<p>The Alnö complex on the central Swedish east coast is composed of a main composite intrusion (the main intrusion) and four smaller satellite intrusions (Söråker, Sälskär, Långharsholmen and Båräng) distributed around the main intrusion on Alnö Island and on the mainland north of the island. The major rock types exposed within the complex are melilitolite, pyroxenite, ijolite series (melteigite-ijolite-urtite), nepheline syenite, carbonatite and alnöite dykes. Melilitolite is only exposed within the Söråker intrusion. The intrusive sequence is melilitolite → pyroxenite → ijolite series → nepheline syenite → carbonatite → alnöite.</p><p>Mineralogical, whole rock geochemical and radiogenic isotope (Nd-Sr-Pb) studies of exposed rocks from the Alnö alkaline complex, east central Sweden, were performed in order to investigate the genetic relationships between the diverse rock-types, and to evaluate the contributions from mantle and crustal components in the genesis of the complex. Most analysed samples fall within the depleted quadrant in a eNd-eSr diagram, similar to carbonatites and alkaline silicate rocks from other complexes, indicating derivation of parental magma(s) from a source that had experienced time-integrated depletion in LIL elements. Contamination by local crust is indicated by Sr and Pb isotope data, but is geographically restricted to samples collected from the outer parts of the main intrusion and from satellite intrusions. This localized contamination is attributed to selective hydrothermal element leaching of surrounding bedrock during fenitization. Nd- and Sr-isotope data separates the carbonatites into two groups (group I and II), each related to a specific set of silicate rock types. The overlap of group II carbonatites with ijolite and nepheline syenite could indicate a common origin through liquid immiscibility but this hypothesis cannot be confirmed by trace element data because initial concentrations are obscured by fractionation processes. Interestingly, results from AFC-modelling suggest that production of ijolite residual magma requires addition of a small volume (2.4 %) of carbonatite component to the parental magma, whereas formation of nepheline syenite residuals requires removal of an almost equal amount of carbonatite (1.5 %) to yield a statistically significant result. AFC-modelling further suggests that the various silicate rock types exposed within the complex are related to the same parental olivine-melilitite magma through crystal fractionation of olivine, melilite, clinopyroxene, nepheline, Ti-andradite and minor phases. These results agree with compositional trends exhibited by clinopyroxene and Ti-andradite from the silicate rocks of the main intrusion, which suggests co-genesis of pyroxenite, ijolite series rocks and nepheline syenite. Production of ijolite-like residual liquids can be achieved by <40% fractionation whereas production of nepheline syenite residuals requires >80% fractionation.</p><p>An investigation of the origin of silicate minerals in carbonatites suggest that most silicate minerals observed in the carbonatites on Alnö Island are derived from surrounding wall-rock and/or produced through corrosive interaction between carbonatite liquid and assimilated phases. This leads to ambiguities when addressing the possible genetic link between carbonatites and associated silicate rocks as occurrences of identical “liquidus” phases in inferred immiscible liquids may not actually be such.</p>

The Alnö complex on the central Swedish east coast is composed of a main composite intrusion (the main intrusion) and four smaller satellite intrusions (Söråker, Sälskär, Långharsholmen and Båräng) distributed around the main intrusion on Alnö Island and on the mainland north of the island. The major rock types exposed within the complex are melilitolite, pyroxenite, ijolite series (melteigite-ijolite-urtite), nepheline syenite, carbonatite and alnöite dykes. Melilitolite is only exposed within the Söråker intrusion. The intrusive sequence is melilitolite → pyroxenite → ijolite series → nepheline syenite → carbonatite → alnöite. Mineralogical, whole rock geochemical and radiogenic isotope (Nd-Sr-Pb) studies of exposed rocks from the Alnö alkaline complex, east central Sweden, were performed in order to investigate the genetic relationships between the diverse rock-types, and to evaluate the contributions from mantle and crustal components in the genesis of the complex. Most analysed samples fall within the depleted quadrant in a eNd-eSr diagram, similar to carbonatites and alkaline silicate rocks from other complexes, indicating derivation of parental magma(s) from