<p>This study is about care managers, who process in the care of the elderly, regarding to needs, rules, regulations, guidelines and their freedom of space.</p><p> </p><p>The purpose with this study is to understand how the care managers process out of the basis from the needs of the elderly, the municipal guidelines in relation to the caremanagers freedom of space.</p><p>The study has a qualitative approach and is based on semistructured interviews with five different care managers.</p><p>To analyze our interview material we have use the street-level bureaucrat theory by Lipsky and Johansson and the theoretical idea<em> empowerment.</em></p><p> </p><p>Before we started our research about care managers we had an understanding in that the organization had an influence in the judgment of the needs of the elderly. Now we have an understanding in that the relative to the elderly is the one who wants to affect the care manager during the judgment of needs in what effort to make.</p><p> </p><p>Our study indicates that it exist insecurity regarding to the municipal guidelines, which was surprising. We thought that the guideline was something positive and a help full tool for the care managers.</p><p>The result in our research points out that the guidelines makes insecurity instead of comfort.</p><p>Our study shows that the care managers are contradictory regarding to their freedom of space. In the other hand they consider that their freedom of space is positive, but on the other hand when the municipal guidelines don´t work, they become worried and insecure.</p><p>It´s the none working municipal guidelines who gives the care managers a huge freedom of space. Which leads to that the care managers is afraid of doing misjudgments.</p><p> </p><p>Our result don´t distinguish from other studies made in this subject area.</p><p> </p>

The purpose of these studies was to determine whether lactogen-dependent Nb2-11c cells and lactogen-independent Nb2-SP cells differ with respect to morphology and autocrine growth control. To this end, the ultrastructural and surface morphology of both Nb2 cell lines was analyzed and the autocrine growth modulatory activity of Nb2 cell conditioned medium (Nb2-CM) was determined. The autocrine growth inhibitory activity of Nb2-CM was biologically characterized and attempts were made to biochemically characterize and purify the Nb2 cell autocrine growth inhibitor as well as to determine its mechanism of action. Quantitative analysis of transmission electron micrographs reveals that the ultrastructural morphology of lactogen-dependent Nb2-11c cells differs from that of lactogen-independent Nb2-SP cells. Nb2-11c cells exhibit a greater incidence and volume density of nuclear pockets, whereas the incidence and volume density of lipid droplets is greater in the Nb2-SP cell line. Surface feature of Nb2-11c and Nb2-SP cells, as examined with scanning electron microscopy, and indistinguishable. Nb2-11c and Nb2-SP cells share a common mode of growth control in the form of constitutive secretion of an autocrine inhibitory factor. Medium conditioned by either Nb2-11c or Nb2-SP cells inhibits the growth of both cell lines. Nb2-CM-mediated growth inhibition is dose-dependent and reversible. Nb2-CM does not induce quiescence or cell death, but rather, causes a delay in the progression of cells through all phases of the cell cycle. Nb2 cell proliferation stimulated by a variety of mitogens is inhibited by Nb2-CM. Nb2-CM also has the ability to inhibit the growth of normal rat splenocytes as well as MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Biochemical analysis of Nb2-CM was equivocal; however, indirect evidence suggests that the autocrine growth inhibitory factor produced by Nb2 cells may be a prostaglandin or another arachadonic acid metabolite since the growth inhibitory activity of Nb2-CM is reduced when CM is prepared in the presence of indomethacin. Interestingly, levels of prostaglandin F₁(α) are elevated in CM-treated culture supernatants. Examination of other signal transduction systems in Nb2 cells suggests that neither cAMP activation, polyamine biosynthesis, nor protein kinase C activation mediate or influence the inhibitory effect of Nb2-CM.

This purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of increased accounting regulations on financial reporting practices. Specifically, this paper provides an in-depth look into two specific regulations, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) and the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010. SOX was enacted as a result of the many accounting scandals that occurred in the late 1990s, and its main intention was to reduce the likelihood that fraud would occur by establishing additional oversight and increasing the number of regulations for public accounting firms. This paper examines the costs associated with specific provisions within SOX and the effects that they have on public companies. Ultimately, this paper finds that SOX imposes an unfair burden to smaller public companies. Secondly, this paper examines the effect that regulations in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act had on the financial services industry. The 2008 financial crisis was caused by poor regulations of large financial institutions, which failed to prevent these institutions from engaging in behavior that would later have a negative impact on many Americans. In order to prevent this type of behavior from affecting the stability of the entire U.S. economy, Congress enacted the Dodd-Frank Act. Due to the recent enactment of this act, and because most of its provisions are still being implemented, this paper focuses on identifying and presenting valid arguments for and against some of the act’s most important provisions.

