近年來台灣景氣持續低迷，台灣綜合商品零售業的成長也受到不小的衝擊，在市場漸趨成熟與飽和的情況下，產業內競爭也漸趨激烈。如何在外在經濟環境欠佳，內在市場飽和下，有效提升經營效率，加強產業競爭能力，是目前台灣綜合商品零售業者最重要的課題。 　　本研究以資料包絡分析法（Data Envelopment Analysis）為基礎，並結合Metafrontier分析法，針對台灣地區2000年到2006年25家綜合商品零售業者，以客觀的投入產出資料進行廠商的經營效率分析。本研究結果顯示： 　　1.整體而言，連鎖式便利商店的經營績效平均處於相對有效率狀態，購物中心的經營績效平均處於相對無效率狀態。 　　2.廠商技術無效率的原因主要為純粹技術效率的問題。廠商的規模報酬狀態與所屬業態關聯不大，而與廠商是否屬於連鎖集團較有關聯。 　　3.比較metafrontier模型與group frontiers模型所評估的效率值，顯示各業態廠商的平均技術水準有顯著差異，連鎖式便利商店的效率水準較接近metafrontier的效率邊界。 　　4.依據Norman and Stoker（1991）的效率值強度分類方法，發現在兩模型之下，各業態廠商屬於「邊緣無效率單位」與「確實無效率單位」的比例都較大，表示經營績效有很大的改善空間。 　　5.差額分析與敏感度分析方面，百貨公司業與超級市場業在兩模型之下的結論不一致，推論應是兩者評估的廠商樣本，其衡量的技術水準不同。各廠商依循group frontiers模型所得結論改善經營績效，將可以在業態內成為相對有效率的廠商，但如果想要進一步提高效率，則必須改變廠商本身所處的業態環境所造成的技術水準限制，便可依循metafrontier模型所得結論改善經營績效，所以選用何種結論，仍須由業者依據廠商未來發展自行判斷。 / Since the recession in Taiwan economy has arrived in recent years, it has a great effect on the growth of the Taiwan retail sale of general merchandise. Because the market has been saturated, the competition has become fierce in this industry. How to improve the management efficiency and the industrial competitiveness in the present economic environment is the most important issue of the Taiwan retail sale of general merchandise. 　　This study uses inputs and outputs data of 25 DMUs of the Taiwan retail sale of general merchandise from 2000 to 2006, applying Data Envelopment Analysis with Metafrontier model to evaluate the operational efficiency of those firms. The findings of this study are as below: 　　1. On average, the chain convenience store industry shows more technically efficient than the shopping mall industry. 　　2. The main source for the firms being inefficient is pure technical inefficiency. The returns of scale of the firms are not much related to the types of business operation, but to the firms being the chain store ones or not. 　　3. Comparing meta-frontier model with group frontiers model, we find that there are significant differences in the average technical efficiency levels among the various types of business operation, and the chain convenience store industry is most close to meta-frontier. 　　4. According to the classification of the efficiency by Norman and Stoker (1991), we find a major part of the firms is marginally inefficient and distinctly inefficient. It implies there is a great room for the firms to improve their managerial performance. 　　5. The slack analysis indicates there are differences in the resource wastes between the department store industry and the supermarket industry. The differences mainly come from the technological differences between the two industries. The information generated from the group frontier model is helpful to improve the firms’ efficiency within the group. However, if the firms want to further improve their efficiency, they should rely on the information from the meta-frontier model, which sheds light on the technology gap among sub-industries.

