The KPD was born out of the rich theoretical traditions of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD). As disillusioned Lassalleans, Wilhelm Leibknecht and August Bebel chose Marxism as their theoretical guide to a Socialist outcome. As the political and economic climate in Germany changed the party grew and made parliamentary gains the nature of the SPD changed, much to the frustration of Rosa Luxemburg and the Left of the SPD. The final straw was, of course, the SPD’s voting for war credits in 1914. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how and why the political theory of German Marxism changed as it passed through its various phases, essentially how it progressed from a theory of revolution to becoming synonymous with the dogma and repression of Social Fascism. This thesis will argue that the theoreticians and leaders of the German communist movement were overwhelmed and unable to develop theory that reflected their unique circumstances. It was their own internal weakness and inability to lead that allowed the movement to be overtaken by the Bolsheviks. Lenin’s policy of Uniformity served to weaken the KPD leadership within the part. Each Comitern policy that flowed left the part weaker and further subordinated to the Soviet part. While not a single Comintern policy can be blamed for the KPD’s Social Fascist outcome, each played a role in weakening the German movement.

In the 21st century, this planet has experienced an explosion of social movements and protests. From the Arab Spring to the Occupy Movement, global protests had become such a prominent feature of the first decade of the new millennium that Time Magazine named the protester as its person of the year in 2011. This project examines the relationship between social theory and political practice in an attempt to gain further insight into contemporary social movements. In particular, it examines the theoretical assumptions underlying the Occupy Movement in the United States and compares these assumptions with 19th century individual and collective anarchist theories, as well as with contemporary theories that have taken the postmodern turn.

Abstract: This is a study of the influence of anarchism and syndicalism (a variant of anarchism) on the left and labour movements in South Africa between the 1890s and the 1920s, but with a focus on the first two decades of the twentieth century. Internationally, this was a period of widespread working class unrest and radicalism, and the apogee, the “glorious period”, of anarchist and syndicalist influence from the 1890s to the 1920s. The rising influence of anarchism and syndicalism was reflected in South Africa, where it widely influenced the left, as well as significant sections of the local labour movement, as well as layers of the nationalist movements. This influence also spilled into neighbouring countries, fostering a movement that was multi-racial in composition, as well as internationalist and interracial in outlook. These developments are today almost entirely forgotten, and have been largely excised from the literature: this thesis is, above all, a work of recovering the history of a significant tradition, a history that has significant implications for understanding the history of left and labour movements in South Africa and southern Africa.

[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta um panorama da epistemologia contemporânea e mostra as idéias do filósofo Karl Paul Feyerabend em relação ao progresso da ciência. O nosso texto procura responder, principalmente, à seguinte questão: como um filósofo que vê a ciência como um empreendimento anárquico e sem fundamento pensa sobre o progresso científico? Para isso fazemos uma reconstrução histórica do ambiente cultural com o qual Feyerabend esteve envolvido e da sua carreira filosófica. Esta reconstrução procura mostrar as condições que produziram o Círculo de Viena que, por sua vez, influenciou muitos pensadores preocupados com as questões da ciência e seu progresso, como Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos e Laudan. Estes filósofos terão suas epistemologias brevemente analisadas, pois foram importantes na formação do pensamento feyerabendiano. Concluímos com uma defesa do anarquismo epistemológico, pois consideramos que a questão do progresso da ciência em Feyerabend deve ser entendida a partir das bases desta doutrina. / [en] This dissertation gives a panorama of contemporary epistemology and present philosopher Karl Paul Feyerabend s ideas on the progress of science. We attempt to address mainly the following topic: what are the thoughts of a philosopher on scientific progress who sees science as an enterprise of anarchy and without a foundation? In our attempt at providing an answer, we make a historical reconstruction of the cultural atmosphere in which Feyerabend was involved and of his philosophical career. This reconstruction shows the conditions that produced the Vienna Circle, which influenced many thinkers at the time who were concerned with the subjects of science and progress, like Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos and Laudan. These philosophers will have their epistemologies briefly analyzed since they were important in the formation of Feyerabendian thought. We conclude with a defense of epistemological anarchism as we contend that the subject of science s progress in Feyerabend should be understood from the bases of this doctrine.

