The Munich analogy has been one of the most influential paradigms, which framed the United States strategic thinking in terms of use of force since 1945. The 1930s negative experience of appeasement traditionally served as a vehicle of rationalizing open and covert interventions, which allegedly aimed to stop the repetition of World War II scenario. The application of the historical reasoning in the US-Latin American relations since the 1950s contributed to the creation of the Munich syndrome in US foreign policy. This perception of threats led the American leaders to believe that the political changes in Latin America represented a serious challenge to the national security of the US. This study examines the role of Munich analogy and its relevance in justifying the policies of regime change in four Latin American countries namely Chile the Dominican Republic Grenada and Nicaragua. Due to the historical analogy contribution the indigenous political conflicts within these states were incorporated into dynamic Latin American Cold War. Based on the new available official documents and declassified files this paper offers a new perspective on the significant period of the 20th century international relations, whose consequences can be traced even in the contemporary US politics.

Dans le cadre général d’une sémiotique des cultures, cette recherche a utilisé les propositions épistémologiques et méthodo-logiques de la sémantique interprétative pour renouveler l’analyse de textes irlandais médiévaux. Le but était d’apporter une contribution à une problématique générale intéressant les sciences du langage, mais aussi les sciences historiques : comment fonder la pertinence scientifique d’une interprétation de textes et signes anciens appartenant à une culture différente ? Pour cela il a été choisi de viser les faits sémantiques qui interviennent dans les processus de transfert de sens que la tradition rhétorique nomme comparaison, métaphore ou symbole. L’approche méthodologique a nécessité l’édition d’un corpus interlinéaire offrant un accès direct aux données de l’Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language. L’étude du lexique a confronté les possibilités définitoires aux afférences contextuelles observées par un relevé systématique des isotopies ciblées.Sur le plan sémantique, l’analyse des processus différentiels qui structurent les molécules sémiques a permis d’observer la circulation des sèmes marquant les analogies intentionnelles. Sur le plan diachronique, la description du système de valeur, pris dans sa globalité, fonde la pertinence de l’interprétation en ce qu’il intègre les normes sociales du contexte historique du signe. Sur le plan des études celtiques, l’analyse des correspondances entre les domaines de l’orientation spatiale, des cycles temporels et des fonctions sociales donne un nouvel accès à la complexité du système de pensée de cette culture. Les formes sémantiques décrites fournissent de nouveaux modèles pour des comparaisons. Sur cette base, les expressions de l’association arbre-savoir ont été décrites pour apporter une solution aux problèmes de l’étymologie de la lexie druid- et proposer le dépassement des approches lexicales monographiques par l’approche intertextuelle. / Within the general framework of a semiotic of cultures, this research has used the epistemological and methodological propositions of the interpretative semantic to renew the analysis of the medieval Irish texts. The aim was to make a contribution to a general question concerning the language sciences but also the historical sciences : How to set up the scientific relevance of a text interpretation and ancient signs that belongs to a different culture ? With this mind, it has been decided to aim at semantic facts which intervene in the transfer process of meaning that the rhetoric tradition name comparison, metaphor or symbol. The methodological approach has required the edition of an interlinear corpus giving a direct access to the data of the Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language. The study of the lexis has compared the defining possibilities to the contextual afferences has been observed by a systematic survey of targeted isotopies.On the semantic level, the analysis of the differential processes that structures the semic molecules has enabled the possibility to observe the semes circulation that highlight the intentional analogies. On the diachronic approach, the description of the value system taken as a whole, set up the interpretation’s relevance because it’s integrating the social standards of the sign’s historical background. With regard to the Celtic studies, the analysis of correspondence between the fields of spatial orientation, the time cycle and the social functions gives a new access to the complexity of this culture’s system of thought. The described semantic patterns provide new models for comparisons. On this basis, the expressions of association tree-knowledge has been described to find a solution to etymological problems of the lexis druid- and suggest to go beyond the monographic lexical approaches by the intertextual approach.

The thesis departs from the undetermined relation between René Daumal's unfinished novel Mount Analogue: A Novel of Symbolically Authentic Non-Euclidean Adventures in Mountain Climbing (1952) and its alleged adaptation, Alejandro Jodorowsky's 1973 film The Holy Mountain. The thesis discusses the two works from the perspective of Lacanian psychoanalysis, specifically, through the lens of the so-called Borromean knot that represents the three functions of the psyche: the Real, the Symbolic, and the Imaginary. The structure of the thesis supposes the following: the first chapter concentrates on the relevant terminology and aims to define such concepts as language and ideology for the purposes of the present thesis; the second chapter discusses the method of analysis that will be applied to Daumal's Mount Analogue and Jodorowsky's The Holy Mountain, namely, it explores the possibilities of psychoanalysis and considers the 'unscientific' approach of pataphysics that favours the particular over the general; through the concept of the sinthome the aspect of action is emphasized in the analysis of Mount Analogue, while the fourth chapter analyses The Holy Mountain from the perspective of the 'hypertrophied' Symbolic and simultaneously stresses the importance of the element of balance in the film; the final chapter,...