有鑑於我國與大陸方面是否應簽訂ECFA仍有許多疑慮，本研究欲就香港與大陸所簽訂之CEPA協定對香港銀行業經營效率有何影響加以探討，以便對台灣未來可能簽訂ECFA時提供台灣銀行業相關參考及對策。 本研究針對2000年至2007年的18家香港地區銀行以及30家台灣地區銀行，採用資料包絡分析(DEA)計算業者之經營效率，最後控制銀行業者本身之財務特性及總體經濟環境因素，應用Tobit迴歸比較分析實施CEPA對香港銀行業之影響及台灣與香港業者之差異。 研究結果顯示港銀行業之經營效率八年間均較台灣銀行業為佳，此外CEPA協定之採用整體而言對台灣以及香港銀行業均無顯著影響，雖然協定採用後之第三、四兩年，香港銀行業之效率顯著高於實施後之前兩年與台灣銀行業者，亦即CEPA之效益要到協議三及四之後才顯現出來。因此可知CEPA簽訂後，效益不會立即顯現，須有更多的開放例如CEPA三及四對營業額及資本額的放寬才有可能顯現直接之效益。此點應可作為台灣未來與大陸談判時應考慮之因素。 / Since Taiwan still disputes whether to sign Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, (ECFA) with mainland China or not, this research tries to analyze the efficient change of Hong Kong banking industry before and after singing Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with mainland China. And hope to gain some understandings about the effect of singing CEPA, so that to provide some strategic references for singing EFCA in the future. The research data draw from 2000 to 2007 of the 18 regional banks from Hong Kong and 30 regional banks from Taiwan. The research applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the operating efficiency of the banks. After controlling banks’ financial characteristics and macro economics variables, the Tobit regression denotes the following suggestions. The efficient of Hong Kong banking industry showed a better efficiency than Taiwan banking industry. After signing CEPA for two years, Hong Kong banking industry finally revealed a significant improvement than first two years as well as Taiwan’s banking industry. The results suggest that signing CEPA does not immediately increase the efficiency of the industry; the agreement might need fewer restrictions, such as fewer amounts of sales restriction and less capital restriction in CPEA III and IV, in order to boost the performance of the industry. The results should provide a good strategic consideration about the future EFCA talk for Taiwan.

Using data envelopment analysis with principal components, we calculate an adoption-intensity index for herbicide-resistance best management practices (BMPs). Empirical results for over 1,100 farmers in twenty-two U.S. states suggest that many farmers could improve their herbicide resistance BMP adoption. Two-limit truncated regression results show that higher yields and a greater proportion of acres planted with Roundup Ready (R) seeds motivate weed BMP adoption. While soybean and corn farmers have lower adoption intensity than cotton farmers, farmer educational attainment and greater concern for herbicide effectiveness and for human and environmental safety are found to help increase the adoption of weed BMPs.

In recent years much attention has gone to school efficiency, as determined by assessing student achievement relative to expenditures at the school district level. The present study built on prior work in school efficiency with a focus on the school campus level instead of the district level. Included in the study were 28 elementary and middle school campuses in a selected school district in Texas. The approach taken in the investigation was data envelopment analysis (DEA), which provided scores for efficiency and was intended to provide clarity on efficiency research at the campus level. Past studies using the DEA model have involved business and private institutions, but not public schools. The DEA model calculated and assigned efficiency scores for each campuses. The two variable categories used to determine campus efficiency were student demographics and resource allocation. The total enrollment numbers included the number of White, economically disadvantaged, at-risk, and limited English proficiency students. The resource allocation variables included the total expenditures in instruction, instructional related services, instructional leadership, campus leadership, and student support services. The efficiency scores paired with student achievement scores determined campus efficiency and effectiveness. An effective and efficiency framework was used to represent the data with student achievement on the y-axis and campus efficiency scores on the x-axis. I applied Pearson product moment and regression analyses using the same variables as previous studies. The Pearson product moment assessed the correlation between student demographic variables, function code variables, and campus efficiency. The Pearson product showed a weak positive relationship between the number of White students and the number of LEP students enrolled in the district. The analysis also showed moderate and strong negative relationships between efficiency and instructional leadership and student support services. The regression analysis identified the student demographic and function code variables that affected the level of efficiency of each school campus. School leadership and student support services had strong negative relationships with campus efficiency. Instructional related services had a strong positive relationship, and total enrollment and White students had weak positive relationships with efficiency. Additionally, non-White, economically disadvantaged, and at-risk students yielded weak to moderate negative relationships. The use of the DEA model allows school districts to analyze the spending patterns, specifically at the campus level. This analysis also allows districts and campuses to make meaningful decisions related to classroom instruction, instructional leadership, campus leadership, and counseling services.

