<p>Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att undersöka om amerikanska och brittiska stridserfarenheter av kalibern 5,56 i Afghanistan kan bidra till att utveckla den svenska Försvarsmaktens taktiska förmåga. Anledningen till varför jag valde att utgå från dessa länder är därför att de har fler öppna källor samt har mer erfarenhet än många andra. Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ textanalys av bland annat reglementen, rapporter och artiklar. Uppsatsen visar att Försvarsmaktens kaliber till sin automatkarbin, 5,56, var potent för stridstaktikanpassad för invasionsförsvar. Detta delvis på grund av kaliberns egna logistiska fördelar men även därför att de prioriterade vapensystemen för infanteriförbanden, lätta pansarvärnsvapnen, innebar relativt korta stridsavstånd. Studien visar därefter att idag, för amerikanska och brittiska styrkor i dagens konflikt i Afghanistan, är 5,56 otillräcklig. Stridsavstånden är generellt för långa för att kalibern skall avge sin optimala verkan i målet. Studien belyser vad dessa nationer vidtagit för åtgärder, samt vilka åtgärder som planeras eller finns som förslag för att förbättra sin stridstaktiska förmåga. Den mest optimala förbättringen anser många är att byta ut kalibern 5,56 mot en grövre mellankaliber i spannet 5,56-7,62. Förslag som förändrad skjututbildning, optikutveckling och nya vapeninköp nämns också. I diskussionen diskuteras om eller hur den svenska Försvarsmakten kan dra nytta av de andra nationernas erfarenheter. Resonemanget ger det generella slutsatsen att Försvarsmakten kan utveckla sin stridstaktiska förmåga genom att studera andra nationer. Ett snabbt konkret exempel vore att implementera skarpskyttevapnet ak4 med förstorande optiskt hjälpmedel i svenska Försvarsmaktens skytteförband.</p> / <p>The main purpose with this study is to investigate whether U.S. and British combat experience of the caliber 5.56 in Afghanistan is helping to develop the Armed Forces' tactical ability. The reason why I chose to rely on these countries is because they have more unclassified sources and has more combat experience than many others. This study was conducted through a qualitative text analysis of for example regulations, reports and articles. This essay shows that the Swedish Armed Forces standard caliber that is being used in today’s assault rifle (ak5c), were potent in battle tactics designed for the defence of Sweden. This is partly becauseof 5,56 own logistical advantages and also because light anti-tank weapons had priority over small arms weapons. This resulted in relatively short shooting distances. The study shows thereafter that the U.S. and British troops in today's conflict in Afghanistan, thinks that 5.56 is insufficient. Combat distances are generally too long for the caliber to deliver its optimum effect in the target. The study highlights what kind of actions these nations have taken, and what measures are planned to improve its combat tactical ability. The study reveals that the most optimal improvement, are to replace the 5.56 with a bigger medium sized caliber. Proposals to change the marksmanship training, optics development and to purchase new weapons are also mentioned. In the end of this essay there is a discussion on, or how the Swedish Armed Forces can implement U.S and British experiences. The reasoning in the final chapter gives the general answer that the Swedish Armed Forces indeed can develop their tactical combat skills by studying other nations. An example would be to implement the older ak4 with magnifying optics that could improve the longer range capabilities of the infantry units.</p>

Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att undersöka om amerikanska och brittiska stridserfarenheter av kalibern 5,56 i Afghanistan kan bidra till att utveckla den svenska Försvarsmaktens taktiska förmåga. Anledningen till varför jag valde att utgå från dessa länder är därför att de har fler öppna källor samt har mer erfarenhet än många andra. Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ textanalys av bland annat reglementen, rapporter och artiklar. Uppsatsen visar att Försvarsmaktens kaliber till sin automatkarbin, 5,56, var potent för stridstaktikanpassad för invasionsförsvar. Detta delvis på grund av kaliberns egna logistiska fördelar men även därför att de prioriterade vapensystemen för infanteriförbanden, lätta pansarvärnsvapnen, innebar relativt korta stridsavstånd. Studien visar därefter att idag, för amerikanska och brittiska styrkor i dagens konflikt i Afghanistan, är 5,56 otillräcklig. Stridsavstånden är generellt för långa för att kalibern skall avge sin optimala verkan i målet. Studien belyser vad dessa nationer vidtagit