El proyecto de tesis tiene como fin desarrollar y caracterizar productos fermentados a partir de licuados vegetales con una excelente calidad nutricional y sensorial. Para conseguir el propósito mencionado se eligieron licuados de almendra, avellana y avena, cuyas propiedades fisicoquímicas y nutricionales son aptas para el proceso de fermentación. Para ello, se estudió el efecto de los tratamientos térmicos y de homogenización sobre las cualidades fisicoquímicas y de estabilidad de los diferentes licuados, para elegir en base a los resultados obtenidos, las condiciones idóneas de su obtención. Por otra parte, se seleccionaron dos cepas probióticas comerciales (L. rhamnosus GG y L. reuteri ATCC 55730) con el fin de obtener productos fermentados a partir de los licuados elegidos y, de este modo, ofrecer nuevas posibilidades y beneficios al consumidor dentro del sector de productos no-lácteos. Por otra parte, con la adición de microorganismos probióticos se pretende satisfacer la demanda actual de productos funcionales; es decir, ofrecer productos que, además del aporte de nutrientes, tengan un efecto beneficioso para la salud. / Bernat Pérez, N. (2013). Desarrollo, caracterización y optimización de productos fermentados a base de licuados vegetales como alternativa a los yogures convencionales [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/33748 / TESIS

We were developing detection methods for three food allergens of plant origin. We used real-time PCR for soy detection in food oriented on gene lec, that is coding lektine specific for soy. On this target sequence were oriented PCR system with primers Le2F and Le2R and TaqMan probe Le2P. Detection limit (2,75 pg), practical detection limit (0,02 %), inclusivity and exclusivity were determined. Whole system were quantified. Real-time PCR for pistachio detection were based on primers and probe for gene COR. Detection limit (3,5 pg), practical detection limit (0,002 %), inclusivity and exclusivity were determined. For almond detection we were not succeed system, that fulfil all qualitative parametres.

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Pollinators are essential to food production globally. Without them, the production of food becomes increasingly difficult, time consuming, and costly. Unfortunately, due to the rapid changes to our earth's physical and climatic structure millions of species are becoming classified as threatened, endangered or extinct. Among these declining species are pollinating insects such as Aphis mellifera (honeybee) and other native species. This is due to a phenomenon known as colony collapse disorder (CCD) and other native bees. The decline indicates that the future habitability of earth may be in jeopardy. The solution to this crisis is to expand the habitat of native bees into our existing infrastructure, connecting the pollinator dependent crops with a network of biodiverse habitat. This will greatly improve the existing agricultural industries resiliency towards change. Thus, ensuring that California can be economically prosperous while continuing to feed the globe. The Sacramento Valley is one location which is ideal to develop such a network of native pollinator habitat due to its reliance on the agriculture industry and favorable environmental conditions.

Background: At pH 5.5, a clear demineralization of the enamel is seen and is thus considered to be the criticalpH. Bovine milk has several different properties that protect against caries. Calcium and phosphate can prevent the progression of caries as well as some proteins in bovine milk. The replacement of bovine milk with plant-based alternatives has become increasingly common. The aim of this study is to analyze if different milk substitutes create a greater disturbance of the oral cavity’s neutral pH than bovine milk.  Methods: Twenty dental students participated to the study. Saliva samples were collected to analyze pH. Prior to sampling participants were asked to rinse mouth with one product at a time. There were five different products: bovine milk, oat milk, soy milk, almond milk and 10% sucrose solution. Baseline of saliva was taken prior to rinsing. After rinsing samples were taken at two different time points. Between products participants were asked to rinse with water. pH measurements were made after sampling of saliva. The results were analyzed with Microsoft® Excel and SPSS.  Results: Significant differences were found in saliva pH when bovine milk, almond milk and soy milk were compared to 10% sucrose solution at time 15, otherwise no significant differences were found.  Conclusions: No significant difference between bovine milk and milk substitutes was found when rinsing with the products in the pH of saliva.

This essay explores setting, myth and magic in three of David Almond’s narratives for children: Skellig (2000), My Name is Mina (2010) and A Song for Ella Grey (2015). It looks at how magic influences and changes the way the characters view their local environment. This essay shows myth as a recurring theme in Almond’s narratives, the myths themselves as well as the mythological beings within the stories and how magic is brought to life in the North East setting, making the environment and everyday life extraordinary and magical.

This thesis concerns the themes of godhood and creation in modern, secular works. Using literary analysis, the thesis examines how the creation myth and the relationship between creator and creation is written in David Almond’s novel Clay and the video game Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs, in comparison with how the same relationship is presented in Frankenstein and Paradise Lost. The thesis focuses on how the different works portray the themes of god, creation, original sin, and atonement, where the portrayals differ and where are the same. It ends with a discussion on how modern, secular stories using these themes manage to separate themselves from their religious origins while still remaining true to their inspirations. / Denna uppsats behandlar ämnena gudomlighet och skapelse i moderna, sekulära verk. Genom att använda litterär analys undersöker uppsatsen hur skapelseberättelsen och förhållandet mellan skapare och skapelse skildras i David Almonds roman Clay och datorspelet Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs i jämförelse med hur samma förhållande presenteras i Frankenstein och Paradise Lost. Uppsatsen fokuserar på hur de olika verken skildrar temana gud, skapelsen, syndafallet och försoningen, samt skillnader och likheter i skildringarna. Den avslutas med en diskussion om hur moderna, sekulära berättelsen som använder dessa teman separerar sig från sitt religiösa ursprung men ändå förblir trogna sina inspirationer.