A partir do processo de liberalização do setor de energia em diversos países e, em particular, no Brasil, na década de 90, mecanismos de regulação por incentivos têm sido implementados como forma de assegurar a eficiência produtiva e alocativa do setor. Entretanto, a relação entre o desenvolvimento teórico destes mecanismos e sua aplicação não tem sido amplamente analisada. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da regulação por incentivos na eficiência e produtividade do setor de transmissão de energia elétrica no Brasil entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. O método Malmquist-DEA foi aplicado para avaliar a evolução da eficiência relativa e da produtividade das empresas transmissoras mais representativas do mercado nacional entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. Os resultados permitem constatar comportamentos diferentes entre as empresas e colocaram em evidência os efeitos da desverticalização e principalmente da privatização de algumas empresas do setor. Em termos gerais, o setor de transmissão apresentou um pequeno aumento do Índice Malmquist médio para o período analisado influenciado principalmente pelo acréscimo de produtividade verificados em 2007 e 2014 em relação aos anos anteriores. Em contrapartida a maioria das empresas (6 de um total de 8) apresentaram decréscimo na produtividade média no período analisado. Adicionalmente, os resultados corroboram o modelo teórico dos efeitos da regulação por incentivos para promover o aumento da eficiência do setor de energia brasileiro. Apesar deste aumento de eficiência em algumas empresas do setor, observa-se que ainda há muitas oportunidades de melhorias operacionais, eficiência produtiva, e apropriação de tecnologia por parte das empresas reguladas. O trabalho também apresenta implicações relevantes para os gestores de empresas e para os órgãos reguladores, com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência e a produtividade das empresas brasileiras do setor de transmissão de energia elétrica. / Since the process of liberalization of the energy sector in several countries, and particularly in Brazil in the 1990s, incentive regulation mechanisms have been implemented as a means of ensuring the productive and allocative efficiency of the sector. However, the relationship between the theoretical development of these mechanisms and their application has not been widely analyzed. In this sense, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of incentive regulation on the efficiency and productivity of the electric power transmission sector in Brazil between 2002 and 2014. The Malmquist-DEA method was applied to evaluate the evolution of relative efficiency and the productivity of the most representative transmission companies in the national market between 2002 and 2014. The results show different behaviors between companies and highlighted the effects of the de-verticalization and mainly the privatization of some companies in the sector. In general terms, the transmission sector showed a small increase in the average Malmquist Index for the period analyzed, mainly influenced by the increase in productivity in 2007 and 2014 in relation to previous years. In contrast, the majority of companies (6 out of 8) had a decrease in average productivity in the period analyzed. Additionally, the results corroborate the theoretical model of the effects of regulation by incentives to promote the increase of the efficiency of the Brazilian energy sector. Despite this increase in efficiency in some companies in the sector, it is observed that there are still many opportunities for operational improvements, productive efficiency, and the appropriation of technology by regulated companies. The work also has relevant implications for business managers and regulatory bodies, with the aim of increasing the efficiency and productivity of Brazilian companies in the electricity transmission sector.