Cet ouvrage a comme objectif de définir la nature et le rôle des disciplines mathématiques (ou dianoia) dans le système épistémologique élaboré au sein de la République de Platon. Décrite au livre VI (509d-511e), l’analogie de la ligne complexifie l’épistémologie dualiste classique, opposant opinion et science, vers une épistémologie à quatre paliers. Un espace intermédiaire entre les deux grands pôles est maintenant dégagé pour accueillir les disciplines mathématiques. Ainsi, malgré leur appartenance à la grande catégorie de l’intelligible, Platon refuse de leur accorder le statut de science, qu’il réserve à la noêsis. Le problème de l’objet de la dianoia repose sur le caractère hybride de cette section de la ligne. Le débat se divise entre deux grandes lectures : la première avance l’existence d’un objet propre aux disciplines mathématiques alors que l’autre n’admet qu’un seul objet pour l’intelligible, partagé par la dianoia et la noêsis. Notre travail débutera avec l’examen de ces des deux grands types d’interprétation. Nous tâcherons ensuite de montrer en quoi il existe une rupture épistémologique forte entre la dianoia et la noêsis, un écart qui semble suggérer la présence de deux objets distincts. Ce raisonnement est fondé sur une analyse du livre VII, soit, spécifiquement, l’exposé sur la fonction propédeutique de la mathématique dans l’éducation des dirigeants. Enfin, quant à la nature de cet objet, c’est l’hypothèse, interprétée comme une espèce d’opinion vraie, qui constitue selon nous le candidat le plus crédible à ce rôle. / This work aims to define the nature and role of mathematical disciplines (dianoia) in the epistemological system elaborated in the Republic. Described in book VI (509d-511e), the image of the divided line complexifies the classical dualistic epistemology, opposing opinion and science, thereby created an epistemological model operating on four levels: an intermediate space is opened between the two extremes to make room for mathematical disciplines. Thereby, and despite their belonging to the great category of the intelligible, Plato refuses to grant them the status of science, which he reserves for noêsis. The problem with dianoias’ object lies with its hybrid character. The literature is divided between two main interpretations: the first argues for the existence of an object proper to mathematical disciplines, while the other defends that there is only one intelligible object, split between dianoia and noêsis. The literature is divided between two main interpretations: the first argues for the existence of an object proper to mathematical disciplines, while the other defends that there is only one intelligible object, share between dianoia and noesis. Our work will begin with an examination of these two main interpretations. We will then attempt to demonstrate that there is a strong epistemological discontinuity between noêsis and dianoia, a gap which suggest the presence of two distinct objects. This argument is based on a close reading of book VII, specifically on the discussion of the propaedeutic function of mathematics in the education of leaders. Finally, regarding the nature of this object, it is the hypothesis, interpreted as a true opinion, that constitutes the most likely candidate for this role.

Following an introduction to the context of Human-Level Artificial Intelligence (HLAI) and (computational) analogy research, a formal analysis assessing and qualifying the suitability of the Heuristic-Driven Theory Projection (HDTP) analogy-making framework for HLAI purposes is presented. An account of the application of HDTP (and analogy-based approaches in general) to the study and computational modeling of conceptual blending is outlined, before a proposal and initial proofs of concept for the application of computational analogy engines to modeling and analysis questions in education studies, teaching research, and the learning sciences are described. Subsequently, the focus is changed from analogy-related aspects in learning and concept generation to rationality as another HLAI-relevant cognitive capacity. After outlining the relation between AI and rationality research, a new conceptual proposal for understanding and modeling rationality in a more human-adequate way is presented, together with a more specific analogy-centered account and an architectural sketch for the (re)implementation of certain aspects of rationality using HDTP. The methods and formal framework used for the initial analysis of HDTP are then applied for proposing general guiding principles for models and approaches in HLAI, together with a proposal for a formal characterization grounding the notion of heuristics as used in cognitive and HLAI systems as additional application example. Finally, work is reported trying to clarify the scientific status of HLAI and participating in the debate about (in)adequate means for assessing the progress of a computational system towards reaching (human-level) intelligence. Two main objectives are achieved: Using analogy as starting point, examples are given as inductive evidence for how a cognitively-inspired approach to questions in HLAI can be fruitful by and within itself. Secondly, several advantages of this approach also with respect to overcoming certain intrinsic problems currently characterizing HLAI research in its entirety are exposed. Concerning individual outcomes, an analogy-based proposal for theory blending as special form of conceptual blending is exemplified; the usefulness of computational analogy frameworks for understanding learning and education is shown and a corresponding research program is suggested; a subject-centered notion of rationality and a sketch for how the resulting theory could computationally be modeled using an analogy framework is discussed; computational complexity and approximability considerations are introduced as guiding principles for work in HLAI; and the scientific status of HLAI, as well as two possible tests for assessing progress in HLAI, are addressed.