A presente pesquisa de mestrado teve como objetivo analisar a prática da autogestão na perspectiva libertária e a influência do anarquismo através da análise conceitual da geografia. Para tanto, utilizamos como ponto de apoio para esta análise a Comunidade Autônoma Utopia e Luta, prédio situado no centro de Porto Alegre/RS que recebe este nome por ter sido fruto de uma ocupação no ano de 2005. A escolha por este objetivo se deu a partir da hipótese que territórios se constroem nas mais diversas escalas, em espaços e tempos diferentes, podendo trilhar caminhos de resistência efetiva às formas autoritárias de organização, sendo estas o Estado, os partidos políticos, organizações não governamentais e/ou qualquer forma hierárquica de organização. Para construir a pesquisa, foi necessário elaborar uma ampla revisão teórica do anarquismo, da autogestão e de suas variantes, expostos no primeiro capítulo. Posteriormente, optou-se por abordar a Comunidade Autônoma Utopia e Luta onde foram realizadas entrevistas com os moradores e trabalhos de campo . Seguindo a lógica da observação participante, a inserção de campo se pautou nas diversas atividades propostas pela própria Comunidade. Buscou-se nas entrevistas identificar a percepção dos moradores em relação ao prédio onde moram, assim como o sentimento de pertencimento e a consciência de habitar em uma moradia fruto de ocupação e que carrega consigo as insígnias da autonomia, da autogestão, da auto-organização e da reorganização urbana. No terceiro capítulo buscamos investigar através de uma ampla revisão bibliográfica algumas concepções de território, territorialidade, autonomia e poder. Concluímos que as concepções de território, territorialidade, autonomia e poder estão fortemente impressas na Comunidade Autônoma Utopia e Luta através de sua prática de autogestão. / This research aimed to evaluate the practice of self-management in the libertarian perspective and the influence of anarchism through the analysis of the conceptual geography. In this sense, we analyzed the Autonomous Community Utopia and Luta (Utopia and Struggle), located in the city center of Porto Alegre / RS, whose name comes from an occupation in 2005. The choice of this aim lies on the hypotheses of territories that are built on different scales of space and time. Thus, it is possible to trace paths of effective resistance to authoritarian forms of organization, (e.g. State, Political Parties, Nongovernmental organizations and / or any form of hierarchical organization). To conduct this research, it was necessary to elaborate an extensive review of theoretical anarchism, self-management and its variants, exposed in the first chapter. Later, the Autonomous Community Utopia e Luta was taken into account, where interviews were made with residents and field work developed. Following the logic of the participatory observation, our entrance in the analyzed group respected the activities the Community itself proposed. Through the Interviews, our effort was to identify the perception of the residents concerning the building where they live in, as well as, the feeling of belongingness and the awareness of living in an occupation, which carries the insignias of: autonomy, self-management, self-organization and urban reorganization. In the third chapter, we tried to investigate through an extensive literature review some notions of territory, territoriality, autonomy and power. We conclude that the concepts of territory, territoriality, autonomy and power are strongly embedded in the Autonomous Community Utopia e Luta through its practice of self-management.