Hoje, cada vez mais empresas empreendem uma busca desenfreada por eficiência produtiva em suas operações, sendo que essa eficiência será vital para a sobrevivência dessas empresas em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. Com isso, fez-se necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas que ajudassem na análise e avaliação da eficiência produtiva de empresas. Essas técnicas, chamadas genericamente de técnicas de análise de eficiência produtiva, são divididas em duas categorias: (a) as paramétricas (que constroem uma função) e (b) as não-paramétricas (que realizam cálculos empíricos por meio de uma fronteira de eficiência) sendo que, dentre as técnicas não-paramétricas de análise de eficiência, podemos citar a análise por envoltória de dados (DEA) e a técnica dos números índices. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais técnicas não-paramétricas de análise de eficiência produtiva existentes na literatura e descobrir suas principais dimensões, equações, modelos, perspectivas e atualizações, para depois compará-las, vendo em quais situações cada técnica responde melhor. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão dos principais conceitos ligados a essas técnicas e foi construído um sistema especialista que sistematiza o processo de escolha dentre as várias técnicas, modelos e perspectivas de análise de eficiência produtiva encontradas. Com esse trabalho espera-se obter uma compilação das principais técnicas de análise eficiência não-paramétricas existentes na literatura, que possa ajudar gestores e acadêmicos que porventura vierem a estudar ou aperfeiçoar essas técnicas. / Today, more and more companies undertak a search for unbridled productive efficiency in its operations being that, this efficiency will be vital to the survival of these companies in an increasingly competitive market. With this, made it necessary to the development of techniques that help in the analysis and evaluation of the productive efficiency of firms. These techniques, known generally how techniques of the productive efficiency\'s analysis, are divided into two categories: (a) the parametric (which build a function) and (b) the non-parametric (which perform calculations empirical through a border of efficiency) being that, among the non-parametric techniques for the analysis of efficiency, we can cite the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the technique of index numbers. The main objective of this work is to identify the main non-parametric techniques of productive efficiency´s analysis existing in the literature and discover its main dimensions, models, equations, perspectives and updates, and then compare them, seeing in which situations each technique responds better. For this, a review was undertaken of the main concepts related to these techniques and built a system specialist that systematize the process of choosing among the various techniques, models and prospective of productive efficiency\'s analysis found. With this work expect itself to get a compilation of the main techniques nonparametric of analysis of efficiency that existing in the literature, which can help managers and academics who will come to study or perhaps refine these techniques.

A avaliação do investimento público pode ser um importante instrumento para nortear a destinação de recursos e, assim, obter melhor desempenho na promoção do desenvolvimento na economia de um país. Nesse sentido, são necessárias técnicas adequadas para avaliar o desempenho das empresas, sobretudo das pequenas empresas. Com base em novos procedimentos de avaliação, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar a eficiência dos investimentos públicos direcionados pelo Programa de Inovação Tecnológica em Pequenas Empresas (PIPE), do programa da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Estado de São Paulo, nas empresas financiadas pela FAPESP e conduzida, inicialmente, por meio de uma survey com o propósito de coletar dados necessários para alimentar as técnicas Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) e Índice de Malmquist. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, formulou-se um modelo conceitual composto por oito hipóteses. A pesquisa de campo contemplou uma amostra de 148 projetos vinculados a 113 pequenas empresas. Os resultados foram apresentados em cinco etapas: etapa I - a evolução dos recursos financeiros destinado ao programa PIPE durante o período de 1997-2008; etapa II - análise qualitativa dos projetos nos parâmetros sobre tipo, tipologia, modelo inovativo, estratégia e localização; etapa III - análise univariada e bivariada das variáveis; etapa IV - análise de eficiência dos projetos e empresas sob a perspectiva das áreas de conhecimento e setores econômico; etapa V - a integração do DEA-Malmquist para as empresas fomentadas na fase III do programa PIPE. Utilizou-se dois teses estatísticos para validar as hipóteses: o teste de Mann-Whitney e o teste do Qui-Quadrado. Os resultados possibilitam identificar, para o órgão fomentador, melhorias no processo de análise dos projetos e, ainda, para novos empresários, recomendações com base nos projetos de eficiência máxima. / Evaluation of public investment can be an important tool to guide correctly the allocation of resources and thus achieve better performance in promoting development in the economy of a country. Accordingly, appropriate techniques are needed to evaluate the performance of businesses, particularly small businesses. Based on recent evaluation techniques, this research aims at analyzing the efficiency of public investment targeted by the Programa de Inovação Tecnológica em Pequenas Empresas (PIPE), a program of the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). The study was conducted in FAPESP financed companies of São Paulo and led initially by means of a survey in order to collect the data needed to feed the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Index. To achieve this purpose, formulated a conceptual model composed with eight research hypotheses. The field research was performed with a sample of 148 projects linked to 113 small businesses. The results were presented in five stages: Stage I - the evolution of financial resources for the PIPE program during the period 1997-2008, stage II - qualitative analysis of project parameters on type, typology, innovation models, strategy and location; stage III - univariate and bivariate analysis of variables; stage IV - efficiency analysis of projects and companies from the perspective of knowledge areas and economic sectors; stage V - the integration of the DEA-Malmquist encouraged companies to phase III of the PIPE program. Used two test to validate the statistical assumptions: the Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square test. The results enable us to identify, for the national developers, improvements to the analysis of projects and also for new entrepreneurs, recommendations based on projects for maximum efficiency.

