Nesta tese de doutorado abordamos modelos cognitivos de percepção da métrica musical e entrainment a partir de questões musicológicas, como a ambiguidade métrica decorrente de exemplos da literatura. Partindo de uma verificação do estado da arte em pesquisas rítmicas que envolvem o estudo de anacruses, realizamos um percurso experimental que investiga a efetividade da chamada percepção da acentuação subjetiva revelada por Povel e Okkerman (1981), por acreditarmos que o fenômeno da acentuação subjetiva esteja envolvido na desambiguação da percepção de referenciais métricos dúbios. Para tanto, desenvolvemos uma metodologia de quantificação das similaridades entre os padrões de acentuação coletados em grupo universitário da cidade de São Paulo e os padrões de referência da literatura, sobretudo de Povel e Essens (1985). Estes experimentos revelaram que há uma tendência significativa à percepção da acentuação subjetiva predominantemente em grupo sem estudo formal de música. Por outro lado, os estudantes de música revelaram uma tendência de acentuação mais relacionada à pulsação musical. / In this doctoral thesis we address cognitive models of perception of musical meter and entrainment from musicological issues, such as the metric ambiguity arising from examples of literature. Based on a state-of-the-art check on rhythmic researches involving the study of anacruses, we conducted an experimental study that investigates the effectiveness of the so-called subjective accent revealed by Povel and Okkerman (1981), because we believe that the phenomenon of subjective accent is Involved in the disambiguation of dubious beat references perception. Therefore, we developed a methodology to quantify the similarities between the accentuation patterns collected in university group of São Paulo and the literature reference standards, especially Povel and Essens (1985). These experiments revealed that there is a significant tendency to subjective perception of accent predominantly in people without formal music study. On the other hand, the students of music revealed a tendency of accentuation more related to the musical beat.

Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit mathematischen Modellen, die beschreiben, wie sich Menschen verhalten, wenn die Folgen ihrer Handlung im Moment der Entscheidung nur unvollständig bekannt oder gar gänzlich unbekannt sind: wie Menschen Unsicherheit wahrnehmen, wie sie dieser Unsicherheit gegenüber eingestellt sind und wie beides zusammen letztendlich ihre Entscheidungen bestimmt. In 3 empirischen Arbeiten wird unter jeweils unterschiedlicher Perspektive untersucht, wie sich die zentralen Konzepte "Nutzen" und "Erwartungen" messen lassen, welche der vielen Theorien menschliches Verhalten am besten beschreibt und welchen Erklärungsgehalt die Theorien insgesamt haben. Das erste Kapitel zeigt, wie schwierig die Messung und ökonometrische Schätzung von Präferenzparametern selbst in relativ einfachen Modellen für Entscheidungen unter Risiko sein kann. Kapitel zwei beschreibt die Ergebnisse mehrerer Experimente mit dem Ziel, die Eigenschaften subjektiver Erwartungen über Aktienmarktrenditen zu klären, und deren Erklärungsgehalt für tatsächliches Investitionsverhalten einzuschätzen. Das dritte und letzte Kapitel enthält einen experimentellen Test der Vorhersagen gängiger Theorien der Ambiguitätsaversion in Situationen, in denen sich Risiko und Unsicherheit vermischen. / This dissertation is concerned with mathematical models of choice under risk and uncertainty. Such models describe how people behave when the consequences of their actions are either unknown or unknowable at the point of decision: how they perceive that uncertainty, what their attitude towards it is and how the two jointly determine decisions. The dissertation shines a spotlight on such models from three different directions. All three chapters are empirical, designed to either study how the central theoretical constructs of "utility" and "beliefs" can be measured, which of the many theories describes choices best or what explanatory power the theories hold. The first chapter details how difficult the measurement and econometric estimation of preference parameters even in relatively simple models of choice under risk can be. The second describes the result of a series of experiments designed to probe the properties of subjective beliefs about stock market returns and their explanatory power for investment behavior. The third chapter, finally, offers an experimental test of the predictions of popular theories of ambiguity aversion in settings in which subjects face combinations of risk and uncertainty.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco de Assis Gomes.pdf: 612704 bytes, checksum: b8cc8058a5d1ba31cc77e35c28722af2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / This present research has as main objective to apprehend in the book Memorial de Aires, the last novel from Machado de Assis, the construction of ambiguity. As a segment to the dissertation we have used as a north the following questions: in what measure the ambiguity presents itself as multidirectional when representing, in the novel, the human being as inconclusive and also undefined?; Until what level, the metalanguage, the intertextuality and the modalizing resources work as structural recourses in the ambiguity construction?; How does the implicit author arrange such resources in a way to give unity to a text that is notably marked by the lack of unity? To develop these proposals, we have used as basis some theoretical and critical propositions from researchers like: Mikhail Bakhtin, Antoine Compagnon, Gilberto Pinheiro Passos, Samira Chalhub. From some of the conclusions that we have realized in the analysis, we have apprehended that in the architecture of Machado s discourse through the character Conselheiro Aires there are multiples senses registered and this can configure the ambiguity in different modes / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo apreender no Memorial de Aires, último romance de Machado de Assis, a construção da ambigüidade. Nortearam o trabalho as seguintes indagações: em que medida a ambigüidade se apresenta multidirecional ao representar, no romance, a inconclusibilidade e a indefinição humanas?; até que ponto a metalinguagem, a intertextualidade e os recursos modalizadores funcionam como recursos estruturais na construção da ambigüidade?; como o autor implícito arranja tais recursos de modo a dar unidade a um texto marcado pela falta de unidade? Para desenvolver esta proposta, fundamentamo-nos em proposições teórico-críticas de estudiosos como Mikhail Bakhtin, Antoine Compagnon, Gilberto Pinheiro Passos, Samira Chalhub. Entre outras conclusões, apreendemos que na arquitetura do discurso machadiano do Conselheiro Aires, inscrevem-se múltiplos sentidos, configurando a ambigüidade em diferentes faces

