含混，做為形容，描述我們生活的經驗世界是一個未完成的豐富。 含混，做為隱喻，突顯客觀論述以為的清楚明晰的不清楚。 含混，做為動詞，是不斷延伸出去的可能性張力。 含混，做介係詞，從不清楚到清楚的偷渡。 含混，做為名詞，是清楚的根。 含混，動詞變化，開始。

The preface to this collection "Dust Clouding: Ambiguity and the Poetic Image," highlights the ways in which poets such as W.S Merwin and Donald Revell use ambiguity and the poetic image to strengthen their poems and encourage equality between reader and writer. Hand Amputees have an Altered Perception of Images at Arm's Length is a collection of poems and poem like adventures.

The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the effects of ambiguity of loss and type of caregiver-to-patient relationship on anticipatory grief, negative physical and psychological outcomes associated with grief, and boundary ambiguity in family caregivers of chronically ill patients. Questionnaires were completed by 23 parents of ill children and 30 spouses of ill mates. Using an original and a revised concept for level of ambiguity, partial support was found for the prediction that parents and spouses in high ambiguity of loss circumstances would report more anticipatory grief than those in low ambiguity ones. Contrary to prediction, a slight but nonsignificant trend occurred for parents and spouses in low ambiguity situations to report more negative physical and psychological effects associated with grief as well. Level of ambiguity was not found to impact boundary ambiguity as had been hypothesized. Spouses reported more boundary ambiguity than parents, regardless of level of ambiguity of the loss. Contrary to prediction that parents would report less anticipatory grief and more negative physical and psychological outcomes than spouses, generally, no significant differences were found between the two groups. However, using the original concept of ambiguity, parents did tend to recall more past grief than spouses. The study highlighted several methodological concerns which impact research on loss and grief, particularly the difficulty involved in recruiting participants with subsequent occurrence of sampling bias, rudimentary status of available measurement tools, and a host of potentially confounding personal and sociodemographic variables. The present study supports a view of the loss which occurs in families dealing with chronic illness as a complex process whose impact on grief, distress, and family upheaval is influenced by multiple factors. Such factors include both the ambiguity of the loss and the type of family relationship involved. Complex research of a longitudinal nature using psychosocial models of illness is needed to better delineate the impact of factors such as these.

We analyze the policy implications of aversion to Knightian uncertainty (ambiguity) about the possibility of tipping points. We demonstrate two channels through which uncertainty aversion affects optimal policy in the general setting. The first channel relates to the policy's effect on the probability of tipping, and the second channel to its differential impact in the pre- and post-tipping regimes. We then extend a recursive dynamic model of climate policy and tipping points to include uncertainty aversion. Numerically, aversion to Knightian uncertainty in the face of an ambiguous tipping point increases the optimal tax on carbon dioxide emissions, but only by a small amount.

Les silhouettes ambiguës, comme celle du lapin/canard (Jastrow, 1899), ont été étudiées selon plusieurs approches. Toutefois, les figures prises en exemples dans la large majorité des études sont généralement les mêmes. Cette redondance des images ambiguës utilisées pousse à croire qu'elles sont peut-être assez rares. Certaines observations anecdotiques suggèrent cependant qu’elles seraient au contraire relativement fréquentes. C'est ce que cherche à déterminer cette expérience. Nous avons utilisé des modèles tridimensionnels d'animaux projetés de façon aléatoire afin d'en extraire les silhouettes dont la complexité périmétrique a ensuite été modifiée par lissage. Treize sujets ont dû indiquer ce qu'ils percevaient dans l'image. Nous démontrons qu’une silhouette est classée en moyenne dans 1.9079 catégories de base. Nous avons également démontré qu’une diminution de la complexité périmétrique rend d’abord une silhouette plus ambiguë pour éventuellement atteindre un sommet (équivalent à environ six fois la complexité périmétrique d’un disque) à la suite duquel l’ambiguïté chute. / Ambiguous silhouettes such as the duck/rabbit (Jastrow, 1899) have been studied by several approaches. However, the figures taken as examples in the vast majority of studies are generally the same. This redundancy of the ambiguous images used in litterature implies they may be quite rare. On the other hand, anecdotal evidence suggests that they might be relatively frequent. This is what this experiment is trying to establish. We used three-dimensional models of animals from a random point of view to extract silhouettes whose perimetric complexity was subsequently modified by smoothing. Thirteen subjects were asked to indicate what they saw in the image. We show that silhouettes are classified on average with 1.9079 based categories. We also established that a decrease in the perimetric complexity initially makes a more ambiguous figure but that this effect eventually reaches a peak (at a perimetric complexity of approximately 6 times that of a disk) after which ambiguity drops.

