Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Neves de Oliveira.pdf: 828799 bytes, checksum: 57da1d8c8fa04848f1229893dd334577 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-30 / The Politics of Affirmative Action policies are public and private temporary, intended to mitigate the effects of racial / social that certain groups in society suffer such effects may be due to the discrimination suffered in the past or present. In this sense, the adoption of policies of Affirmative Action has its legal basis in the Brazilian Constitution, as well as in the sphere of International Law of Human Rights, in particular, stand out from the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), the 1966 Covenants: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, and more recently, the Convention that protects people with disabilities, which has constitutional status norm (2007), among other documents. The work presented here addresses the importance of affirmative action policies at the national level, but also in the context of comparative law, in relation to employment in both the public and private spheres, to contribute to a reflection on the importance of social justice in the search for full realization of equal opportunities, so that in fact this condition is met by society. Corroborating this analysis, it is worth noting the chapter on the unanimous decision of ADPF 186, which presents a break with the prevailing standards in society with regard to public policy, embracing a new vision that can be extended to the labor market / As Políticas de Ações Afirmativas são políticas públicas e privadas de caráter temporário, que visam mitigar os efeitos da discriminação racial/social que determinados segmentos sofrem na sociedade, tais efeitos podem se dar em razão de discriminação sofrida no passado ou no presente. Neste sentido, a adoção de políticas de Ação Afirmativa tem sua fundamentação jurídica na Carta Magna brasileira, bem como na esfera do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, em especial, destacam-se a Convenção da ONU sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação Racial (1965); a Convenção da ONU sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher (1979), os Pactos de 1966: Pacto Internacional dos Direitos Civis e Políticos e o Pacto Internacional dos Direitos Sociais Econômicos e Culturais, e mais recentemente, a Convenção que Protege as pessoas com deficiência, que possui status de norma Constitucional (2007), dentre outros documentos. O trabalho ora apresentado aborda a importância das políticas de ação afirmativa a nível nacional, como também no âmbito do direito comparado, no que concerne às relações de trabalho, tanto na esfera pública quanto privada, visando contribuir para uma reflexão sobre a importância da justiça social, na busca pela plena efetivação da igualdade de oportunidades, para que de fato essa condição seja alcançada pelo conjunto da sociedade. Corroborando esta análise, é relevante destacar o capítulo sobre a decisão unanime da ADPF 186, que apresenta uma ruptura com os padrões vigentes na sociedade no que se refere às políticas públicas, abarcando uma nova visão que pode ser ampliada para o mercado de trabalho

Esta dissertação parte do episódio da fundação de uma nova universidade federal no Brasil, que, ao contrário do usual, não ocorreu por desmembramento de uma instituição antiga ou por junção de unidades educacionais pré-existentes, mas se deu através de um projeto novo, a partir do zero, o que deveria facilitar e permitir a inovação estrutural, acadêmica e pedagógica. Aqui são observadas as propostas e as primeiras práticas relacionadas com dois eixos enfatizados no projeto pedagógico: a interdisciplinaridade e a inclusão social. Primeiramente há uma descrição do contexto social e da sequência histórica em que o fato se deu. Posteriormente se relata a importância e a fundamentação desses temas no contexto do projeto e como foram colocados em prática. Procura-se assinalar algumas virtudes e defeitos dessas práticas e avaliar as condições que garantem seu prosseguimento e as possibilidades dessa experiência tornar-se um paradigma indutor de inovações em outras instituições. / This paper starts from the foundation of a new federal university in Brazil, which, unusually, did not come to happen by the dismemberment of a former institution or the fusion of pre-existing educational units, but through a new project, from scratch, which should facilitate and enable a structural, academic and educational innovation. Here are listed the proposals and practices related to the first two priorities emphasized in the educational project: interdisciplinarity and social inclusion. We start by describing the social context and sequence of events in which the facts occurred. Subsequently reported are the importance and merits of these issues in the context of the project and how they were put into practice. It seeks to highlight some strengths and weaknesses of these practices and to evaluate the conditions that ensure their continuation and the possibility of this experience to become a innovation inducing paradigm at other institutions.