för åtgärder, samt vilka åtgärder som planeras eller finns som förslag för att förbättra sin stridstaktiska förmåga. Den mest optimala förbättringen anser många är att byta ut kalibern 5,56 mot en grövre mellankaliber i spannet 5,56-7,62. Förslag som förändrad skjututbildning, optikutveckling och nya vapeninköp nämns också. I diskussionen diskuteras om eller hur den svenska Försvarsmakten kan dra nytta av de andra nationernas erfarenheter. Resonemanget ger det generella slutsatsen att Försvarsmakten kan utveckla sin stridstaktiska förmåga genom att studera andra nationer. Ett snabbt konkret exempel vore att implementera skarpskyttevapnet ak4 med förstorande optiskt hjälpmedel i svenska Försvarsmaktens skytteförband. / The main purpose with this study is to investigate whether U.S. and British combat experience of the caliber 5.56 in Afghanistan is helping to develop the Armed Forces' tactical ability. The reason why I chose to rely on these countries is because they have more unclassified sources and has more combat experience than many others. This study was conducted through a qualitative text analysis of for example regulations, reports and articles. This essay shows that the Swedish Armed Forces standard caliber that is being used in today’s assault rifle (ak5c), were potent in battle tactics designed for the defence of Sweden. This is partly becauseof 5,56 own logistical advantages and also because light anti-tank weapons had priority over small arms weapons. This resulted in relatively short shooting distances. The study shows thereafter that the U.S. and British troops in today's conflict in Afghanistan, thinks that 5.56 is insufficient. Combat distances are generally too long for the caliber to deliver its optimum effect in the target. The study highlights what kind of actions these nations have taken, and what measures are planned to improve its combat tactical ability. The study reveals that the most optimal improvement, are to replace the 5.56 with a bigger medium sized caliber. Proposals to change the marksmanship training, optics development and to purchase new weapons are also mentioned. In the end of this essay there is a discussion on, or how the Swedish Armed Forces can implement U.S and British experiences. The reasoning in the final chapter gives the general answer that the Swedish Armed Forces indeed can develop their tactical combat skills by studying other nations. An example would be to implement the older ak4 with magnifying optics that could improve the longer range capabilities of the infantry units.

Title of thesis: Ballistic cavity origin characterisation; auxiliary materials of a standardised or a special military ammunition. Aim of thesis: The goal of this work is to provide a regularising framework suggesting structural changes of the auxiliary materials in the impact zone of the various ammunition. Methods: A ballistic experiment based upon the piercing test of various ammunition types. For these tests different barrier materials were used (e.g. glycerine, soap, ballistic gel). A comparative study of the various physical aspects of the cavities was exercised. Several diagnostic methods such as dimensions verification, water volume measurement, projectile speed radar check, computer tomography or the high speed camera were used to determine the secondary cavity specifics. Results: This thesis identified several key parameters determining projectile behaviour in the auxiliary materials. The major determinants were: speed, position or homogeneity of the projectile on the impact. However the major parameter defining the "injury level" was the concluded that the highest Injury level has the prohibited "fragmentation effect ammunition". On the other hand it was pointed out that so called "Black Mamba" projectiles have lower injury effect, although manufactore claims otherwise. Key words:...

Main goal of diploma work "Feasibility Study of Shooting Range for Tactical Shooting and Gun and Ammunition Store" was discovered, if the project is realizable and in which conditions. Used methodology is text analysis mostly of laws, but also expert texts and publications. Next used methodology is collecting and evaluation of information, which relate with establishment and operation of a shooting range and gun shop, also with creation of a financial plan from different sources. The work closely engage in necessary factors for successful establishment of a shooting range and gun shop, feasibility study, investment and operational costs, incomes, balance sheet, profit and loss statement, basic financial indicators and cash flow. End of the work contains report of feasibility which is summarized benefits and threats of the project.