a source that had experienced time-integrated depletion in LIL elements. Contamination by local crust is indicated by Sr and Pb isotope data, but is geographically restricted to samples collected from the outer parts of the main intrusion and from satellite intrusions. This localized contamination is attributed to selective hydrothermal element leaching of surrounding bedrock during fenitization. Nd- and Sr-isotope data separates the carbonatites into two groups (group I and II), each related to a specific set of silicate rock types. The overlap of group II carbonatites with ijolite and nepheline syenite could indicate a common origin through liquid immiscibility but this hypothesis cannot be confirmed by trace element data because initial concentrations are obscured by fractionation processes. Interestingly, results from AFC-modelling suggest that production of ijolite residual magma requires addition of a small volume (2.4 %) of carbonatite component to the parental magma, whereas formation of nepheline syenite residuals requires removal of an almost equal amount of carbonatite (1.5 %) to yield a statistically significant result. AFC-modelling further suggests that the various silicate rock types exposed within the complex are related to the same parental olivine-melilitite magma through crystal fractionation of olivine, melilite, clinopyroxene, nepheline, Ti-andradite and minor phases. These results agree with compositional trends exhibited by clinopyroxene and Ti-andradite from the silicate rocks of the main intrusion, which suggests co-genesis of pyroxenite, ijolite series rocks and nepheline syenite. Production of ijolite-like residual liquids can be achieved by &lt;40% fractionation whereas production of nepheline syenite residuals requires &gt;80% fractionation. An investigation of the origin of silicate minerals in carbonatites suggest that most silicate minerals observed in the carbonatites on Alnö Island are derived from surrounding wall-rock and/or produced through corrosive interaction between carbonatite liquid and assimilated phases. This leads to ambiguities when addressing the possible genetic link between carbonatites and associated silicate rocks as occurrences of identical “liquidus” phases in inferred immiscible liquids may not actually be such.

Carbonatites are carbonate-rich magmatic rocks that are rare and of great relevance for our understanding of crustal and mantle processes. Although found on all continents and in settings ranging from Archaean to present-day, their deeper plumbing system is still poorly understood. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is to broaden the existing knowledge of carbonatite systems, often limited to surface geological observations, by providing depth constraints using a number of geophysical methods and petrophysical measurements. The Alnö alkaline and carbonatite complex in central Sweden was chosen for this purpose. Data from three reflection seismic lines, ground gravity and magnetic measurements are presented. These data are complemented by a series of petrophysical measurements, including ultrasonic velocities, density, magnetic bulk susceptibility, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), and magnetic remanence, to aid in the interpretation of the geophysical data. The reflection seismic data indicate a solidified saucer-shaped fossil magma chamber at about 3 km depth. Caldera-style volcanism, constrained by surface geological observations, provides a plausible scenario to explain the emplacement of the complex, suggesting that carbonatite magmas have been stored, transported and erupted in a similar manner to known emplacement mechanisms for silicic calderas, although these are compositionally different. The AMS data from most of the carbonatite sheets in Alnö show a strong degree of anisotropy and oblate-shaped susceptibility ellipsoids. A set of syn- and post-emplacement processes that may control the AMS signature is evaluated based on the dataset. Overprinting of the primary flow patterns by processes related to sheet closure at the terminal stage of magma transport may explain the AMS observations. A complementary study using 3D inversion of ground gravity and aeromagnetic data was then carried out to better delineate the 3D internal architecture of the complex. Resulting models indicate a depth extent of the complex to about 3-4 km, consistent with the interpretation of the reflection seismic data. The modelling results of a ring-shaped magnetic anomaly observed in the Klingefjärden bay adjacent to Alnö Island further suggest that the complex may extend laterally about 3 km towards the north.