This thesis traces the contours of the Black-White color line in modern America by illuminating how Whites' racialized political behavior varies across local geographic contexts. In a critical reinterpretation of the racial threat hypothesis, I argue that local geography conditions the relationship between Whites' racial orientations and their preferences on policies related to race - but not because Whites are passively threatened in proximity to a Black population. Rather, Whites are active, subjective perceivers of their surroundings who have an interest in maintaining their racial privilege. This conceptual shift not only challenges the assumed neutrality of Whites' vision; it also enables me to identify the range of contextual indicators that Whites might construe as threatening, and the range of White attitudes that are activated as a result. My empirical evidence comes from three case studies. The first two use geocoded survey data to analyze White opinion on welfare spending in 2000, and on affirmative action between 2006 and 2010. The third study draws on in-depth interviews conducted in 2016, exploring an issue related to school desegregation in Louisiana. Each study affirms the core findings of the thesis: Whites' policy preferences are polarized according to racial orientations in settings where race is salient; and a shared White perspective is evident even across polarized attitudes. My findings offer hope, showing that a sign of threat to some Whites may activate racially tolerant behavior in others; as well as reason to restrain our optimism, challenging the assumption that affluent Blacks, unlike the 'undeserving' Black poor, will not be perceived as threatening by Whites. Ultimately, only by recognizing the color line's responsiveness to local geography - and its resilience even as White attitudes liberalize and Black class positions improve - can we understand the line's persistence or the possibility of one day dismantling it.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os conceitos de raça e etnia são basilares para a antropologia desde o seu surgimento como área do conhecimento humano e, ainda hoje, são fundamentais para diversos debates nas esferas política, social e das ciências humanas em geral. No pensamento social brasileiro muitos foram os autores de diversas áreas a se debruçarem sobre a questão racial. A instituição do sistema de cotas para o ingresso em universidades acalorou e expandiu o debate tanto no senso comum como na academia e nos meios de comunicação em geral. Essa pesquisa partiu da intenção de investigar a relação entre as ações afirmativas e as identidades de cor/raça. Como metodologia, utilizamos os recursos tanto dos instrumentos quantitativos como qualitativos. Nosso foco foram estudantes do cursinho pré-vestibular Grupo Perspectiva Integral (GPI). Buscamos acessar o ponto de vista dos vestibulandos, seus significados e associações acerca de suas identidades étnico-raciais, opiniões e sentimentos sobre a questão racial no Brasil e, em especial referente às ações afirmativas no contexto da educação e investigar a relação entre quem sou eu e qual é a minha cor/raça no universo proposto. Para tanto, foram aplicados cento e vinte e um questionários e realizadas doze entrevistas. A intenção não era estabelecer uma relação direta e causal entre as ações afirmativas e as identidades de cor/raça e, sim, traçar um perfil geral e racial da população estudada, perceber e analisar diversos elementos referentes às classificações de cor/raça e opiniões e sentimentos acerca das ações afirmativas, do racismo e das expectativas profissionais dos vestibulandos. / The concept of race and ethnicity are basic for the anthropological theory since its appearance as human knowledge and nowadays are fundamental for many debates in the political and social sphere and in the human sciences in general. In the social brazilian thought were many authors of different areas that dedicated themselves to the racial studies. The affirmative action insertion as a way of getting in the universities has heated and increased the debate in the common sense, the academy and in the media in general. This research began with the intention of investigate the relation between the affirmative action and the race/colour identity. As methodology we used the quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our centre was students of a preparation course for the universities exams called Grupo Perspectiva Integral (GPI). We searched for getting the point of view of this students about their ethnic-racial meanings and relations, opinions and feelings about racial matters in Brazil and specially referred to affirmative action in the education context and investigate the relation between who am I and which is my race/colour in the population. Then, we applied one hundred and one questionnaires and twelve interviews. Although we didnt intend to establish a direct and cause relation between affirmative action and race/colour identities, we were able to make a general and racial profile of the studied population, perceive and analyze many elements referred to racial classification and opinions and feelings about the affirmative action, racism and the professional expectations from the students.