L’Histoire de l’Algérie constitue une thématique récurrente dans l’œuvre de Boudjedra. Elle renvoie aux mémoires individuelle et collective induites par la guerre. Au moyen d’une écriture subversive, Boudjedra mêle élément mémoriel et fictionnel. Il ne cherche pas à faire œuvre d’historien mais à procéder à une relecture de l’Histoire. Revenir sur la mémoire de leur pays, permet à ses personnages d’expurger leurs émotions consécutives à la hantise d’un passé qui ne passe pas. Les traumatismes inhérents à la guerre d’Algérie demeurent néanmoins indélébiles. Cette représentation d’une mémoire historique caractérise le projet d’écriture de Boudjedra, fondé sur retours en arrière, digressions et anachronismes. L’Histoire est au cœur de la production littéraire de Boudjedra en ce sens où elle articule sa réflexion sur le texte qui s’écrit et se souvient en même temps. / The History of Algeria is a recurring theme Boudjedra’s work. It refers to the individual and collective memories induced by war. Through a subversive writing, Boudjedra mixes the memorial and the fictional elements. He is not trying to be a historian but he’s trying to make a rereading of the history. By returning to the memory of their country, characters are allowed to redact their consecutive emotions to the haunting of a past that did not pass. Nevertheless, inherent trauma of the war of Algeria remains permanent. This representation of a historical memory characterizes Boudjedra’s writing project based on flashbacks, digressions and anachronisms. The History is in the heart of Boudjedra’s literary production in the sense that it focuses its reflection on the text which is written and remembered at the same time.

Markets are arenas of social interaction for the exchange of products and services that are embedded in specific networks, cultures, and political relations. The study of how new markets come into being is a lively area of scholarly debate, and the purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the dynamics of these early moments of market formation. These nascent markets are characterized by the lack of shared meanings and settled rules around their participants, processes, and infrastructure. I approach them with arguments from economic sociology and from theories of organizations and institutions. The empirical context is a longitudinal study of the UK social investment market from 2000 to 2015, a field that intersects the social, financial, and public sectors. Social investment refers to the combination of financial returns and social impact, but the contest over its meaning and practice is itself a part of this analysis. The core data collection is based on interviews, reports, field events, and online sources, which provide an empirical basis to understand the social, cultural, and political processes that are shaping this market. I build on different traditions in the sociology of markets to explore changes over time in the rules, identities, practices, and dominant actors during the early moments of the UK social investment market. My first main finding is that the initial period of uncontested ambiguity is followed by efforts from mainstream organizations to reduce that ambiguity by reshaping rules and practices. This then results in a period of collaborative contestation, where peripheral actors challenge the core features of the field and hinder the path to stability. The second finding is about the role played by intermediary organizations in nascent markets, which consists of building the market infrastructure by connecting actors, developing a language, and establishing rules and practices. These findings point to the importance of theorizing about ambiguity in the early moments of markets. I contribute to this endeavor by specifying some of its features and dynamics, and by emphasizing the centrality of intermediation. I also further our understanding of those markets that span across the worlds of business, policy, and civil society.