Primitive magmas can provide important details about the mantle from which they are derived. In this thesis, petrographic observations and new mineral chemistry analyses of the Sälskär breccia from the Alnö alkaline complex, central Sweden, are reported. The rock is a volcanic breccia in which three main constituents were identified: spheroidal melilititic lapilli, angular sövite fragments and a carbonatedominated matrix. The mineralogy of the juvenile lapilli (i.e., with olivine, phlogopite, diopside, titanomagnetite, Cr-spinel, monticellite, perovskite, apatite and calcite) are consistent with what is expected to form by small degrees of partial melting of a volatile-rich, metasomatized, mantle source (indicated by the presence of phlogopite and primary calcite). The melilititic lapilli are frequently cored by a large crystal of olivine or phlogopite with concentrically aligned lath-shaped pseudomorphs after melilitite. During ascent the melilititic magma entrained mantle debris and traveled rapidly through the crust without significant fractionation.  The pyroclast textures indicate an explosive eruption, similar to those that produce pelletal lapilli in kimberlite-type volcanism. The sövite fragments and carbonate-dominated matrix were explosively fragmented during the eruption, which also dispersed the melilite mineralogy throughout the matrix. During the eruption a diatreme formed of within the uppermost 1.5 kilometers of the crust. A mismatch between the model of diatreme formation and a previous erosional model of the area leads to the conclusion that the Sälskär diatreme is either: (i) very deep, or (ii) that the diatreme volcanism took place significantly later than the rest of the complex / Primitiva magmor kan ge viktiga detaljer om manteln som de härstammar ifrån. I denna avhandling redovisas petrografiska observationer och nya mineralkemiska analyser av Sälskärsbreccian från Alnö alkalina område, Mellansverige. Bergarten är en vulkanisk breccia där tre huvudbeståndsdelar identifierades: sfäroidala melilitiska lapilli, kantiga sövitfragment och en karbonatdominerad matrix. Mineralogin hos de juvenila lapilli (dvs med olivin, flogopit, diopsid, titanomagnetit, Cr-spinel, monticellit, perovskit, apatit och kalcit) överensstämmer med vad som förväntas att det bildas av små grader av partiell smältning av en volatilrik, metasomatiserad, mantelkälla (indikeras av närvaron av flogopit och primär kalcit). De melilitiska lapilli är ofta kärnade av en stor kristall av olivin eller flogopit med koncentriskt riktade list-formade pseudomorfer efter melilitit. Under uppstigningen tog den melilitiska magman med sig mantelfragment och färdades snabbt genom skorpan utan betydande fraktionering. Pyroklastexturer indikerar ett explosivt utbrott, liknande de som producerar pelletala lapilli i kimberlitvulkansim. Sövitfragmenten och den karbonatdominerade matrixen fragmenterades explosivt under utbrottet, vilket också spred melilit mineralogin genom matrixen. Under utbrottet bildades en diatrem i de översta 1,5 kilometerna av skorpan. Detta betyder att modellen för diatrem-bildning och den tidigare erosionsmodellen av området inte överensstämmer. Detta leder till slutsatsen att Sälskärsdiatremen är antingen: (i) mycket djup, eller (ii) att diatrem-vulkanismen ägde rum betydligt senare än den sopm bildade resten av området.