L’objet de ce travail est de rendre compte d’une triple invention. La première, au sens de « trouver », tient à la découverte fortuite des œuvres d’Henry Darger (1892-1973). La deuxième, qui est le fait de la réception institutionnelle, consiste à faire de l’écrivain et illustrateur un artiste d’Art Brut, créateur pour ainsi dire par accident. Qui plus est, cette approche privilégie sa production picturale, alors qu’il se considérait lui-même avant tout comme romancier. Ces deux inventions seront avant tout l’occasion d’exposer l’objet central de cette étude : l’invention de l’artiste par lui-même, rétabli en écrivain. Dans ses écrits, autobiographiques et fictionnels, Darger déploie une inquiétude volontaire qui lui permet de remettre en cause le primat de l’identité personnelle, en multipliant les Moi potentiels. L’état d’inquiétude interroge la relation au monde, bouleverse les rapports conventionnels entre réel et vrai, vrai et faux, et met au jour l’irréel, ce pan de la réalité que la fiction rend accessible. Enfin, Darger déploie une pratique littéraire en rapports à des œuvres préexistantes, véritable écriture-lectrice qui repose toutefois sur une mythologie personnelle, un ensemble de thèmes structuré en architecture de symboles. / The purpose of this study is to account for a triple invention. The first resultsfrom the incidental finding of Henry Darger’s works (1892-1973). The secondone, which is the result of institutional reception, consists in turning both writerand illustrator into an Outsider Artist, creator by accident, so to speak.Moreover, this approach favour his pictorial work, whereas he consideredhimself to be a novelist above all. These two inventions will give us theopportunity to present the main issue of this study : the artist’ self-creation,reclaiming the status of writer. In his writings, be they autobiographical or fiction, Darger displays a purposeful anxiety enabling him to question theprimacy of personal identity, hence multiplying potential selves. This purposefulanxiety questions his relation to the world and upsets the traditional structuresbetween what is real and what is true, right and wrong. It also unveils the unreal,this aspect of reality made available by fiction. Finally, Darger displays aliterally craft associated with pre-existing works, a fully-fledged writing-in-thereadingexperience still based upon a personal mythology: a set of themeswoven into an architecture of symbols.

The doctoral thesis deals with the analysis of the dapped-end beam detail, in terms of theoretical modelling and practical design using the strut-and-tie method as well as experimental verification of the bearing capacity and the behaviour of the detail under load by means of load tests and subsequent numerical nonlinear analysis. A summary of known structural and static designs explored in the literature has been presented. In addition, the strut-and-tie method has been introduced as an appropriate tool for a consistent design of the detail, element or the whole structure. The theoretical basis for the method has been described, including the general methodology for design and analysis. Practical problems have been discussed, specifically those resulting from the known design of the analysed detail based on the German approach; its modification has been processed theoretically taking into account the practical mode of reinforcement. An experiment has been suggested with a view to verify the presented calculation procedure and the influence of the used ratio of vertical to inclined hanger reinforcement on the bearing capacity and behaviour of the detail under load. The experiment also included accompanying material tests of the concrete which were used along with the inspection certificates issued for the used reinforcement as a basis for the nonlinear finite element analysis. Based on the results, the presented design procedure can be considered safe. These results also imply that the chosen ratio of vertical and inclined hanger reinforcements has no influence on the ultimate bearing capacity within practical reinforcement, as it only influences the formation, development and final width of cracks. With the growing ratio of the inclined hanger reinforcement, the width and density of cracks decreases at all stages of loading. Owing to their limitations, primarily during the service state, it is recommended that the minimal inclined reinforcement should be used.