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Nous avons entrepris, dans ce travail doctoral, une analyse stylistique du dialogue polémique, appliquée à un corpus littéraire à tendance philosophique : celui de l’œuvre philosophique de Voltaire. Nous avons accordé une attention particulière au style du polémiste aux dépens de ses idées philosophiques, maintes fois étudiées dans d’autres travaux. Le dialogue polémique dans l’œuvre philosophique de Voltaire n’est pas un simple procédé littéraire ; il constitue l’essence même de l’œuvre. La thèse comprend trois parties :L’analyse que nous avons effectuée dans la première partie de notre travail doctoral met avant tout l’accent sur la spécificité formelle du dialogue polémique et surtout sur sa nature conflictuelle, tout en examinant la manière dont il s’articule avec des genres littéraires divers et les différentes formes du discours qu’il revêt. La polémique s’engage quand les interlocuteurs admettent des thèses opposées et que chacun suppose que le discours adverse est mal déduit et fondé sur des faux raisonnements : distanciation et défense sont donc interdépendantes. C’est pour cette raison que nous avons entrepris, dans la deuxième partie de notre travail doctoral, une étude sur le fonctionnement de l’argumentation dans le dialogue polémique voltairien. Le détournement est une spécificité stylistique chez notre polémiste, qui dévoile sa présence constante dans ses écritures philosophiques. Dans ce sens, il nous a paru nécessaire d’étudier, dans la troisième partie de notre travail doctoral, le style détourné dans les œuvres philosophique de Voltaire tout en soulignant l'ambiguïté énonciative qui s’attache à ses différentes figures. / In this doctoral work, we have undertaken a stylistic analysis of polemical dialogue, applied to a literary corpus with a philosophical tendency: that of Voltaire's philosophical work. We have paid particular attention to the style of the polemicist at the expense of his philosophical ideas, often studied in other works. The polemical dialogue in Voltaire's philosophical work is not merely a literary process; It is the very essence of the work. The thesis consists of three parts:The analysis that we carried out in the first part of our doctoral work focuses above all on the formal specificity of polemical dialogue and especially on its conflictual nature, while examining the way it articulates with various literary genres And the different forms of discourse it assumes.Polemicism begins when the interlocutors admit opposing theses and each assumes that the opposing discourse is wrongly deduced and based on false reasoning: distancing and defense are therefore interdependent. For this reason, in the second part of our doctoral work, we undertook a study on the functioning of the argument in the Voltairian polemical dialogue.The diversion is a stylistic specificity in our polemicist, who reveals its constant presence in its philosophical writings. In this sense, it seemed necessary to study in the third part of our doctoral work the diverted style in Voltaire's philosophical works, while underlining the enunciative ambiguity attached to its various figures.

