drugs are major problems in Australia and around the world, despite significant developments in the area of adverse drug reaction (ADR) decision support technology. The aims of this thesis are: to investigate the ADR decision domain; to determine factors that may assist in the prevention, detection and management of ADRs; and, to inform the pre-requirements analysis phase of the development of decision support systems. An approach has been taken that permits open and grounded study of the decision environment. This approach can then be used to frame and inform the design of an ADR decision support system. Fifteen case studies that comprise self selected consumers, the treating medical practitioner/s and expert perspectives of a single instance of an ADR (fifteen in-depth consumer interviews, eight in-depth medical practitioner interviews and 30 expert written questionnaires), have been collected and analysed using a grounded theory approach, a symbolic interactionist theoretical framework and a social constructionist epistemology. The analysis was performed from three perspectives: individual case study analysis (all interviews for an instance of an ADR); group analysis (consumer, medical practitioner and expert views) and analysis combining the individual case studies and groups of data. Concepts, themes and theory have emerged from these data in the following areas: • the contribution of the differences in understanding of the core concepts within this domain, to misunderstandings between decision-makers; • the consumer as a diagnostic decision-maker in the ADR decision domain; • differential diagnostic strategies used by the consumers and medical practitioners; • complexities in the ADR decision domain that make diagnosis difficult; • the role of ADR information in consumer and medical practitioner decision-making; • decision types used by consumers and medical practitioners in the ADR decision domain; • resources used by consumers, medical practitioners and experts to inform their ADR decisions; • decision-making with partial knowledge of the consumer case history, drug behaviour and diseases; • the impact of suspected ADRs on consumers and on future decision-making; • medical practitioner/consumer decision-making models; and, • reasons for low ADR reporting and the impact on the development of new ADR knowledge. The results above suggest the following: • The ADR decision domain is more complex than the current ADR decision support focus and that broadening this focus may assist in providing a more complete and useful decision support solution. • Improving the prevention, detection and management of ADRs requires more than providing prescribers with up to date ADR information. Other important factors are sharing of information, awareness of the role of the consumer, a collaborative approach between the consumers and medical practitioners, and generation of new ADR knowledge. • A grounded theory analysis of case study data using the theoretical perspectives of social constructionism and symbolic interactionism provided insight into this domain from the perspectives of multiple decision-makers. This may be an approach that can be used by systems analysts to inform the requirements analysis phases of decision support within other domains. The results of this qualitative work are preliminary. Future work is required to confirm and expand these results. / Doctor of Philosophy