A presente pesquisa está inserida na questão da infraestrutura logística para o transporte de carga a granel, especificamente a soja, a partir das principais mesorregiões produtoras dos dois maiores produtores mundiais, Brasil e Estados Unidos, até os principais portos exportadores. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a eficiência das rotas e corredores nacionais de transporte de soja, levando em consideração os três pilares da sustentabilidade (econômico, social e ambiental). O método parte de uma revisão de literatura sobre o tema, seguido de uma explanação sobre eficiência, por meio da Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), e uma contextualização do cenário de escoamento em ambos os países. Foram determinadas 72 rotas brasileiras e 30 norte-americanas com diversas composições de modais. Os dados foram analisados por correlação e análise de componentes principais (PCA) e teste de Wilcoxon. Em seguida, as variáveis foram inseridas num modelo DEA de Slack-Based Measure (SBM), que minimiza os inputs (variáveis de entrada) e maximiza outputs (variáveis de saída) simultaneamente. Foi aplicado, como técnica quantitativa de desempate, o índice composto. Os resultados mostraram que as rotas norte-americanas foram as mais eficientes. Além disso, combinações de curtos trajetos de caminhão e longas rotas de modais hidroviários ou ferroviários estavam entre as eficientes. Ou seja, os resultados se mostraram coerentes com a literatura e a expectativa de especialistas. Em resumo, o uso da DEA pode notadamente fortalecer a análise de rotas e corredores domésticos nacionais usados para o escoamento produtivo da soja a granel e pode direcionar políticas de investimento públicas e privadas. / This research is focused on the logistics infrastructure issue used for bulk transportation, specifically soybeans, from the main producing municipalities of the world biggest producers, Brazil and USA, to the key exporting ports. This dissertation aims to analyze the efficiency of routes and corridors, taking into account the three pillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental). The method starts with a literature review of corridor benchmarking, efficiency measurement through data envelopment analysis and contextualization of transportation scenarios in both countries. It was identified 72 routes in Brazil and 30 in the US, considering several combinations of transportation mode (road, inland waterway and rail). Data were analyzed through correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and Wilcoxon Test. Subsequently, variables were inserted in Slack-Based Measure (SBM) DEA model. This model simultaneously minimizes inputs and maximizes outputs. It was applied the quantitative tiebreaking method of the compound index. The results showed that the American routes among the most efficient ones. In addition, the combinations of short trips of trucks and long trips of barges or trains were also among the most efficient. In other words, the results were coherent with literature and expectation of specialists. In summary, it is clear that the use of DEA can noticeably improve the strength of the analysis of national domestic routes and corridors used in the productive chain of bulk soybeans.

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a influência das práticas administrativo-pedagógicas que podem colaborar para o desempenho dos alunos de escolas públicas municipais do ensino fundamental do estado de São Paulo no IDEB. Para isso foi realizado uma adaptação da metodologia proposta por Salgado Junior (2013) que envolveu a realização de uma pesquisa de abordagem quali-quantitativa, dividida em duas etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na aplicação da técnica DEA em 1.298 escolas públicas municipais do estado de São Paulo, cuja finalidade foi identificar as escolas eficientes em transformar investimento financeiro, nível socioeconômico e infraestrutura em desempenho no IDEB. A segunda etapa consistiu na realização de um estudo de múltiplos casos, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise documental e observação assistemática nas cinco escolas eficientes identificadas pela técnica DEA e em cinco escolas ineficientes (com escore DEA inferior a 0,80) escolhidas por possuírem características semelhantes e estarem localizadas nos mesmos municípios das escolas eficientes. A análise dos resultados, apresentados nos estudos de caso, revelou a existência de 23 práticas administrativo-pedagógicas que apresentam evidências de ter influenciado o desempenho dos alunos no IDEB. Os resultados indicam que a participação da família na vida escolar do filho, assim como a cobrança da comunidade perante o Diretor pode contribuir para melhoria no desempenho dos alunos no IDEB. A preparação específica para a Prova Brasil, a rotatividade de Professores nas disciplinas de Português e Matemática e o sistema disciplinar também foram práticas identificadas nesta pesquisa que podem contribuir para o desempenho dos alunos. Por fim, os resultados encontrados nessa pesquisa podem ser utilizados para definição sobre a destinação dos recursos financeiros por parte da SME e