L’étude traite de la détection de cibles mobiles dans un contexte de radar passif bistatique utilisant les émetteursde télévision numérique TNT (DVB-T) comme émetteurs d’opportunité. Outre leur présence généralisée sur leterritoire, l’intérêt de ces émissions réside dans leur relative largeur de bande permettant une bonne précisiond’estimation. Le principal inconvénient de ce type d’approche réside dans l’éblouissement par le signal en trajetdirect, des échos de très faible intensité des cibles d’intérêt. Après un rappel du principe du radar bistatique etde la norme OFDM utilisée par les signaux TNT, une première étude donne une construction originale du signalde référence dans le cas multi-capteurs : le signal de référence est construit par un traitement d’antenne de typeCAPON où le balayage des paramètres optimaux est remplacé par la connaissance de signaux pilotes inséré dansles symboles OFDM. Ensuite le rapport se focalise sur l’estimation d’un filtre de canal multitrajet à partir dela connaissance de la modulation OFDM utilisée. Ce filtre, d’abord étudié comme réjecteur de fouillis originalavant détection par la fonction d’ambiguïté, donne des résultats semblables aux méthodes classiques de réjectionde fouillis standard. Étendu à toutes les fréquences Doppler, son module au carré est utilisé comme un nouveaudétecteur présentant un très faible niveau de clutter, surpassant ainsi la fonction d’ambiguïté. Une interprétationen terme de traitement d’antennes du nouveau détecteur ouvre la voie à des variantes haute-résolution de celui-ci.La validité du nouveau détecteur est illustrée par des résultats sur données réelles. / The study focuses on moving target detection from passive bistatic radar with DVB-T transmitters used asopportunity transmitters. In addition to their widespread geographical coverage, they allow a good estimationaccuracy due to their quite large bandpass. Nevertheless the continuous powerful direct path masks the verylow intensity echoes of targets of interest. The passive bistatic radar principle and the CP-OFDM standardused by DVB-T are briefly reminded, then, a new first study of reference signal retrieving in multiple sensorsconfiguration is given : the reference signal is built using a Capon receptor where the parameters scan is replacedby the knowledge of pilot signals inserted in the OFDM symbols. Next, the report addresses the multipath channelestimate by using the OFDM signal structure. This channel is firstly studied for clutter rejection before detectionfrom the cross ambiguity function (CAF). We obtain similar results than those of the classical rejection methods.This channel is extended to the whole Doppler shift, and its squared modulus acts as a new low clutter detectorthat outperforms classical CAF. A virtual beamforming interpretation of the channel estimation opens a new pathtowards high resolution array processing. Results given on real data illustrate the validity of this new channeldetector (CHAD).

This thesis is an analytical study of the place of clairvoyance (avadhijñāna) in Jain epistemology and soteriology. It argues that avadhijñāna occupies an ambivalent position regarding both, since it is not solely attained by means of spiritual progression but may also spontaneously arise regardless of a being’s righteousness (samyaktva). Beginning with a survey of descriptions of avadhijñāna in the canons of each sect, including a translation of Nandisūtra 12-28, it examines how commentaries, philosophy and narrative literature developed and elaborated upon avadhijñāna as part of its epistemological system. Further, it examines the nexus of avadhijñāna and karma theory to understand the role of clairvoyance in the cultivation of the three jewels—correct perception, knowledge, and conduct—that lead to liberation (mokṣa). Finally, several examples of clairvoyants from Jain narratives show how clairvoyance reamined an ambivalent tool for virtuous transformation in popular literature.

Dans la plupart des situations concrètes de choix, les décideurs ne peuvent pas prédire le résultat de leur action avec certitude. La théorie de la décision distingue généralement entre le cas typique du risque, où les probabilités des différents événements sont connus objectivement, et la situation de l'ambiguïté, où le contexte informationnel ne permet pas d'établir de telles probabilités objectives.Cependant, les agents détiennent souvent de l'information partielle sous la forme d'ensembles d'observations passées, conduisant à des situations qui dépassent la dichotomie traditionnelle entre probabilités connues et inconnues.Cette thèse fournit une analyse empirique des comportements de décision en situation d'incertitude lorsque de l'information statistique est disponible. Les deux premiers chapitres portent sur les comportements de choix en présence d'information, c'est-à-dire lorsque les différentes options sont décrites par des ensembles de données ex ante. Ces chapitres étudient l'influence de la précision de l'information sur la perception de l'ambiguïté et sur les attitudes vis-à-vis du risque et de l'ambiguïté.Dans le troisième chapitre, je considère le cas dans lequel les agents ne sont pas informés et ont l'opportunité d'acquérir de l'information. Ce chapitre propose une expérience dont l'objectif est d'étudier la manière dont les individus évaluent l'information additionnelle. / In most real-life choice situations, decision makers cannot predict the outcome of their action with certainty. Decision theory generally distinguishes between the typical case of risk, in which the probabilities of the different events are objectively known, and the situation of ambiguity, in which the informational context does not allow such objective probability judgment. However, agents are often provided with partial information consisting of past observations, leading to situations beyond the traditional known-unknown probabilities dichotomy.This thesis empirically investigates decision-making under uncertainty when statistical information is available. The first two chapters focus on choice behaviors in the presence of information, i.e., when prospects are described by datasets ex ante. These chapters study the influence of information precision on the perception of ambiguity and on the attitudes towards risk and ambiguity. In the third chapter, I consider the situation in which agents are uninformed and have the opportunity to acquire information. This chapter proposes an experiment designed to explore the individual valuation for additional information.