GSR ou Gunshot Residues são partículas microscópicas de resíduos provenientes da descarga de uma arma de fogo e que, em geral, ficam depositadas pelo corpo do atirador e aos arredores da cena do crime. Este trabalho tem como objetivo empregar as técnicas de PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) convencional e -PIXE na análise da munição e GSR gerados por disparo de arma de fogo, utilizando munição de fabricação brasileira. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira etapa foi utilizada a técnica PIXE no estudo da composição elementar de todos os componentes (estojo, espoleta, pólvora, projétil e camisa) de dois cartuchos distintos virgens, ou seja, antes do disparo com a arma de fogo. Na segunda etapa foram efetuados os ensaios de disparo com arma de fogo, utilizando os mesmos tipos de cartuchos analisados na primeira etapa. As partículas foram coletadas e analisadas por μ-PIXE. As amostras foram irradiadas com feixes de prótons, empregando diferentes parâmetros (energia e corrente), o que depende das amostras em estudo e da técnica utilizada. Para tal fim, foi utilizado o acelerador Tandetron (modelo TN-4130-HC) disponível no Laboratório de Implantação Iônica (IF-UFRGS). Dois diferentes tipos de munição foram analisadas: CHOG e EXPO +P+. Os elementos presentes nas amostras de espoleta de ambos os tipos de munição são o alumínio, antimônio, bário e chumbo, e em menores quantidades cobre, zinco e ferro (invólucro), além de níquel no caso da munição EXPO +P+. Ambos os estojos são constituídos por cobre e zinco, apresentando adicionalmente uma grande quantidade de níquel e um pouco de ferro na munição EXPO +P+. No projétil da munição CHOG os elementos predominantes são chumbo e antimônio, além de apresentar alumínio e ferro em menores quantidades. Na munição EXPO +P+ o projétil também é constituído por chumbo, antimônio e alumínio, mas o ferro é substituído pelo cobre. As amostras de pólvora de ambos os tipos são compostas por alumínio, silício, enxofre, potássio, cálcio, titânio, cromo, níquel, ferro, cobre e zinco, e essas quantidades foram diferentes para cada tipo de munição. A pólvora CHOG apresentou bário e chumbo adicionalmente. Por último, a camisa do projétil da munição EXPO +P+ apresentou cobre, zinco, níquel, chumbo e ferro. Estes resultados são em maioria condizentes com as especificações do fabricante, a Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos – CBC. Para a coleta das amostras de GSR, foram efetuados disparos em um anteparo de papel, onde foi fixada uma fita microporosa da marca Missner. Neste estudo, foram utilizados os dois tipos de munição analisados por PIXE. Nos dois tipos de partículas coletadas, foi possível correlacionar a presença de Ba, Pb e Sb na mesma partícula, sendo inequivocamente caracterizadas como partículas de GSR. No entanto, os resíduos apresentaram diferentes características e particularidades. Em partículas do tipo CHOG as principais características observadas foram a diferença de tamanhos, homogeneidade (exceto em alguns pontos) e ausência de formato característico. Nas partículas do tipo EXPO +P+ as características se repetem, exceto no formato que, em geral, se apresentou esférico. Comparando os resultados de PIXE e μ-PIXE, observou-se que há relação entre a munição utilizada e os resíduos de disparo produzidos, mas, no entanto as quantidades dos elementos na munição antes e depois do disparo não possuem correlação, o que pode ser explicado pela distância entre o atirador e o anteparo. Os elementos bário, chumbo e antimônio precisam de altas temperaturas para vaporizar, e não alcançariam efetivamente o anteparo a uma distância de um metro, causando grande variabilidade de concentrações entre as partículas. / GSR stands for Gunshot Residues wich are microscopic particles stemming from the discharge of a firearm. These particles are deposited on the body of the shooter and on the vicinity of the crime scene. The aim of this work is to characterize two Brazilian ammunitions and their respective GSRs using PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) and -PIXE. Initially, the components (case, primer, gunpowder, projectile and jacket) of two pristine cartridges were analyzed by PIXE technique. Then, shooting sessions were carried out with the same cartridges. In this case, the GSR were collected for -PIXE analysis. The samples were irradiated with protons with different energies and beam currents depending on the sample under study and the technique used for analysis. To that end, a Tandetron accelerator (model TN-4130-HC) from the Ion Implantation Laboratory (IF-UFRGS) was used. The elements present in the primer for both ammunitions were aluminum, antimony, barium and lead. Other trace elements like copper, zinc and iron were present as well. Nickel was also detected in EXPO +P+ samples. The cases were made of copper and zinc. For the EXPO +P+, other elements like nickel and, to a lesser degree, iron were present as well. The bullet from CHOG