orientar os Diretores na gestão dos processos administrativo-pedagógico da escola, a fim de promover uma melhoria no desempenho dos alunos no IDEB / This study aimed to understand the influence of administrative and pedagogical practices that may contribute to the performance of students in public schools of primary education in the state of São Paulo in IDEB. To this was accomplished an adjustment of the methodology proposed by Salgado Junior (2013) involving the use of a qualitative and quantitative approach to research, divided into two stages. The first step was the application of DEA in 1,298 public schools of São Paulo, whose purpose was to identify the efficient schools in turning financial investment, socioeconomic status and performance in infrastructure in IDEB. The second stage consisted of a study of multiple cases, through semi-structured interviews, document analysis and systematic observation in the five efficient schools identified by the DEA and five inefficient schools (with DEA score less than 0.80) selected for having similar characteristics and located in the same municipalities of effective schools. The results presented in the case studies revealed the existence of 23 administrative and pedagogical practices that show evidence of having influenced the performance of students in IDEB. The results indicate that family participation in school life of the child, as well as pressure of the community before the principal can contribute to improvement in student performance in IDEB. The specific preparation for the Prova Brasil, the turnover of teachers in the disciplines of Portuguese and Mathematics and the disciplinary system were also identified in this research that may contribute to student performance. Finally, the results found in this research can be used for the definition on the allocation of financial resources by the SME and guide the directors in the management of administrative and pedagogical processes of school in order to promote an improvement in student performance in IDEB

[pt] No Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB), a revisão das tarifas de distribuição é realizada com base na regulação por preço-teto. Este esquema de regulação tarifária cria incentivos à redução de custos que podem ser nocivos à qualidade do fornecimento. Neste contexto, torna-se necessário um aparato regulatório complementar que fixe padrões mínimos de qualidade a serem observados pelas concessionárias, sob risco de sanções e penalidades. Entre os aspectos da qualidade do fornecimento destaca-se o da continuidade, avaliado com base nos indicadores DEC e FEC que expressam, respectivamente, a duração e a freqüência das interrupções do fornecimento de energia elétrica. Esta Tese propõe uma nova implementação da regulação por comparação de desempenho na definição dos níveis toleráveis de DEC e FEC, ou metas de continuidade, para as concessionárias de distribuição e seus conjuntos de unidades consumidoras. Na abordagem proposta combinam-se modelos de Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) em um processo com dois estágios: primeiro um modelo DEA estabelece quanto cada distribuidora deve melhorar globalmente os seus indicadores de continuidade, em seguida, por meio de um modelo para alocação de recursos baseado em DEA, comparam-se os desempenhos dos conjuntos em uma mesma distribuidora e definem-se metas locais de continuidade para cada conjunto, compatíveis com a meta global da concessionária. Apresentam-se metas globais de continuidade para as distribuidoras do SEB e metas locais para os conjuntos de unidades consumidoras das duas principais concessionárias que atendem o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. / [en] In the Brazilian electric power sector, the distribution tariff revision is made by the price cap method. Since this approach encourages the cost reduction, the quality of supply can suffer deterioration. In this context, a quality supply regulation becomes more important. The continuity of supply regulation consists in setting upper limits or standards to the number and the duration of outages and penalities for any violation of these standards. The main dimension of the electricity quality is the supply continuity, evaluated by indices SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) and SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index). This Thesis presents a new implementation of the yardstick competition in the setting of the continuity standards for the electricity distribution utilities and their groups of consumption units. The approach proposed combines two Data Envelopment Analysis models (DEA) in a framework with two stages. First, a classical DEA model performs a comparative analysis between utilities, in order to define global standards for each utility. Then, in order to set the local standards for each consumption units group, a model for resource allocation, based on DEA, performs a comparative analysis between groups in a same utility. Global standards for Brazilian distribution utilities and local standards for consumption units groups of the two main distribution utilities in the Rio de Janeiro State are presented.