Ces travaux sont consacrés à l'étude de la déformation d'interfaces liquides planes par la pression de radiation acoustique. Deux configurations expérimentales sont étudiées, selon que la vitesse du son du liquide d'où vient l'onde est plus grande ou plus petite que la vitesse du son de la seconde phase liquide. Ces travaux de recherche fondamentale ont pour objectif de comprendre les différentes formes complexes observées : jets, déformations en forme de doigts, tétines. Cela est rendu possible par le développement d'un modèle de couplage entre la propagation de l'onde et la déformation de l'interface. Ce modèle est notamment utile pour la compréhension et la caractérisation de colonnes liquides à la fois créées et stabilisées par la pression de radiation acoustique. Pour chacune des études, un parallèle est fait entre les déformations d'interfaces par un faisceau ultrasonore focalisé et par un faisceau laser continu. / Acoustic radiation pressure allows us to remotely create and manipulate liquid objets. Using a highly focused transducer, which emitted field is studied, we can create large aspect ratio and complex liquid interface deformations. This fundamental research aims at understanding these various objects. For this purpose, we developed a theoretical model taking into account the coupling between the wave propagation and the deformation of the interface. This model allows us to predict the characteristics of liquid columns both formed and stabilized by the acoustic radiation pressure. A study of acoustic liquid jets is performed as well. Moreover, we characterize finger-shaped andpacifier-shaped objects as piles of acoustic waveguides. The acoustic wave creates a liquidobject self-adapted to its propagation. For each of these studies, we compare deformationsobtained via the acoustic radiation pressure and the electromagnetic radiation pressurefrom a continuous laser beam.

Selon Kant, il faut rendre la Critique plus compréhensible. Cela revient à doter son exposition d’un plus haut degré de lucidité (Helligkeit), c’est-à-dire combiner la clarté discursive avec une clarté intuitive. Pour ce faire, nous représentons les grandes lignes de la structure discursive de la Critique sous la forme d’un modèle emprunté à la description de la formation du caractère moral esquissé dans l’Anthropologie. Ainsi, la raison est d’abord régie par son « instinct de connaissance » (Wißbegierde, Erkenntnistrieb), qui la plonge dans un état de vacillement (Schwankender Zustand). Ensuite, elle réagit par du dégoût (Überdruß), ce rejet ouvrant la voie à l’introspection (Selbsterkenntnis) proprement critique. La raison entreprend alors une révolution de son mode de pensée spéculatif (Revolution der Denkungsart) consistant à passer, sous l’égide du devoir moral (Pflicht), de la malhonnêteté à l’honnêteté, envers soi-même ainsi qu’envers autrui. Il s’agit, en un mot, d’une « renaissance » (Wiedergeburt) morale. / According to Kant, the Critique must be made more comprehensible. This entails increasing the degree of lucidity (Helligkeit) of the exposition, i.e., by combining discursive clarity with intuitive clarity. In order to accomplish this task, the lines of force of the discursive structure of the Critique are represented here in the form of a model borrowed from Kant’s description of the formation of moral character in the Anthropology. Thus, reason is at first ruled by its “knowledge-instinct” (Wißbegierde, Erkenntnistrieb), which, however, plunges it into a state of vacillation (Schwankender Zustand). Reason eventually reacts with disgust (Überdruß), and this rejection opens the way to a properly critical introspection (Selbsterkenntnis). Finally, reason undergoes a revolution of its speculative mode of thinking (Revolution der Denkungsart), i.e., a transition, under the aegis of moral duty (Pflicht), from dishonesty to honesty, towards itself and towards others: in a word, a moral “rebirth” (Wiedergeburt).

Récemment, nous avons pu observer un intérêt grandissant pour l'application de l'analogie formelle à l'analyse morphologique. L'intérêt premier de ce concept repose sur ses parallèles avec le processus mental impliqué dans la création de nouveaux termes basée sur les relations morphologiques préexistantes de la langue. Toutefois, l'utilisation de ce concept reste tout de même marginale due notamment à son coût de calcul élevé.Dans ce document, nous présenterons le système à base de graphe Moranapho fondé sur l'analogie formelle. Nous démontrerons par notre participation au Morpho Challenge 2009 (Kurimo:10) et nos expériences subséquentes, que la qualité des analyses obtenues par ce système rivalise avec l'état de l'art. Nous analyserons aussi l'influence de certaines de ses composantes sur la qualité des analyses morphologiques produites. Nous appuierons les conclusions tirées de nos analyses sur des théories bien établies dans le domaine de la linguistique. Ceci nous permet donc de fournir certaines prédictions sur les succès et les échecs de notre système, lorsqu'appliqué à d'autres langues que celles testées au cours de nos expériences. / Recently, we have witnessed a growing interest in applying the concept of formal analogy to unsupervised morphology acquisition. The attractiveness of this concept lies in its parallels with the mental process involved in the creation of new words based on morphological relations existing in the language. However, the use of formal analogy remain marginal partly due to their high computational cost. In this document, we present Moranapho, a graph-based system founded on the concept of formal analogy. Our participation in the 2009 Morpho Challenge (Kurimo:10) and our subsequent experiments demonstrate that the performance of Moranapho are favorably comparable to the state-of-the-art. We studied the influence of some of its components on the quality of the morphological analysis produced as well. Finally, we will discuss our findings based on well-established theories in the field of linguistics. This allows us to provide some predictions on the successes and failures of our system when applied to languages other than those tested in our experiments.