Paintings and drawings are the physical representations of my dialogue with the world around me. Art is how I connect to what is too large, or too vague, or too personally meaningful to express in any other way. Space and its transformation by light and color have always been central to this dialogue. I am particularly intrigued by spatial ambiguity. Space exists for us only in how it relates to us and so, space changes. One viewpoint or state of mind might make space seem freeing, while another makes the same space feel confining. Barriers are sometimes delineated, sometimes obscured. At other times, they are broken. This has a political implication which appears in my work as fissures, fences, compression, and collapse.The space of my inner self, the space outside, and the space between the two are relationships that drive what I paint and draw. My art is the place where I acknowledge the cracks in the ice and where I try to keep from falling through when the ground opens up. Shifting planes are where I try to keep my balance while peeking through the cracks and over the edge.

The notion of Mode 2, as a shift from Mode 1 science-as-we-know-it, depicts science as practically relevant, socially distributed and democratic. Debates remain over the empirical substantiation of Mode 2. In particular, our understanding has been impeded by the mutually exclusive framing of Mode 1/Mode 2. Looking at how academic science is justified to diverse institutional interests – a situation associated with Mode 2 – it is asked, “What happens to Mode 1 where Mode 2 is in demand?” This study comprises two sequential phases. It combines interviews with 18 university spinout founders as micro-level Mode 2 exemplars, and macro-level policy narratives from 72 expert witnesses examined by select committees. An interpretive scheme (Greenwood and Hinings, 1988) is applied to capture the internal means-ends structure of each mode, where the end is to satisfy demand constituents, both in academia (Mode 1) and beyond (Mode 2). Results indicate Mode 1’s enduring influence even where non-academic demands are concerned, thus refuting that means and ends necessarily operate together as a stable mode. The causal ambiguity inherent in scientific advances necessitates (i) Mode 1 peer review as the only quality control regime systematically applicable ex ante, and (ii) Mode 1 means of knowledge production as essential for the health and diversity of the science base. Modifications to performance criteria are proposed to create a synergy between modes and justify public investment, especially in the absence of immediate outcomes. The study presents a framework of Mode1/Mode 2 coexistence that eases the problem with the either/or perception and renders Mode 2 more amenable to empirical research. It is crucial to note, though, that this is contingent on given vested interests. In this study, Mode 1’s fate is seen through academic scientists whose imperative is unique from those of other constituents, thereby potentially entailing further struggles and negotiation.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Trudy Salsberry / The purpose of this study was to gain better insight into the perceptions of mothers, caregivers, and school-age children in regard to educational experiences (defined as social, academic, and behavioral by Kansas Department of Education, 2012) during maternal Army Reserve component deployments. Since the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, reserve component deployments have become an integral part of the total military strategy. Because the reserve component could be trained and equipped for a fraction of the active forces, fiscal realities dictated moving routine operational responsibilities to the reserve component (National Guard and Reserve Equipment Report for 2013, 2012). As more citizen soldiers were called to active duty deployments, the effects on children who did not typically identify with being in a military family were particularly important to their well-being. This qualitative case study looked at perceptions regarding maternal reserve component deployments through the theoretical perspective lens of ambiguous loss and boundary ambiguity. “Ambiguous Loss Theory” was a type of family stress termed by Boss (1999) that identified the loss or absence of a family member or loved one that evoked emotional uncertainty and ambiguity in the family (p. 7). “Boundary Ambiguity” was how the family interpreted or perceived the situation of ambiguous loss (Boss, 2002). Research applying Boss’ Ambiguous Loss Theory showed that deployment of a family member in a military family was a major stress factor for military children and caused emotional uncertainty and ambiguity in the family (Faber, Willerton, Clymber, Macdermid, & Weiss, 2008; Huebner, Mancini, Wilcox, Grass & Grass, 2007). As mothers were still recognized as the primary caregivers of children in the United States (Galinsky, Aumann, & Bond, 2011), the absence of a mother due to deployment significantly shifted responsibilities not only to the new primary caregiver, but children also took on new responsibilities as well. Role ambiguity began prior to the deployment, continued during the deployment, and could have the most overwhelming effects post-deployment as family members reintegrated the deployed parent back into the family (Huebner et. al, 2007). Utilizing a qualitative multiple case study, the research was conducted from a social constructivist worldview. Criterion sampling was used to garner four total cases for the study Data from both interviews and documents were collected. The purpose of this study was to gain better insight into the perceptions of mothers/soldiers, caregivers, and school-age children regarding their roles in the educational experiences (defined as social, academic, and behavioral by Kansas Department of Education, 2012) during maternal Army Reserve component deployments. Based on the data, six themes emerged that addressed the overarching research questions of this study: • When deployed mothers/soldiers did not maintain a role in the child’s educational experiences, families perceived role definitions as difficult to establish. • Communication during deployment was a key factor in establishing roles of mother/soldier, child, and caregiver. • Clearly defined roles in educational experiences of the child were a key factor in reintegration. • Schools were perceived as a resource to families experiencing deployment. • Children perceived their roles as maintaining or improving their educational experiences as ways to support mother/soldier during deployment. • When roles in children’s educational experiences were not clearly defined, children perceived stress.

