Cooperation between authorities is of great importance for effective crisis management. A new crisis management system was introduced in Sweden in 2002 to enhance the ability of public authorities to manage accidents and extraordinary events. It expects authorities to cooperate with each other both before and while dealing with such situations. An important aspect of this cooperation is the exchange of information, which is hampered when authorities are obliged to observe secrecy rules even if this limits their ability to manage accidents and extraordinary events. It may be said, therefore, that the legislation governing the exchange of information by authorities, chiefly the Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act (2009:400), is essentially at variance with the rules that require cooperation. The thesis analyses legal requirements on authorities to cooperate and exchange information when dealing with accidents and extraordinary events and how these requirements relate to secrecy rules. The study does not merely examine the legal requirements placed on authorities to cooperate and exchange information and to observe secrecy rules when dealing with accidents and extraordinary events; it also undertakes a critical analysis of the current legislation, with the aim of identifying deficiencies and ambiguities, taking as its criteria that good legislation should be clear, coherent and well-balanced. Since the thesis shows that there are deficiencies in the legislation, it also suggests improvements and alternative forms of regulation.

Globalisering, digitalisering och miljöförstöring är faktorer som bidragit till dagens komplexa säkerhetssituation, i synnerhet på den maritima arenan. Forskning inom maritim säkerhet pekar entydigt på att nyckeln till framgång är samverkan mellan alla aktörer, såväl civila som militära. Sverige och Finlands försörjning är beroende av säkra sjötransporter varför maritim säkerhet i Östersjön är viktig för ländernas utveckling. Sverige och Finlands fördjupade militära samarbete har varit fokus för flera studier men förutsättningarna för myndighetssamverkan i det bredare perspektivet maritim säkerhet har inte studerats i samma omfattning. Denna studie undersöker genom kvalitativ textanalys hur de båda länderna ser på myndighetssamverkan och vilka förutsättningar som finns för samverkan i kontexten maritim säkerhet. Analysen genomförs med stöd av teorier kring samverkan – hur begreppet tolkas och vilka faktorer som påverkar effektiv samverkan mellan myndigheter. Slutsatsen är att det finns stora likheter i hur de båda länderna organiserar sig inom det maritima området och förutsättningarna för samverkan är goda ur ett organisatoriskt perspektiv. Det finns dock kulturella skillnader mellan de olika myndigheterna vilka behöver beaktas. I båda länderna finns sedan tidigare flera etablerade samverkansnätverk vilka kan användas för att utveckla ett fördjupat samarbetet inom maritim säkerhet, ett område där båda länderna redan har kommit långt. Utifrån aktuell forskning krävs dock ännu mer ifråga om myndighetssamverkan och politisk vilja. Denna uppsats visar att förutsättningarna för detta finns.

A topic of this thesis is B2B online in a travel agency. The aim of this thesis is based on an analysis of trade relations between a travel agency and tour operators in the online environment to evaluate their functionality and to suggest possible improvements. The secondary aim is to see how the cooperation between the travel agency and suppliers works.

I regeringens budgetproposition för 2011, erhöll Försvarsmakten uppgiften att införa fyra Militärregioner i Sverige med underliggande regionala staber. ”Regeringen bedömer att skapandet av de regionala staberna innebär att Försvarsmaktens förmåga att samverka med och lämna stöd till andra myndigheter förbättras.” (PROP 2010/11:1 s.33). Syftet med den här studien är att studera hur personer med nyckelpositioner inom de båda myndigheterna (Länsstyrelse och Försvarsmakten) tänker kring införandet av Militärregioner och dess förutsättningar för utveckling av samverkan mellan det civila och militära samhället. Resultatet påvisar att informanterna är relativt överens om att samverkan ska utvecklas och hur det bör ske med ett fokus på gemensam planläggning, utbildning, övningar samt nätverksskapande och utarbetande av gemensamma mål innan något händer. Målsättningen är att klara av att hantera oförutsedda händelser som olyckor och naturkatastrofer när de väl kommer. Informanterna anser även att närheten, i såväl tid som rum, är avgörande för planläggning och den slutliga insatsens resultat. / Through the Budget Bill for 2011, the Armed Forces were granted the task of establishing four Military Regions in Sweden with underlying regional headquarters. “The Government considers that the creation of the regional headquarters means that the Armed Forces' ability to cooperate with and provide support to other authorities will improve.” (PROP 2010/11: 1p.33). The purpose of this study is to explore how people with key positions in the Country Administrative Board and the Armed Forces think about the introduction of Military Regions, and its conditions for development of cooperation between civil and Military society. The result demonstrates that the informants are in relative agreement that collaboration should develop and how this should be done with a focus on joint planning, training, exercises, networking and development of common goals before anything happens. The aim would be to handle unexpected events such as accidents and natural disasters when they do occur. They also believe that proximity, both in time and place, is essential both for the planning and the outcome of an eventual operation.