This thesis presents two new algorithms for doing constrained Magnetotelluric (MT) inversion based on an existing Occam 2D inversion program. The first algorithm includes borehole resistivity logs as prior information to constrain resistivity directly in the vicinity of boreholes. The second algorithm uses reflection seismic data as prior constraints to transfer structural information from seismic images to 2D resistivity models. These two algorithms are efficient (proved through tests of synthetic examples) and widely applicable. In this thesis, they have been successfully applied to the COSC (Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides) MT data. The COSC project aims to study the mountain belt dynamics in central Sweden by drilling two 2.5 km deep boreholes. MT data were collected to locate the main décollement that separates the overlying Caledonian allochthons and the underlying Precambrian basement, as the main décollement is associated with very conductive Alum shale. The previous interpretation based on part of the COSC seismic profile (CSP) was that the main décollement was located along a reflection with depth of 4.5 km underneath Åre and ~3 km underneath Mörsil, in central Jämtland. The MT resistivity model reveals a very conductive layer in the central and western parts of the profile, the top of which coincides with the first seismic reflection. This means that the first conductive alum shale layer occurs at less than 1 km depth, supporting a new interpretation of the main décollement at shallower depth. In a re-interpretation of the CSP data based on the MT model, the main décollement occurs a few hundred metres below the top of the conductor and is coincident with a laterally continuous seismic reflection. Further, the overlying seismic reflections resemble imbricated alum shale of the Lower Allochthon. MT inversion using seismic constraints from CSP gives further support to the new interpretation. Moreover, MT investigations were conducted in the Alnö alkaline and carbonatite ring-intrusion complex in Sweden. 2D and 3D resistivity models inverted from MT data together with resistivity and porosity laboratory measurements delineate a fossil magma chamber as a resistive anomaly surrounded by electrically conductive up-doming and ring-shaped faults and fractures.

The Alnö Complex is a Late Precambrian alkaline and carbonatite intrusion (c. 30km2) into Early Proterozoic country rock that extends from the north east, to the north western shoulder of Alnö Island. Carbonatites are rare among volcanic provinces, with Oldoinyo Lengai of northern Tanzania being the only active carbonatite volcano in the world today. The high carbonate mineral volumes and rare earth element (REE) concentrations of carbonatites, in combination with the intrusive-extrusive nature of their suites contribute to the rarity of these rocks. Carbonatites, through their peculiar petrological and geochemical compositions, provide vital insights to the composition and condition of the Earth’s mantle. The genesis of the Alnö carbonatites and their relation to other lithological units at the complex is however, only partially understood. This stems from the epistemological division of carbonatites as having either a ‘magmatic’ or ‘reactive’ origin. This study focuses on sampled carbonatites from the Alnö Complex, employing an oxygen and carbon isotope approach on their native calcite, complemented with petrological and mineralogical methods in order to constrain petrogenesis. As a reference, oxygen and carbon isotope data of calcite from an earlier Alnö investigation as well as from an array of data from comparative alkaline complexes elsewhere are also discussed. The combined data and the derived findings support a scenario that is consistent with the ‘magmatic’ model wherein carbonatites have a primary mantle-derived origin, and prospectively stem from a parent magma akin to that of Oldoinyo Lengai, but have experienced a degree of silicate and sedimentary assimilation. The extraction of the Alnö carbonatites for their rare earth metals is a looming possibility due to the current volatility in the rare earth market. The risks and opportunities involved in this kind of natural resource extraction provide a context wherein sustainable development paradigms can be applied. The capacity of the Alnö environment to withstand the impact of development in the mining sector is discussed through a perspective of establishing a quarry, and quarry-related methods for rare earth extraction.