A presente dissertação busca compreender a trajetória de Jaime Cubero (militante anarquista brasileiro que viveu entre os anos de 1926 e 1998) cuja existência constituiu um paradigma de práticas libertárias para a educação e para a vida. Tal trajetória é esclarecedora das próprias concepções anarquistas no Brasil e de que maneira estas são inseparáveis das lutas anarquistas internacionais. Os fundamentos metodológicos são provenientes das técnicas da História Oral Hibrida e das pesquisas das Ciências Sociais a partir de 1950, com registros gravados. Para sua realização foram coletados depoimentos de militantes e familiares de Jaime Cubero, depoimentos publicados anteriormente sobre ele, por meio dos quais é revelada sua dimensão de mestre, ou seja, de quem forma sujeitos a partir de sua própria condição tríplice: educador-narrador; educador-artesão; e educador das escolhas. Os desdobramentos de tais práticas são observados na vida e pensamento daqueles que optaram pelos princípios libertários a partir de seus locais de trabalho e de sua vida cotidiana. As lições de Jaime Cubero são também muito importantes como crítica da educação e do ensino atuais. / This presentation has as subject matter Jaime Cuberos (brazilian anarchist militant Who lived from 1926 to 1988) path, whose existance has constituted a paradigm of libertarian practices to education and life. Such trajectory is enlightening of the own brazilian anarchist conceptions and how they are inseparable from international anarchist fights. The methodological basis is originated from Hibrid Oral History techniques and from Social Sciences researchs since 1950, with recorded data. To be made, speeches from militants and Cuberos relatives were collected, early public speeches about Jaime Cubero, where his dimension as a master is revealed, in other words, the one who form individuals from his own triple condition: educator-narrator; educator-artisan; and choice educator. The outcomes of those practices are observed in the life and thoughts of those who have chosen the libertarian principles in their workplace and daily life. Cuberos lessons are also very important as a critic to current education and teaching.

A tese tem como objetivo investigar as concepções de ciência dos anarquistas e seu papel na construção de uma metodologia e prática de educação. Tomamos como referência para nosso estudo a Escuela Moderna de Barcelona (1901-1906), fundada pelo catalão Francisco Ferrer y Guardia (1859-1909), com o auxílio de diversos colaboradores. Analisamos os livros escolares da editora Publicaciones de la Escuela Moderna. Também nos dedicamos a compreender o processo de organização da Liga Internacional pela Educação Racional da Infância, que envolveu alguns dos mais renomados cientistas da época. Compreendemos a atuação educacional de Ferrer como parte de um projeto político amplo que inclui a escola, a propaganda através da imprensa, a atuação sindical e a difusão científica. Nesse processo Ferrer y Guardia mobilizou vários colaboradores. Destacamos suas relações com militantes e cientistas anarquistas, como Piotr Kropotkin, Élisée Reclus, Clemência Jacquinet, Paul Robin, Jean Grave e Charles-Ange Laisant. Verificamos as influências do pensamento anarquista nas práticas pedagógicas da Escuela Moderna e a formação de uma rede de militantes e cientistas em torno do ensino racionalista no início do século XX. As fontes de pesquisas foram publicações da época e documentos pessoais como cartas e manuscritos. A Escola Moderna tornou-se inspiração para outros projetos educativos em muitas cidades do mundo e o matemático e anarquista Charles-Ange Laisant (1841-1920) foi um dos responsáveis pela concepção e difusão do Racionalismo Pedagógico. / The thesis aims to investigate the anarchist\'s conceptions of science and their role in the construction of an educative methodology and practice. Our reference in this study is the Escuela Moderna de Barcelona (1901-1906), founded by Francisco Ferrer y Guardia (1859-1909), with aid of various collaborators. We analyze the textbooks from the publisher Publicaciones de la Escuela Moderna. We also engage to understand the process of organization of the International League for the Rational Education of Child, which involved some of the most renowned scientists of that time. We understand the Ferrer\'s educational action as a part of a broader political project that includes school, propaganda through the press, the unions activities and scientific dissemination. In this process Ferrer y Guardia mobilized various collaborators. We highlighted his relationships with scientists and activists anarchists like Piotr Kropotkin, Élisée Reclus, Clemência Jacquinet, Paul Robin, Jean Grave e Charles-Ange Laisant. We checked the influences of the anarchist thought in the pedagogical practices of the Escuela Moderna and the network formation of activists and scientists around the rationalist education in the early twentieth century. The research sources were publications of the time and personal documents such as letters and manuscripts. The Escuela Moderna has become inspiration for other educational projects in many cities of the world and the mathematician and anarchist Charles-Ange Laisant (1841-1920) was one of those responsible for the conception and dissemination of the Pedagogical Rationalism.