Este trabalho tem como objeto a análise conceitual da produção acadêmica de teses e dissertações sobre o tema Ações Afirmativas (AAs) no Brasil, no período compreendido entre 1987 e 2010. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi pautada na pesquisa qualitativa de natureza bibliográfica. A principal fonte de dados foi o Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Capes/MEC. A escolha da amostra, composta de 206 textos acadêmicos, se deu com base na utilização do termo ação afirmativa como categoria de busca. Dessas amostras, foram analisados, por meio de mapas conceituais, 35 trabalhos completos, de modo a atender ao critério de proporcionalidade entre o tema AAs e as demais categorias que emergiram da análise do corpo de dados com utilização software Atlas.ti. Incialmente foi realizada a leitura crítica e a seleção de categorias pertinentes ao tema, posteriormente utilizou-se o software para confirmar e/ou desconfirmar essas categorias. Com esse procedimento foi possível não somente extrair o foco dado por cada trabalho acadêmico, como a abordagem teórica, a metodológica, a posição dos autores em relação ao tema AAs, a população alvo eleita por cada autor, como também identificar os autores/teóricos recorrentes ao tema AAs utilizados para fundamentar esses trabalhos. Para demonstrar os resultados optou-se pela análise dos mapas conceituais de modo descritivo e ainda por apresentá-los no apêndice II de modo ilustrativo. Como resultado identificou-se que a grande maioria dos trabalhos refere-se as AAs a partir da aplicação de políticas públicas de redução das desigualdades, como o sistema de cotas relacionado ao acesso da população negra no sistema de ensino superior. Quanto ao posicionamento dos autores em relação a essas ações, foram raros os trabalhos que se posicionaram contra as AAs. De modo geral, os autores estudados entendem que esta é uma forma de justiça distributiva e de reparação social das desigualdades entre diferentes segmentos e grupos sociais. Considera-se que este estudo se faz importante na medida em que é crescente no ensino superior no Brasil, nos últimos anos, a utilização deste recurso político de equalização das desigualdades sociais. Este estudo mostra um diagnóstico do perfil da produção acadêmica e permite identificar as áreas de estudo e os temas mais frequentemente associados às AAs. Pretende-se com ele, contribuir com um marco teórico-conceitual para que novas pesquisas possam ser realizadas de modo a enriquecer o campo de estudos das ciências sociais, em especial sobre o tema AAs

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um mapeamento da discussão de propostas de ações afirmativas voltadas para a população negra no Brasil. Ainda que incipiente, esse debate já suscita diversas polêmicas e leva a questões sobre o que são essas ações, onde existem, o que propõem e por que. A informação corrente no país traz como principal referência a experiência norte-americana, hoje com quase 40 anos, e identifica as ações, fundamentalmente, com o sistema de cotas, como é o caso de alguns projetos de lei que visam a melhoria do acesso da população negra ao ensino superior. Entretanto, à medida que políticas desse tipo vão sendo mais amplamente discutidas e propostas, torna-se necessário um debate mais detalhado definindo seus limites e possibilidades. Através da análise do processo de denúncia, reconhecimento e, principalmente, das formas de combate ao racismo, observa-se que as particularidades da realidade social, política, econômica e racial brasileiras são apreendidas na formulação de ações afirmativas que vão assumindo significados específicos. / The current research has as subject mapping the discussion about affirmative actions proposals toward black population in Brazil. Even tough incipient, that debate already raise a roll of controversies and brings questions about what are this actions, where they exist, what they propose and why. The generally information in the country brings the north american experience, today with almost 40 years, as main reference and identify the actions, basically, with the quotas system, like the case of some law projects that aim to improve the access of blacks to higher education. However, as this kind of politics are more widely argued and proposed, a detailed debate becomes necessary to define their limits and possibilities. Analysing the process of denunciation, recognition and, mainly, the forms of combating racism, is observed that the particularities of brazilian’s social, political, economical and racial reality are included in the formulation of affirmative actions that are assuming specific meanings.

abstract: Affirmative action is an education policy adopted by higher education institutions in the 1960s, where an applicant’s race is taken into account to some degree when being evaluated for admission to a college or university. The practice of affirmative action, or race conscious-admissions, has been repeatedly challenged in the legal system and remains a controversial and polarizing topic amongst the general public, campus leaders, and policy makers. Despite a vast amount of research on the effects of affirmative action policies on student and institutional behaviors and outcomes, such as college applications and enrollments, considerably less research has examined students’ attitudes towards race-conscious admissions policies. Even less research has focused on students in academic disciplines, especially STEM or engineering. Likewise, there is a paucity of research that explores students’ perceptions and knowledge of how affirmative action is implemented in practice. To address these gaps, this study investigates undergraduate engineering students’ knowledge of and attitudes towards affirmative action admissions policies in higher education. The Student Attitudes Towards Admissions Policies Survey (SATAPS) was designed to assess students’ knowledge of and attitudes regarding affirmative action practices in higher education admissions. This survey was administered to undergraduate engineering students and a comparison group of education students at 42 colleges/universities in the United States. Data were analyzed utilizing confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical regression. Results demonstrated that students have low levels of knowledge about affirmative action, and have misconceptions about how the policy functions in practice. There was no difference in engineering and education students’ level of support for affirmative action; however, underrepresented minority students in engineering were more supportive of affirmative action. Results also indicated that students’ beliefs and values were the strongest predictors of attitude towards affirmative action, so much so that this negated the significance of demographic and personal characteristics, which was observed in the majority of previous studies. Results highlight a complicated relationship between demographic characteristics, personal variables, knowledge, institutional context, beliefs/values, and attitude towards affirmative action admissions policies in higher education. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Educational Policy and Evaluation 2019