O óleo da amêndoa de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) é considerado um coproduto do fruto, consumido na região do Cerrado, bioma brasileiro. Ele é fundamental para agregar valor e ampliar a utilização deste fruto regional a outros setores produtivos comerciais. Relatos na literatura apontam que o óleo possui capacidade antioxidante e efeitos benéficos sobre doenças inflamatórias, que estão associados à presença de ácidos graxos insaturados e fitoquímicos em sua composição química. Por outro lado, o tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4) é uma potente hepatotoxina, capaz de gerar radicais livres que levam ao estresse oxidativo e à inflamação. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar os óleos da amêndoa de pequi obtidos artesanalmente e por prensagem a frio e verificar o efeito de seus constituintes graxos e bioativos sobre parâmetros oxidativos e inflamatórios de ratos submetidos à toxicidade aguda induzida por tetracloreto de carbono. Inicialmente, foram investigados os parâmetros de qualidade dos óleos, bem como o perfil de ácidos graxos, teores de compostos bioativos, capacidade antioxidante e estabilidade termo-oxidativa. Os óleos da amêndoa de pequi apresentaram boa qualidade e resistência termo-oxidativa e mostraram-se ricos em ácido graxo oleico, além de possuírem compostos com propriedades antioxidantes, como fenólicos, carotenoides, tocoferóis e fitosteróis. Posteriormente, o efeito do tratamento por 22 dias com óleos da amêndoa de pequi artesanal ou prensado a frio (3 mL/kg) sobre a toxicidade aguda induzida pelo CCl4 em ratos \"Wistar\" machos foi avaliado. Para tal, foram determinados marcadores bioquímicos séricos, perfil lipídico, peroxidação lipídica, marcadores do sistema de defesa antioxidante e detoxificante, além de parâmetros inflamatórios do tecido hepático. De maneira geral, verificou-se que os óleos da amêndoa de pequi não minimizaram as alterações hepáticas induzidas pelo CCl4, evidenciadas pelas enzimas marcadoras do dano hepático e por parâmetros inflamatórios, no entanto os animais tratados com o óleo prensado a frio aumentaram sua capacidade antioxidante. / The pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) almond oil is considered a by-product of the fruit, consumed in the Brazilian savannah region. It is essential to add value and increase the use this regional fruit to other commercial productive sectors. The pequi almond oil has been reported to possess antioxidant capacity and beneficial effect on inflammatory diseases due its chemical composition in unsaturated fatty compounds and phytochemicals. On the other hand, the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a potent hepatotoxin that is capable of generating free radicals and lead to oxidative stress and inflammation. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the pequi almond oils obtained by handmade and cold-press process and verify the effect of their fatty acids and bioactive constituents on oxidative and inflammatory parameters in rats submitted to carbon tetrachloride-induced acute toxicity. Initially, quality parameters, chemical composition and thermo-oxidative stability of the oils were investigated. The pequi almond oils showed good quality and thermo-oxidative resistance and shown to be rich in oleic fatty acid, besides the presence of compounds with antioxidant properties, such as phenolics, carotenoids, tocopherols and phytosterols. Subsequently, the effect of the oils (3 mL/kg) treatment for 22 days on acute toxicity induced by CCl4 in male Wistar rats was evaluated. The serum biochemical markers levels, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, markers of antioxidant defense and detoxication and inflammatory parameters in liver tissue were determined. In general, it was found that the pequi almond oil not minimized liver alterations induced by CCl4, as evidenced by the liver function enzymes and the inflammatory parameters, however in animals which received the cold pressed oil was increased antioxidant capacity.