Carbonatites are rare igneous rocks, which contain at least 50 %, carbonate minerals. They are often found along with alkaline silicate rocks, meaning that they contain relatively large amounts of Na2O and K2O, and important tools to understand mantle processes. Importantly, carbonatites are known to be rich in REE (Rare Earth Elements), compared to other magmatic rocks. The Alnö complex is located in the northern part of the island of Alnö, northeast of Sundsvall and is one of the biggest ring-shaped intrusions of the alkaline and carbonatite sort. The origin of carbonatites is not fully known yet but they may have resulted from a mantle plume, and absolute dating methods indicate that the age of the Alnö carbonatites are around 600 Ma. A large amount of carbonatites have been found in the Alnö complex and the purpose of this thesis is to assess whether the Alnö complex and its carbonatites can become a potential source of REEs and if it can be profitable to mine these. The research has been conducted by first analyzing samples from the Alnö complex in thin sections through a light polarising microscope. The thin sections were photographed with a focus on apatite crystals, since apatite are hosts of REE. The apatites in the thin sections are crystals with high relief, sub-rounded and white-grey in color in a calcitic matrix. The images of the apatite were then edited with photoshop, to graphically isolate the apatite. The processed images were then analyzed in a program called “ImageJ” to calculate the total area of apatites in the thin sections and the area percentage of apatites. The area percentage helps to give an estimation of how much REE that can occur in the carbonatites of the Alnö Complex. A recent 3D- analysis of the Alnö complex using petrophysical and geophysical methods indicated the volume of the complex, which when coupled with our apatite data, allows us to estimate the total REE volume. The estimation of occurrences of apatites was calculated to around 13 % of the carbonatites in the Alnö complex. The cost to mine the REEs was much higher than the market price of the REEs. So the Alnö carbonatites are not profitable to mine for REEs today. / Karbonatit är en ovanlig bergart som innehåller minst 50 procent karbonater, därav namnet. De hittas ofta i samband med alkaliska silikat-bergarter, vilket innebär att de innehåller till stor del natriumoxid och kaliumoxid samt kisel, och är viktiga för att kunna förstå processer i manteln. Karbonatiter är kända för att vara innehållsrika på sällsynta jordartsmetaller, även kända som REE, jämfört med andra magmatiska bergarter. Alnökomplexet ligger i den norra delen av Alnön, nordost om Sundsvall och är ett av världens största alkaliska och karbonatit-ringkomplex, med en radie på 2,5 km. Dess ursprung i jordens inre är okänt men det tros vara ett resultat av en mantelplym, smältor från manteln som stiger mot ytan, och åldersdatering via absoluta dateringsmetoder tyder på att karbonatiterna är nästan 600 Ma. Stora mängder karbonatiter har hittats i Alnökomplexet och syftet med detta arbete är att bedöma om Alnökomplexet potentiellt kan bli gynnsam som källa för prospektering av sällsynta jordartsmetaller, ur ekonomisk synpunkt. Detta utfördes genom att analysera prover från Alnökomplexet samt studera data från Magnus Anderssons arbete om Alnökomplexet. Proverna analyserades med hjälp av en mikroprob som fotograferade apatiten, vita kristaller i ett mörkgrå matrix, då apatit indikerar på hög sannolikhet för REE-förekomst. Sedan redigerades dessa bilder med Photoshop och Paint, där andra kristaller redigerades bort så att det enda som var kvar var de vit-gråa utåtstickande kristallerna mot ett kalcitrikt matrix. Med ett annat program som heter ImageJ beräknades arean av dessa kristaller samt procenten av arean som apatiterna utgör i tunnslipen. Detta gav en viss uppskattning på hur stor mängd REE som kan förekomma i Alnökarbonatiter. Resultatet jämfördes med data från Magnus Andersson som har gjort en 3D- undersökning av karbonatiter under Alnö-komplexet. Apatiten utgjorde en area på 13 % och mängden REE var inte tillräckligt stor mängd relativ marknadspriserna samt utvinningskostnader för att räknas som vinstgivande.

Det här är en fritt utforskande uppsats där jag undersöker min konstnärliga praktik genom samlandet av olika material som utgångspunkt. Uppsatsen bär på min längtan efter möten och ger mig tillåtelse att fundera över saker utan att bestämma något. Ibland tar den formen av essäer, andra gånger som brev, men även som tankegångar genom andra personer som jag är intresserad av. Jag vill använda mig av text som ett material att lägga bredvid min praktik för att förkroppsliga de idéer, känslor och tankar som vanligtvis mynnar ut i skulpturala verk. Uppsatsen innehåller element som är återkommande i min konstnärliga praktik, t.ex. samlande av material, ett intresse för vad språk är och gör, en poetisk inställning till världen och ett behov av att se naturen inom och omkring oss. / This is an explorative and associative essay where I look into my practice through the collection of different materials as a starting point. With a mix of short essays, letters and quotations from people that interest me, it is an attempt to materialize the immaterial space where the knowledge production in my practice occurs. I aim to use text as a material to embody the ideas, thoughts and feelings that are often the predecessors of my sculptural works. The essay deals with themes such as collecting, communication, poetry, culture and nature.