The implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) in 2020 has coincided with the outbreak of COVID-19. Recovery paths taken to deal with the economic consequences of the pandemic can be either an opportunity to foster a sustainable growth or a return to business-as-usual model. Assuming that national budgets define the economic strategy of governments, this thesis addresses the relationship between mitigation pledges outlined in NDCs and mitigation-related expenditure in Chile, Peru and Colombia pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A deductive thematic analysis of NDCs is used to identify the prioritized mitigation sectors and to allow for a refined focus in the analysis of the relevant mitigation-related expenses for each case country. Budgets of 2020 and 2021 are compared and discussed in the light of previous research. Results show different levels of climate ambition but common prioritised sectors (energy, land-use, and industry). Regarding Peru, the budgets indicate a higher mitigation ambition than their NDC by including expenditure in areas that are not mentioned in the NDC. Contrary, Colombia and Chile have detailed NDCs that cover more aspects than indicated through their government expenditure. Generally, energy and industry expenditure misalign with the NDC pledges, due to the increase of expenses on national fossil fuels resources in 2021. Land-use mitigation expenditure, linked to forestry and agriculture, have increased in Chile and Peru but are hardly represented in Colombia. Thus, the thesis outlines early misalignments of mitigation targets with government expenditure and differences in accountability and transparency that could challenge the monitoring of progress towards the achievement of the pledges.

Feminist literary critics have long focused on the female gender role in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. This essay turns instead to the role of fatherhood in Frankenstein. This has been achieved by applying Judith Butler’s feminist theory, the Theory of Performativity, and by examining the different examples of fatherhood in the novel, performing a comparative study whilst applying a historical context. The main point of focus has been to compare the effects, of the existing types of fatherhood in the novel, on family and society, using the Theory of Performativity. This has resulted in the understanding that Frankenstein gives much consideration to the constituents of fatherhood which may represent the most immediate threat to the family as a building block, to the happiness of children, and the improvement of society.

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The importance of diversity and inclusion is spreading worldwide and some countries seem to have developed further than others. The purpose of this study is to describe attitudes toward diversity in a workplace context in the Czech Republic as well as explore ambitions that could be contributing to the development of Diversity Management. A qualitative, inductive method has been used, consisting of nine interviews with people working in HR and DEI. The findings of this study reveal that those working with DEI are often idealists, with a motivation to succeed in the business case as well as the social justice case. Their ambitions are often dependent on strategies for change. The lack of awareness of diversity and inclusions importance in the Czech Republic calls for DEI and HR managers to effectively get across their message. One of the findings implies that open communication has to be encouraged, as this seems to be a restraining factor of inclusion in the Czech Republic. This study is important because it shows that attitudes and ambitions on an individual level, rather than a societal or organisational level, are the determining factors of development within DEI. It also shows that, when it comes to shifting people's mindsets, the most powerful way to do so is through communication, engagement, and education.

Cette thèse propose d'étudier les instruments du chef d'établissement dans un contexte d'évolution des politiques éducatives et de la nature de sa fonction, managérialisée. En réseaux ambition réussite, les chefs d'établissements se trouvent face à des situations inédites : personnels supplémentaires, co-pilotage des équipes, collectifs nouveaux et hétérogènes à constituer. Nous nous inscrivons dans une perspective historico-culturelle qui considère l'activité individuelle comme une construction sociale portant sur des objets sociaux qui assurent la médiation inter-individuelle. Selon l'approche ergonomique de l'activité, l'activité du chef d'établissement est individuelle mais forcément partagée et médiée par des instruments. Des entretiens répétés de chefs d'établissement ont été analysés et mis en perspective avec les entretiens de divers acteurs scolaires. Les résultats montrent que l'activité du chef d'établissement est empêchée : l'organisation du travail dont il a la charge n'est pas tournée vers la réorganisation du milieu et des rapports sociaux qui s'y inscrivent. D'une part, les instruments utilisés pour agir sur le milieu ne sont pas transformés et la logique verticale de l'établissement domine. En retour, le chef d'établissement perçoit son travail comme inchangé. D'autre part, les instruments utilisés pour agir sur les professeurs ne permettent pas à ces derniers de participer à la réorganisation du milieu. Ils visent à les mobiliser, les faire adhérer, voire leur imposer des manières de faire. En retour, le travail d'organisation des professeurs reste dans l'ombre. Par conséquent, organisation du travail et travail d'organisation ne se rencontrent pas. / This thesis studies the tools of headmasters resulting of the evolution of school policies witch made them as managers. Headmasters are facing unprecedented situations with ambition success networks: new staff, co-leading of teams, forming new and heterogeneous groups. Our historic and cultural approach states that individual activity is a social construction based on social objects witch make possible inter-individual mediation. The ergonomic approach to the activity states that the headmaster's activity is individual but necessarily shared and mediated by tools. Repeated interviews of headmasters have been analyzed and put in perspective with the interviews of several other school actors. The results show that the activity of the headmaster is prevented: the organization of work does not contribute to the reorganization of the milieu and of the social relations. On the one hand, the tools used to act on the milieu are not transformed to reorganize the milieu and the school-based rationale prevails. In return, the headmaster sees his work as unchanged. On the other hand, the tools used to act on teachers do not allow them to contribute to the reorganization of the milieu. The tools aim at mobilize them, make them subscribe, gather them or sometimes set them behavior patterns. In return, the work of organization made by teachers remains in obscurity. Consequently, organization of work and work of organization do not meet.