La diversité des espèces cultivées résulte d’une série d’évènements de domestication, de flux de gènes entre compartiments sauvages et cultivés, d’effets de la sélection adaptative naturelle et aussi de la sélection humaine et des dynamiques de diffusion à de larges échelles, souvent sur de longues périodes. L’impact de ces processus sur la diversité dépend non seulement de la biologie de l’espèce, mais elle est aussi fortement liée au contexte social et aux pratiques humaines. Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de l’influence de l’Homme sur la dynamique de la diversité de l’amandier in situ. La démarche suivie fait appel à la génétique des populations et à l’anthropologie pour étudier la structuration de la diversité génétique de cette espèce fruitière pérenne allogame, cultivée au Liban. Cette étude comprend trois parties:Dans la première partie, nous avons cherché à comprendre les processus de diversification continue de l’amandier cultivée en se basant sur des évidences tirées de l'archéologie, de l'histoire et de la biologie évolutive de l’amandier dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. Nous avons utilisé une approche de génétique des populations avec de nombreux individus représentant chaque cultivar collecté auLiban. L'échantillonnage intensif de cultivars libanais a été comparé à un grand nombre d’arbres cultivés in situ provenant de différentes régions méditerranéennes. Les résultats nous ont permis de distinguer l’impact des différents périodes de diffusion sur la structure de la diversité génétique.La deuxième partie, a permis d’évaluer l’importance culturelle de l’amandier cultivé au Liban, et d’identifier sa diversité intra-spécifique telle qu’elle est perçue par les informateurs. Nos résultats montrent une hétérogénéité des connaissances des informateurs qui a mené à une taxonomie locale flexible. La flexibilité de la taxonomie locale est révélée par la présence de catégories englobantes et par la complexité du système de nomenclature.Dans la troisième partie, nous avons évalué l’effet du changement de pratiques de propagation sur la structuration et dynamique de la diversité génétique entre les variétés et à l’intérieur de chacune des deux variétés étudiées. Nos résultats montrent que le cultivar traditionnel, multiplié par semis, est structuré géographiquement. L’introduction du mode de propagation clonal par greffage a été adoptée graduellement. Au début, les agriculteurs ont maintenu une certaine diversité génétique par la multiplication sexuée occasionnelle du cultivar introduit. Par contre, l’introduction après l’adoption du greffage a réduit la diversité génétique intra-variétale dans les vergers récents.Cette thèse montre comment les connaissances et les décisions de l’Homme à différents échelles spatiales et temporelles influencent la structure et la dynamique de la diversité de cette espèce. / The diversity of cultivated species results from a series of domestication events, gene flow between wild and cultivated compartments, effects of natural adaptive selection and also on human selection and diffusion dynamics at large scales, often over long periods. The impact of these processes on diversity depends not only on the biology of the species but is also strongly related to social context and human practices. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the influence of human on the dynamics of almond diversity in situ. The approach followed uses population genetics and anthropology to study the structuring of the genetic diversity of this allogamous perennial fruit species, grown in Lebanon. This study consists of three parts:In the first part, we sought to understand the processes of continuous diversification of cultivated almond trees based on evidence from archeology, history and evolutionary biology of almond trees in the Mediterranean Basin. We used a population genetics approach with many individuals representing each cultivar collected in Lebanon. Intensive sampling of Lebanese cultivars was compared to a large number of in situ grown trees from different Mediterranean regions. The results allowed us to distinguish the impact of different diffusion periods on the structure of genetic diversity.The second part assessed the cultural importance of the almond tree grown in Lebanon and identified its intraspecific diversity as perceived by the informants. Our results show heterogeneity of informants' knowledge that led to a flexible local taxonomy. The flexibility of local taxonomy is revealed by the presence of inclusive categories and the complexity of the nomenclature system.In the third part, we assessed the effect of the change in propagation practices on the structuration and dynamics of genetic diversity between two varieties and within each of the varieties studied.Our results show that the traditional cultivar, sexually propagated, is geographically structured. The introduction of clonal propagation mode by grafting was gradually adopted. At first, farmers maintained some genetic diversity through occasional sexual multiplication of the introduced cultivar. In contrast, introduction after grafting has reduced intra-varietal genetic diversity in recent orchards.This thesis shows how human knowledge and decisions at different spatial and temporal scales influence the structure and dynamics of the diversity of this species.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5358.pdf: 1093724 bytes, checksum: 909200d33b179bdbfbb85e55e74c5c40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-11 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A low energy emulsification method was used to prepare o/w emulsions of sweet almond or Brazil nut oils stabilized by Tween 80 and Span 80. Stable nano emulsions with droplet size of 160 nm and 270 nm were obtained for almond and Brazil nut oils, respectively, under critical hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB). A correlation between emulsions viscosity and particle size allows a precise HLB determination for the oils. The main destabilization mechanism for the emulsions prepared with sweet almond oil was found to be Ostwald ripening that change to coalescence for the emulsion with oil content higher than 10% w/w and HLB higher than 10. / O método de emulsificação a baixa energia foi utilizado para preparar emulsões do tipo o/a contendo óleo de amêndoas ou de castanhas estabilizadas com Tween 80 e Span 80. Foram obtidas nanoemulsões estáveis com tamanho médio de gotículas de 160 nm e 270 nm para os sistemas preparados com óleo de amêndoas e castanha, respectivamente, em condições específicas de equilíbrio hidrófilo lipófilo (EHL). A correlação entre as medidas de viscosidade e de tamanho de partículas permite uma determinação mais precisa do EHL dos óleos. O principal mecanismo de desestabilização observado para a emulsão preparada com óleo de amêndoas foi o Ostwald ripening, que mudou para coalescência para as emulsões com conteúdo de óleo maior que 10% m/m e EHL maior que 10.