Cet écrit est une lecture de l’Histoire de la folie (1961) de Michel Foucault qui s’efforce d’en saisir la signification globale en faisant ressortir le mouvement de son écriture, c’est-à-dire le mouvement dans lequel entraîne le langage qu’il invente. Or ce mouvement de l’écriture ne peut être pleinement audible que si on le lit en écho de certains textes de Maurice Blanchot. Lecture en écho qui fait ressortir une structure qui est passée de Blanchot à Foucault : une structure de l’ambiguïté, qui se parcourt par le langage, en un mouvement paradoxal, et qui correspond à celui d’une certaine folie du langage lui-même ou folie en langage. Le geste propre de Foucault est alors celui d’avoir inventé, pour cette folie en langage, une écriture de l’histoire globalement animée par la structure de l’ambiguïté. 1. Lecture de quatre textes blanchotiens. Pour chacun d’eux, je m’efforce de faire ressortir la structure de l’ambiguïté qui l’anime. 2. Lecture du texte central de HF, où Foucault indique la structure de l’expérience classique de la folie (oscillation entre aveuglement et éblouissement) qui culmine dans le texte de la chute d’Oreste dans la folie. La lecture en écho me fait commencer par l’approche blanchotienne de l’ambiguïté de la nuit grecque. 3. Point de fuite de HF : la question du langage actuel de la déraison engage Foucault dans une recherche sur ce que disent (et à quel niveau) les écrivains ayant sombré dans la folie. La lecture en écho fait alors entendre chez Foucault le langage de l’ambiguïté centré sur le signe muet. 4. Lecture globale de HF. Écriture de l’histoire qui s’élabore avec la structure d’opposition d’un degré zéro (du langage et de l’histoire) et des mythes qui le recouvrent (en amont et en aval) – structures déjà proposées par Barthes et Blanchot. / This work is a reading of Michel Foucault’s History of Madness, which aims at casting a light on its global meaning while focusing on the movement of its writing, i.e. the motion that the language he invents creates itself. This movement cannot be fully understood without being put in relation to several of Maurice Blanchot’s writings. That « reading in echo » highlights a structure that has been transmitted from Blanchot to Foucault - the structure of ambiguity. Such a structure is explored through language itself, producing a paradoxical set of movements, that is the one of a certain madness of the language, or madness within the language. As regards the latter, Foucault’s own specificity lies in his way of writing history, entirely animated by the structure of ambiguity. 1. Reading of four Blanchot’s papers. For each one, I will endeavour to extricate the structure of ambiguity that lies within it. 2. Reading of the central text of The History of Madness, where Foucault points at the structure of the classical experience of madness - oscillating between blindness and dazzlement - which culminates with the text on Orestes’s madness. The « reading in echo » starts with Blanchot’s approach of the Grecian night and its ambiguities. 3. Mapping the horizon of The History of Madness. Addressing the existence of a contemporary language of unreason leads to Foucault to analyse what mad writers say and to what level. The « reading in echo » highlights in Foucault’s text a language of ambiguity centred on a silent sign. 4. Global reading of The History of Madness. Building on previous works by Barthes and Blanchot, we will focus on the process of history writing as built on a discrepancy between a “degree zero” of both language and history on the one hand, and the myths which surround it in the past and future on the other hand.

When clustering together synonyms, complications arise in cases of the words having multiple senses as each sense’s synonyms are erroneously clustered together. The task of automatically distinguishing word senses in cases of ambiguity, known as word sense disambiguation (WSD), has been an extensively researched problem over the years. This thesis studies the possibility of applying an unsupervised machine learning based WSD-system for analysing existing synonym clusters (N = 149) and dividing them correctly when two or more senses are present. Based on sense embeddings induced from a large corpus, cosine similarities are calculated between sense embeddings for words in the clusters, making it possible to suggest divisions in cases where different words are closer to different senses of a proposed ambiguous word. The system output is then evaluated by four participants, all experts in the area. The results show that the system does not manage to correctly divide the clusters in more than 31% of the cases according to the participants. Moreover, it is discovered that some differences exist between the participants’ ratings, although none of the participants predominantly agree with the system’s division of the clusters. Evidently, further research and improvements are needed and suggested for the future.