Esta dissertação analisa a representação da ambição no romance O pai Goriot, de Honoré de Balzac. A partir da análise da descrição do protagonista desta obra, Eugène de Ratignac, buscamos, com este conceito, expandir a compreensão da mimesis operada por Balzac, em diálogo com a tradição crítica iniciada com Platão e Aristóteles e revista por Erich Auerbach, e com as outras obras do escritor francês compostas no começo da década de 1830, especialmente Eugênia Grandet. / This dissertation analyzes the representation of ambition in the novel O pai Goriot (Father Goriot), by Honoré de Balzac. From the analysis of the description of the protagonist of this work, Eugène de Ratignac, we aim, with this concept, expand the understanding of how Balzac operated his mimesis, in dialogue with the critical tradition started with Plato and Aristotle and reviewed by Erich Auerbach, and the other works of the French writer, mainly Eugênia Grandet, composed in the early 1830s.

本研究旨在瞭解當前瀰漫整個台灣社會之升學主義的本質，並藉此認清升學主義對教育（在此意指教學上的問題）造成的效果，俾依據研究的發現策畫一套更能適應台灣現代社會的教育政策。 　　本研究的對象主要分為兩類，一類是國中生，另一類是其家長。限於經費及人力，乃採立意選樣方式，選取北部四所公立國中二年級的學生及其家長為研究對象進行調查，分別是台北市信義國中、台北縣新埔國中、桃園縣八德國中及宜蘭縣宜蘭國中。研究方法為問卷調查法，研究問卷乃根據研究目的自行編製而成，統計方法為LISREL分析。 　　本研究重要發現如下： 　　一、學生與家長對面子的重視程度 　　本研究受訪的學生與家長在大部分的面子指標上，測得的分數都不高，故研究者主觀認定其對於讀書或升學的面子價值並不是非常強調，平均只有三分之一的學生與家長重視面子價值。 　　二、學生本人與家長回答子女對升學熱行為的看法 　　研究結果指出，只有極少數的人不曾使用參考書，九成五的學生均用過，甚至也有老師在用或鼓勵學生使用。閱讀課內書籍時間太長、參加補習、使用測驗卷等升學熱現象也都有超過七成五的國中生經歷過。學生與家長對升學熱情形的反應態度大致相同，即對升學熱不理性反應。 　　三、學生本人與家長回答子女對教學問題的看法 　　研究發現指出，有一半的國中生經歷能力編班的問題，表示仍有半數的學校以能力編班方式進行教學。近九成的受訪者深深感受到學校師長非常看重「升學率」數字，亦即重視考試時的成績表現。七成五的人認為教材內容與日常生活脫節，不夠靈活實用。無論是學生群或家長群，對教學問題均予其負面的評價。 　　四、面子價值、升學熱與教學問題三者之間的因果關係 　　從LISREL分析的整體結果發現：對學生群而言，面子價值分數愈高，升學熱分數亦愈高；而升學熱分數的高低又與教學問題分數成正比。亦即，愈重面子價值的學生，其升學欲望愈強，在行為及態度上愈支持升學熱行為；而後者的支持度愈高，則教學問題愈發嚴重。

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka om gymnasielärare upplever skillnader mellan elever som antagits till det estetiska programmet, gren musik via betyg och via färdighetsprov. Det har bedrivits tidigare forskning inom områden som jag behandlat i min rapport men inte med samma inriktning. För att kunna svara på syftet och frågeställningarna har jag gjort en kvalitativ undersökning genom analys av fokusgruppsintervju. Resultatet har baserats på analysen av empirin och har sedan diskuterats kategorivis utifrån frågeställningarna. I min rapport har jag kommit fram till att lärare ser få skillnader mellan elever som antagits via betyg och elever som antagits via färdighetsprov. Ur musikalisk synvinkel kan detta bero på att färdighetsprovet endast mäter den musikaliska färdighet elever har vid provtillfället och att det snarare är ambitionsnivån under gymnasietiden som styr elevers musikaliska utveckling.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a prelude to the Anatomy Act of 1832, which indulged the anatomists’ scientific ambition, granting a legitimate and sufficient source of cadavers to dissect legally. When read in concert with the history of anatomy and the historical record of body snatching, including case law and anatomy legislation, Frankenstein exemplifies the issues in medico-legal history at the turn of the nineteenth century, for Victor Frankenstein and the Creature’s stories are set amid the context of anatomical study, grave-robbery, crime, punishment and the illicit relationship between medicine and murder. This thesis accordingly addresses the medico-legal history of anatomy, the anatomist’s ambition and complex inhumanity, and the mingled identity of the anatomical subject as illegitimate and criminal. This analysis demonstrates that Frankenstein sheds light upon the anatomist’s ambition, the identity of the human cadaver, and the bioethical consequences of meddling with nature.

Insufficient physical activity is a serious concern for the youth of this nation. In 2008, more than one third of children and adolescents could be classified as either obese or overweight (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Poor nutrition and lack of physical activity are two major factors contributing to this epidemic. A physically active lifestyle during youth not only improves physical health, but has also been shown to improve emotional health, behavior, and academic performance. It is important that this area of research is continued and expanded so appropriate educational policies that support the health and well-being of America’s youth can be established. No research to date has explored the long term impact of physical activity levels in adolescence on educational outcomes in adulthood. The purpose of this proposed study is to address this research gap by investigating the longitudinal relationships between physical activity in adolescence and physical activity in adulthood, educational ambition, and educational attainment. In order to achieve these research goals, secondary analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health was analyzed. Results revealed that higher levels of physical activity during adolescence are associated with higher levels of physical activity during young adulthood. Higher levels of physical activity during adolescence were also negligibly and weakly correlated to higher levels of academic ambition and later academic attainment. A discussion of the results and the limitations of the current study follow.