Multi-agency cooperation has been considered a very important aspect of crime investigation and crime prevention in modern time. The aim of this study was to explore the realities of multi-agency cooperation as experienced by Swedish crime workers from the police, the Prison and Probation Service and the Social Service. Previous research has shown that inter-agency cooperation’s success and/or failure is controlled by factors such as time, resources, amount of guidance and so on, however very little research has explored the modern Swedish crime workers’ perspective in the subject. Semi-structured interviews were conducted regarding the topics of cooperation between agencies, information exchange and secrecy. The results showed that while cooperation within the Swedish Judicial System was operating well, collaborative efforts with external agencies like the Social Service, was severely lacking. Collaborative efforts were experienced as less actual cooperation and more information exchange, which in turn was heavily controlled by secrecy laws and therefore often seen as one-way communication with external agencies. Additionally, when well-planned collaborative projects funded by the government are in place, the cooperation tends to work easier, however workers are less inclined to prioritize such efforts when the agencies’ own resources are being used.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti Šiaulių m. savivaldybės bendruomenės sveikatos tarybos veiklos principai, sveikatos politikos formavimas ir įgyvendinimas Šiaulių mieste. Teorinėje dalyje analizuojama Lietuvos savivaldybių bendruomenių sveikatos tarybų veikla, Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos sveikatos politikos dokumentai bei jų įgyvendinimas bendruomenėje. Išanalizuota Šiaulių m. bendruomenės sveikatos tarybos sveikatos politikos veiklos kryptys, tarpžinybinis bendradarbiavimas. Ketvirtojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas Šiaulių m. bendruomenės sveikatos tarybos narių požiūris apie sveikatos politikos formavimą ir įgyvendinimą Šiaulių m. savivaldybėje, bendruomenės sveikatos tarybos bendradarbiavimo galimybes ir vykdomos veiklos vertinimą. / In the Master‘s Thesis, the principles of health policy development and implementation from Health Community Council of Siauliai city municipality are analyzed. In the theoretical part, analysis of the Health Community Councils activity of Lithuanian municipalities, the European Union and the Lithuanian health policy documents and their implementation in the community are investigated in a theoretical aspect. Data results on Health Community Council health policy activities and inter-agency cooperation are analyzed as well. In the fourth part, there is considered the approach of Health Community Council members to state their opinion about health policy development and implementation, collaborative capabilities and performance assessment in Siauliai city.

Face aux pandémies, le droit international s'organise-t-il sous la forme d'un « système de sécurité sanitaire collective» (abandon des mesures unilatérales excessives - garantie offerte par la collectivité par le biais d'une action commune - sauvegarde du droit des États d'adopter les mesures individuelles nécessaires) ? L'étude des instruments adoptés au sein de l'OMS (Règlement sanitaire international et Cadre de préparation en cas de grippe pandémique), des actes unilatéraux de l'ONU (résolutions de l'Assemblée générale, du Conseil de sécurité et du Conseil économique et social), de la coopération entre organisations intergouvernementales et des accords de l'OMC (GATT, Accord SPS et Accord sur les ADPIC) révèle que chaque segment de la question reçoit une réponse positive. Pourtant, on ne peut ignorer le caractère largement imparfait du résultat de la lutte contre les pandémies. S'il existe indéniablement des indices en faveur de la thèse selon laquelle un système de sécurité sanitaire collective serait en formation, le droit international face aux pandémies se caractérise par un agglomérat de fragments aux antipodes d'un édifice juridique cohérent. / In the face of pandemics, is international law organized as a "system of collective health security" (foregoing excessive unilateral measures - guaranteed by the community through joint action - upholding State rights to adopt necessary individual measures)? The study of instruments adopted by the WHO (International Health Regulations, Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework), of unilateral acts of the UN (resolutions of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council), of cooperation between international organizations and of the WTO's Agreements (GATT, SPS Agreement and TRIPS Agreement) reveals that the answer to each segment of the question is positive. However, one cannot ignore the highly imperfect result of the fight against pandemics. If there are undeniable indices which illustrate the existence of a nascent system of collective health security, international law in the face of pandemics is nevertheless thus far characterized by an agglomerate of fragments at odds with a coherent legal edifice.

Tax crimes, money laundering and other financial crimes threaten the strategic, political and economic interests of developed and developing countries. The problems encountered by the researcher, is the broad and vague meaning of financial crime compounded by the confusing and ill-considered use of the term by law- and policymakers, politicians, government agencies, agency officials and practitioners weakening effective communication about the phenomenon. The literature shows that given the complexity and multi-faceted nature of financial crime, combating financial crime in all its facets cannot be undertaken by investigative agencies acting in isolation. This study was undertaken with the aim to describe and systematically categorise financial crime and evaluate the prospect of using a Whole-of-Government approach as a framework to harness the capacity of the existing government agencies to combat financial crime more effectively. The research was underpinned by a pragmatic paradigm allowing the researcher to apply a qualitative research methodology using an exploratory and evaluation research design. A detailed review of the literature available nationally and internationally was conducted to establish a conceptual and practical understanding of the issues under investigation. An interview schedule with predetermined questions was developed, pre-tested and administered to participants who are active practitioners involved in combating financial crime in the primary government agencies responsible for combating financial crime based on a purposive sample. The data obtained from the literature and participants were analysed, interpreted and thematically listed according to the frequency with the aim of identifying and comparing similarities and differences between the data. The data was used to develop a system to categorise financial crime systematically based on descriptors used to describe the meaning and application of the term financial crime and to propose practical methods practises and models to combat financial crime more effectively. This research indicates that financial crime can be systematically categorised according to descriptors of the unlawful conduct and that the whole of government approach is a viable approach to combat financial crime more effectively according to the available models for arranging Whole-of-Government work. / Police Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)