ammunition was mainly composed by lead and antimony with traces of iron and aluminum. On the other hand, bullets from EXPO +P+ were characterized by lead, antimony and aluminum while iron is replaced by copper. The gunpowder from both ammunitions were characterized by aluminum, silicon, sulfur, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, nickel, iron, copper and zinc, and their amounts were different for each type of ammunition. In addition, the CHOG type gunpowder presented barium and lead. Finally, the jacket of the EXPO +P+ bullet has considerable amounts of copper, zinc, nickel, lead and iron. These results are compatible with the datasheet provided by the Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos. For the study of the GSR, shootings were performed using the afore mentioned ammunitions on a paper screen with Missner tape for the collection of the ejected particles. Elements like Ba, Pb and Sb were found in the particles, thus characterizing the GSR. The CHOG particles were characterized by a large distribution of sizes and distinct shapes. On the other hand, EXPO +P+ particles were distinct due to its round shape. Comparing the results of PIXE and μ-PIXE, it was observed that there is a correlation between ammunition used and the GSR produced, but nevertheless the amounts of the elements before and after the ammunition shot does not have correlation, which can be explained the distance between the shooter and the target. The elements barium, lead and antimony require high temperatures to vaporize and not effectively reach the target at a distance of one meter, causing large variability in concentrations between particles.

This thesis describes the basic breeds of work dogs presently used by the Police of the Czech Republic, divides the dogs by their character and psychologic features, and processes the current literature and regulations relating to work dogs training. The thesis summarizes the data collected from 8 Regional Directorates of the Police of the Czech Republic regarding the number of casas when the work dogs were utilized in practice in 2007, 2008 and up to the 3rd quarter of 2009. All the stated information has been processed in the thesis with the aim to elaborate a methodology of training of work dogs intended for guns and ammunition search, and to set the standards for assesment of suitability of individual dogs for training for guns and ammunition search, and for their subsequent utilization in practice. The obtained data were used in the thesis for elaboration of the methodology of work dogs training for guns and ammunition search. While elaborating the methodology it was ascertained thatdespite the existing universal training methodology each dog requires an individual approach with due regard to its physical and mental characteristics. The thesis also includes setting the standards for assesment of suitability of individual dogs for traning for guns and ammunition search, and for their subsequent utilization in practice. This thesis may be used in practice as a methodology of work dogs training for guns and ammunition search in training centres of the Police of the Czech Republic and in individual Special Cynology Groups of the Police of the Czech Republic, and subsequent utilization of trained dogs in practice for protection of citizens.

GSR ou Gunshot Residues são partículas microscópicas de resíduos provenientes da descarga de uma arma de fogo e que, em geral, ficam depositadas pelo corpo do atirador e aos arredores da cena do crime. Este trabalho tem como objetivo empregar as técnicas de PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) convencional e -PIXE na análise da munição e GSR gerados por disparo de arma de fogo, utilizando munição de fabricação brasileira. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira etapa foi utilizada a técnica PIXE no estudo da composição elementar de todos os componentes (estojo, espoleta, pólvora, projétil e camisa) de dois cartuchos distintos virgens, ou seja, antes do disparo com a arma de fogo. Na segunda etapa foram efetuados os ensaios de disparo com arma de fogo, utilizando os mesmos tipos de cartuchos analisados na primeira etapa. As partículas foram coletadas e analisadas por μ-PIXE. As amostras foram irradiadas com feixes de prótons, empregando diferentes parâmetros (energia e corrente), o que depende das amostras em estudo e da técnica utilizada. Para tal fim, foi utilizado o acelerador Tandetron (modelo TN-4130-HC) disponível no Laboratório de Implantação Iônica (IF-UFRGS). Dois diferentes tipos de munição foram analisadas: CHOG e EXPO +P+. Os elementos presentes nas amostras de espoleta de ambos os tipos de munição são o alumínio, antimônio, bário e chumbo, e em menores quantidades cobre, zinco e ferro (invólucro), além de níquel no caso da munição EXPO +P+. Ambos os estojos são constituídos por cobre e zinco, apresentando adicionalmente uma grande quantidade de níquel e um pouco de ferro na munição EXPO +P+. No projétil