Past research indicates that having a similar life experience as another person leads to greater empathic concern towards that person. Two studies empirically investigated if similar experiences of race-based social identity threat can increase the empathic concern of White Americans toward African Americans. Study 1 revealed that White Americans randomly assigned to think about White privilege and then randomly assigned to read a passage about an African American whose accomplishments are attributed to Affirmative Action policies (versus an African American whose accomplishments are attributed to his hard work and merit) felt greater empathic concern toward the African American described in the passage. This effect was significantly mediated by stereotype threat feelings and moderated by group identity. Study 2 revealed that White Americans randomly assigned to think about how others think they have benefited from White privilege and then randomly assigned to read a passage about an African American whose accomplishments are attributed to Affirmative Action policies (versus an African American whose accomplishments are attributed to his hard work and merit) felt greater empathic concern toward the African American described in the passage only when mediated by stereotype threat feelings or stereotype threat cognitions. This mediated effect was moderated by merit identity. This suggests that White American participants do not see the literal similarities between the scenarios of race based social identity threat to merit but can see the similarities in internal feelings and cognitions that both experiences create. Collectively, these studies suggest a novel consideration of social identity and understanding of intergroup processes.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar, frente às visões de igualdade das correntes da Teoria Feminista do Direito, qual delas melhor explica a sub-representação feminina nos Conselhos de Administração das empresas. Também busca-se descobrir, dentre os argumentos que costumam embasar as políticas legais de quotas para mulheres em Conselhos, quais deles estão em consonância com o ideal de igualdade feminista identificado. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo do trabalho, apresentaremos as principais noções da Teoria Feminista do Direito, visando delinear a base teórica da pesquisa. No segundo, apresentaremos as mais importantes correntes feministas e a forma como estas entendem o princípio da igualdade entre os sexos. No terceiro capítulo, avaliaremos a teoria geral das ações afirmativas. No quarto, confrontaremos os ideais de igualdade feministas com o caso específico da sub-representação das mulheres nos Conselhos, buscando responder as perguntas orientadoras da tese. / In face of the equality views within the currents of Feminist Theory of Law, the objective of this study is to analyze which one best explains the female under-representation on companies Boards of Directors. We also seek to discover, from among the arguments that tend to base the legal policy of quotas for women on Boards, which of them are in line with the identified feminist equality ideal. Therefore, the first chapter of the work will present the main notions of Feminist Theory of Law, aiming to outline the theoretical basis of the research. In the second chapter, we present the most important feminist strands and how they understand the principle of gender equality. In the third chapter, we evaluate the general theory of affirmative action. In the fourth, we confront the feminist equality ideals with the specific case of under-representation of women on Boards, seeking to answer the guiding questions of this thesis.

<p>The aim and purpose of this paper is to identify and investigate the effects of affirmative action as a tool to improve the equality of the sexes in a male dominated organisation such as the Swedish armed forces. The study takes a qualitative approach, using feminist theory as a point of departure. Primarily socially based differences between men and women are identified and the resistance towards change is taken into account.</p><p>To understand the impact of affirmative action I have observed the political debate on the subject and contrasted it to the ongoing debate from within the armed forces. Extensive interviews have been held with both men and women from varying ranks and ages to understand what the overall opinion of the method is.</p><p>My results show that there is a widespread animosity towards affirmative action as a method of improving equality. Both in the political debate and within the organisation in question. It is perceived as a method that rather compromises the balance and the equality that already exists in the Swedish armed forces, since women can be accepted on lower merits than men.</p><p>The theoretical framework helps us to understand both the reaction towards the first women that were allowed into the organisation and the response to the latest efforts taken in improving the equality between the sexes.</p>