Esta tese busca expor e tecer ideias pedagógicas oriundas do movimento educacional racionalista libertário europeu, ocorrido entre final do século XIX e início do XX. Este movimento configurou uma rede social que colocou em questão padrões de educação, civilidade, infância, modernidade e possibilitou a concretização de experiências educacionais antagônicas à escola ordinária. Estes acontecimentos somam um rico conjunto de teorias, práticas pedagógicas e pontos de vista sobre o sentido da educação na sociedade. O foco irradiador do trabalho está na região da Catalunha/Espanha. A tese revisita a experiência da Escola Moderna de Barcelona e sua extensão via atuação política de Francisco Ferrer i Guardia e do grupo social e político internacionalista, com o qual se articulou. A base documental da pesquisa consiste em dois periódicos relacionados diretamente ao racionalismo libertário: o Boletim de la Escuela Moderna e a Revue L\'École Rénovée; produzidos no âmbito da Escola Moderna de Barcelona e da Liga Internacional da Educação Racional da Infância. Tais espaços educacionais, sociais e intelectuais foram inéditos ao se fundamentarem no processo de (r)evolução da educação, constituindo bases pedagógicas que questionaram a organização escolar e indicaram caminhos para sua ressignificação. / This thesis seeks to expose and make remarks to a few of the pedagogical ideas dating back of the rationalist European libertarian educational movement that occurred between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This movement has configured a social network that has raised the issue standards of education, civility, childhood, modernity and facilitated the execution of antagonistic educational experiences to ordinary school. These events add up to a rich set of theories, pedagogical practices and views on the meaning of education in society. The irradiator focus of the study is in the Catalonia / Spain region. This thesis revisits the experience of Modern School in Barcelona and its extension via political action of Francisco Ferrer i Guardia and internationalist political and social group, with which he articulated. The documentary evidence base for the research consists of two journals related directly to libertarian rationalism: Bulletin de la Escuela Moderna and Revue L\'École rénovée; produced under the Modern School in Barcelona and the International League of Rational Education of Children. Such educational, social and intellectual spaces were unprecedented when they were to be based on the (r) evolution of the education process, constituting pedagogical bases that placed in question the organization of the school and indicated path to overcome it.

Procurando investigar a trajetória militante do anarquista Adelino de Pinho, utilizamos como fio condutor suas experiências e reflexões acerca da educação e do sindicalismo no Brasil. A pesquisa percorre as três primeiras décadas do século XX até o ano de 1937, quando os movimentos revolucionários foram desmantelados pelo Estado Novo. Foram abordadas as relações dos anarquistas com a educação e a formação das tendências clássicas do anarquismo. Buscamos verificar como o anarquismo fincou raízes no movimento operário brasileiro e como, nos congressos da Confederação Operária Brasileira, a educação foi vinculada à luta sindical. Por fim, diminuindo a escala de investigação, nos voltamos para Adelino de Pinho, perscrutando suas posturas sobre a educação, a Revolução Russa e o sindicalismo revolucionário. / This project investigates the trajectory of anarchist militant Adelino de Pinho through his experiences and reflections on education and labor unions in Brazil. The research covers the first three decades of the twentieth century up until 1937, when the Estado Novo - an authoritarian government that overtook the democratic state for the eight following years - suppressed revolutionary and social movements. The influence of Brazilian anarchism on education and the formation of classical anarchist thought are part of this debate. Yet, the main focus is to demonstrate how anarchism influenced the Brazilian labor movement and how education was central to the agenda of the congresses promoted by the Brazilian Labor Confederation. Finally, the research hones into Adelino de Pinho and his views on education, the Russian Revolution and Syndicalism.

Through examining the common themes in the writings of five anarchist women writers, I argue their writings are representative of ideological regionalism, or the convergence of factors that give rise to a political ideology that is then expounded through the literary production of a particular time and place. I analyze the economic, sexual, and “religious” politics across fiction, non-fiction, and poetry, connecting arguments about class, individualism, feminism, and anarchism to a foundation of Midwestern cultural ideology. Ultimately, I argue that economic, political, and historical conditions promulgated an exceptionalist American anarchism rooted in settler anti-statism. <br>