da munição CHOG os elementos predominantes são chumbo e antimônio, além de apresentar alumínio e ferro em menores quantidades. Na munição EXPO +P+ o projétil também é constituído por chumbo, antimônio e alumínio, mas o ferro é substituído pelo cobre. As amostras de pólvora de ambos os tipos são compostas por alumínio, silício, enxofre, potássio, cálcio, titânio, cromo, níquel, ferro, cobre e zinco, e essas quantidades foram diferentes para cada tipo de munição. A pólvora CHOG apresentou bário e chumbo adicionalmente. Por último, a camisa do projétil da munição EXPO +P+ apresentou cobre, zinco, níquel, chumbo e ferro. Estes resultados são em maioria condizentes com as especificações do fabricante, a Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos – CBC. Para a coleta das amostras de GSR, foram efetuados disparos em um anteparo de papel, onde foi fixada uma fita microporosa da marca Missner. Neste estudo, foram utilizados os dois tipos de munição analisados por PIXE. Nos dois tipos de partículas coletadas, foi possível correlacionar a presença de Ba, Pb e Sb na mesma partícula, sendo inequivocamente caracterizadas como partículas de GSR. No entanto, os resíduos apresentaram diferentes características e particularidades. Em partículas do tipo CHOG as principais características observadas foram a diferença de tamanhos, homogeneidade (exceto em alguns pontos) e ausência de formato característico. Nas partículas do tipo EXPO +P+ as características se repetem, exceto no formato que, em geral, se apresentou esférico. Comparando os resultados de PIXE e μ-PIXE, observou-se que há relação entre a munição utilizada e os resíduos de disparo produzidos, mas, no entanto as quantidades dos elementos na munição antes e depois do disparo não possuem correlação, o que pode ser explicado pela distância entre o atirador e o anteparo. Os elementos bário, chumbo e antimônio precisam de altas temperaturas para vaporizar, e não alcançariam efetivamente o anteparo a uma distância de um metro, causando grande variabilidade de concentrações entre as partículas. / GSR stands for Gunshot Residues wich are microscopic particles stemming from the discharge of a firearm. These particles are deposited on the body of the shooter and on the vicinity of the crime scene. The aim of this work is to characterize two Brazilian ammunitions and their respective GSRs using PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) and -PIXE. Initially, the components (case, primer, gunpowder, projectile and jacket) of two pristine cartridges were analyzed by PIXE technique. Then, shooting sessions were carried out with the same cartridges. In this case, the GSR were collected for -PIXE analysis. The samples were irradiated with protons with different energies and beam currents depending on the sample under study and the technique used for analysis. To that end, a Tandetron accelerator (model TN-4130-HC) from the Ion Implantation Laboratory (IF-UFRGS) was used. The elements present in the primer for both ammunitions were aluminum, antimony, barium and lead. Other trace elements like copper, zinc and iron were present as well. Nickel was also detected in EXPO +P+ samples. The cases were made of copper and zinc. For the EXPO +P+, other elements like nickel and, to a lesser degree, iron were present as well. The bullet from CHOG ammunition was mainly composed by lead and antimony with traces of iron and aluminum. On the other hand, bullets from EXPO +P+ were characterized by lead, antimony and aluminum while iron is replaced by copper. The gunpowder from both ammunitions were characterized by aluminum, silicon, sulfur, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, nickel, iron, copper and zinc, and their amounts were different for each type of ammunition. In addition, the CHOG type gunpowder presented barium and lead. Finally, the jacket of the EXPO +P+ bullet has considerable amounts of copper, zinc, nickel, lead and iron. These results are compatible with the datasheet provided by the Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos. For the study of the GSR, shootings were performed using the afore mentioned ammunitions on a paper screen with Missner tape for the collection of the ejected particles. Elements like Ba, Pb and Sb were found in the particles, thus characterizing the GSR. The CHOG particles were characterized by a large distribution of sizes and distinct shapes. On the other hand, EXPO +P+ particles were distinct due to its round shape. Comparing the results of PIXE and μ-PIXE, it was observed that there is a correlation between ammunition used and the GSR produced, but nevertheless the amounts of the elements before and after the ammunition shot does not have correlation, which can be explained the distance between the shooter and the target. The elements barium, lead and antimony require high temperatures to vaporize and not effectively reach the target at a distance of one meter, causing large variability in concentrations between particles.

GSR ou Gunshot Residues são partículas microscópicas de resíduos provenientes da descarga de uma arma de fogo e que, em geral, ficam depositadas pelo corpo do atirador e aos arredores da cena do crime. Este trabalho tem como objetivo empregar as técnicas de PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) convencional e -PIXE na análise da munição e GSR gerados por disparo de arma de fogo, utilizando munição de fabricação brasileira. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira etapa foi utilizada a técnica PIXE no estudo da composição elementar de todos os componentes (estojo, espoleta, pólvora, projétil e camisa) de dois cartuchos distintos virgens, ou seja, antes do disparo com a arma de fogo. Na segunda etapa foram efetuados os ensaios de disparo com arma de fogo, utilizando os mesmos tipos de cartuchos analisados na primeira etapa. As partículas foram coletadas e analisadas por μ-PIXE. As amostras foram irradiadas com feixes de prótons, empregando diferentes parâmetros (energia e corrente), o que depende das amostras em estudo e da técnica utilizada. Para tal fim, foi utilizado o acelerador Tandetron (modelo TN-4130-HC) disponível no Laboratório de Implantação Iônica (IF-UFRGS). Dois diferentes tipos de munição foram analisadas: CHOG e EXPO +P+. Os elementos presentes nas amostras de espoleta de ambos os tipos de munição são o alumínio, antimônio, bário e chumbo, e em menores quantidades cobre, zinco e ferro (invólucro), além de níquel no caso da munição EXPO +P+. Ambos os estojos são constituídos por cobre e zinco, apresentando adicionalmente uma grande quantidade de níquel e um pouco de ferro na munição EXPO +P+. No projétil da munição CHOG os elementos predominantes são chumbo e antimônio, além de apresentar alumínio e ferro em menores quantidades. Na munição EXPO +P+ o projétil também é constituído por chumbo, antimônio e alumínio, mas o ferro é substituído pelo cobre. As amostras de pólvora de ambos os tipos são compostas por alumínio, silício, enxofre, potássio, cálcio, titânio, cromo, níquel, ferro, cobre e zinco, e essas quantidades foram diferentes para cada tipo de munição. A pólvora CHOG apresentou bário e chumbo adicionalmente. Por último, a camisa do projétil da munição EXPO +P+ apresentou cobre, zinco, níquel, chumbo e ferro. Estes resultados são em maioria condizentes com as especificações do fabricante, a Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos – CBC. Para a coleta das amostras de GSR, foram efetuados disparos em um anteparo de papel, onde foi fixada uma fita microporosa da marca Missner. Neste estudo, foram utilizados os dois tipos de munição analisados por PIXE. Nos dois tipos de partículas coletadas, foi possível correlacionar a presença de Ba, Pb e Sb na mesma partícula, sendo inequivocamente caracterizadas como partículas de GSR. No entanto, os resíduos apresentaram diferentes características e particularidades. Em partículas do tipo CHOG as principais características observadas foram a diferença de tamanhos, homogeneidade (exceto em alguns pontos) e ausência de formato característico. Nas partículas do tipo EXPO +P+ as características se repetem, exceto no formato que, em geral, se apresentou esférico. Comparando os resultados de PIXE e μ-PIXE, observou-se que há relação entre a munição utilizada e os resíduos de disparo produzidos, mas, no entanto as quantidades dos elementos na munição antes e depois do disparo não possuem correlação, o que pode ser explicado pela distância entre o atirador e o anteparo. Os elementos bário, chumbo e antimônio precisam de altas temperaturas para vaporizar, e não alcançariam efetivamente o anteparo a uma distância de um metro, causando grande variabilidade de concentrações entre as partículas. / GSR stands for Gunshot Residues wich are microscopic particles stemming from the discharge of a firearm. These particles are deposited on the body of the shooter and on the vicinity of the crime scene. The aim of this work is to characterize two Brazilian ammunitions and their respective GSRs using PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission) and -PIXE. Initially, the components (case, primer, gunpowder, projectile and jacket) of two pristine cartridges were analyzed by PIXE technique. Then, shooting sessions were carried out with the same cartridges. In this case, the GSR were collected for -PIXE analysis. The samples were irradiated with protons with different energies and beam currents depending on the sample under study and the technique used for analysis. To that end, a Tandetron accelerator (model TN-4130-HC) from the Ion Implantation Laboratory (IF-UFRGS) was used. The elements present in the primer for both ammunitions were aluminum, antimony, barium and lead. Other trace elements like copper, zinc and iron were present as well. Nickel was also detected in EXPO +P+ samples. The cases were made of copper and zinc. For the EXPO +P+, other elements like nickel and, to a lesser degree, iron were present as well. The bullet from CHOG ammunition was mainly composed by lead and antimony with traces of iron and aluminum. On the other hand, bullets from EXPO +P+ were characterized by lead, antimony and aluminum while iron is replaced by copper. The gunpowder from both ammunitions were characterized by aluminum, silicon, sulfur, potassium, calcium, titanium, chromium, nickel, iron, copper and zinc, and their amounts were different for each type of ammunition. In addition, the CHOG type gunpowder presented barium and lead. Finally, the jacket of the EXPO +P+ bullet has considerable amounts of copper, zinc, nickel, lead and iron. These results are compatible with the datasheet provided by the Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos. For the study of the GSR, shootings were performed using the afore mentioned ammunitions on a paper screen with Missner tape for the collection of the ejected particles. Elements like Ba, Pb and Sb were found in the particles, thus characterizing the GSR. The CHOG particles were characterized by a large distribution of sizes and distinct shapes. On the other hand, EXPO +P+ particles were distinct due to its round shape. Comparing the results of PIXE and μ-PIXE, it was observed that there is a correlation between ammunition used and the GSR produced, but nevertheless the amounts of the elements before and after the ammunition shot does not have correlation, which can be explained the distance between the shooter and the target. The elements barium, lead and antimony require high temperatures to vaporize and not effectively reach the target at a distance of one meter, causing large variability in concentrations between particles.

The subject of this paper is the experiences and observations of Lt. Edwin Best of the 618th Ordnance Ammunition Company from 1943 until 1946. This includes time in the United States, England and France. The primary sources for this paper include letters home from Lt. Best and an oral history transcript. Secondary sources have been used to place Lt. Best into the overall context of the war. He made keen observations regarding the level of training before D-Day, comparisons of life in England and the US, from the "communications zone" in Normandy, as a temporary Judge Advocate General officer, and finishing the war in Southern France. Though he may not have been on the front line, or in an HQ, his comments are valuable to the historical record.

Weapons can be good for their own safety at the same time, weapons can be a way to make money, by selling weapons. On the other hand, weapons can be a way to oppress people and protect their interests. The arms trade has been an important part of the Swedish economy. A significantly important thing that is increasingly normalized today is more arms exports to more countries This research problem I want to address is Sweden’s arms and munition exports to Saudi Arabia and the UAE between 2015 and 2020. It was in 2015 that Yemen war took place, and these countries chose to expand and strengthen their defense force to battle their enemies in the Yemen war. The purpose of this essay is how can Sweden’s weapons and munition exports to the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia be explained based on realism and liberalism. Realism and liberalism are theories that can help me to examine and understand the subject I chose. The subject is very controversial because of the humanitarian situation in Yemen and very interesting to examine. The thesis' approach will be carried out based on qualitative methods where I will use content analysis. Qualitative methods mean that all material collected during the work leads to a desire to dig deeper to analyze. My approach will consist of mass media articles, internet slurs, and debate articles, these sources publish by magazines, collections, and other sources. As a result, Sweden has expanded its arms and munitions exports to Saudi Arabia and the UAE. The result of the study shows that realism characterizes the international scene and international relations.