Baigiamojo darbo tikslas yra pateikti vystymąsi palaikančio konteksto organizacijose formavimo sprendimus remiantis coworking'o fenomenu bei pokyčiais vykstančiais ekonominėje sistemoje. Teorinėje darbo dalyje analizuojami pokyčiai ekonominėje sistemoje, organizacijose, bei individualiame lygmenyje, lėmę naujo fenomeno – coworking‘o – atsiradimą. Gilinamasi į individo vystymosi šių pokyčių akivaizdoje problematiką. Analitinėje baigiamojo darbo dalyje buvo pasitelktas K.Lewin jėgų lauko analizės modelis, leidęs coworking‘o centre užčiuopti jėgas skatinančias ir varžančias individų bendradarbiavimą – vystymosi katalizatorių. Projektinėje darbo dalyje pateikiami samprotavimai apie neišnaudotą individų potencialą, kuris yra suvaržytas išorinių reguliavimų. Išorinių reguliavimų mažinimas įvardijamas kaip vystymo suponavimo šaltinis ir siūlomas laikyti siekiamybe sociokultūrinėse sistemose. / The main aim of this master thesis is to give ground to coworking phenomenon as a suitable place for individual development and to give advice to organizations that are keen to correspond to today’s tendencies. The work consists of three parts: The theoretical part deals with topic of ongoing changes in economic system as well in organizations and in individual level, in order to gain understanding what has caused the appearing of the new phenomenon - coworking. Furthermore, author is reasoning about individual development issues in a presence of changes. The analytical part of the final work puts in practice K.Lewins’ forcefield analysis tool in order to obtain driving and restraining forces influencing cooperation level at the coworking center. In the designed part of work author is reasoning about unused individual potential, which is limited by extrinsic regulations. Reduction of the extrinsic regulations is regarded to be source of individual development.

Risks are present in every aspect of business. As one of the biggest industries worldwide, the construction industry is plagued with risks. Being such a large industry, there are hundreds of contracts signed every day. These contracts range from new construction, refurbishment to maintenance. Some projects are simple and worth few thousands of dollars where others are complex and may cost hundreds of millions. Irrespective of how simple or complex the project is, all projects are exposed to risk and can go wrong (Edwards and Bowen, 2005). Construction is governed by complicated contracts and involves complex relationships in several tiers (Abdou, 1996). According to Sawczuk (1996) as soon as the employer and the contractor have signed a contract they have taken on board risks. Their awareness of the risk and the steps to be taken to manage their share of the risk, will determine the likelihood of problems occurring. Construction projects have an abundance of risk, contractors cope with it and owners pay for it. The construction industry is subject to more risk than any other industries. Taking a project from initial investment appraisal to completion and into use is a complex and time-consuming design and construction process. It requires a multitude of people with different skills and a great deal of effort to co-ordinate a wide ranges of disparate, yet interrelated, activities. Inevitably, this complex process is compounded by many unexpected events that may cause loss to the client and other involved parties (Shen, 1999; Flanagan and Norman, 1993). According to Carter et al. (1997) the construction industry is facing a more challenging environment than any time in the past. Client expectations have grown higher and they call for better quality and service. Smith (1998) highlighted that for years the South African building industry had a very poor reputation in managing construction risks. These risks could be prevented or reduced if management takes action at early stages ofthe project life cycle. In order to overcome these limitations and improve the image of the South African construction industry, this research aims to develop an innovative framework to enable construction contractors to identify, quantify and classify the risks associated with the Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) Principal Building Agreement (PBA). This will help making decisions on informed bases. In addition, it will enable contractors develop particular course of actions to mitigate the effects ofthese risks. The research methodology designed to achieve this aim consisted of literature review, questionnaire and interview. Firstly, the literature review was used to review risk management in construction, construction contracts, Risks are present in every aspect of business. As one of the biggest industries worldwide, the construction industry is plagued with risks. Being such a large industry, there are hundreds of contracts signed every day. These contracts range from new construction, refurbishment to maintenance. Some projects are simple and worth few thousands of dollars where others are complex and may cost hundreds of millions. Irrespective of how simple or complex the project is, all projects are exposed to risk and can go wrong (Edwards and Bowen, 2005). Construction is governed by complicated contracts and involves complex relationships in several tiers (Abdou, 1996). According to Sawczuk (1996) as soon as the employer and the contractor have signed a contract they have taken on board risks. Their awareness of the risk and the steps to be taken to manage their share of the risk, will determine the likelihood of problems occurring. Construction projects have an abundance of risk, contractors cope with it and owners pay for it. The construction industry is subject to more risk than any other industries. Taking a project from initial investment appraisal to completion and into use is a complex and time-consuming design and construction process. It requires a multitude of people with different skills and a great deal of effort to co-ordinate a wide ranges of disparate, yet interrelated, activities. Inevitably, this complex process is compounded by many unexpected events that may cause loss to the client and other involved parties (Shen, 1999; Flanagan and Norman, 1993). According to Carter et al. (1997) the construction industry is facing a more challenging environment than any time in the past. Client expectations have grown higher and they call for better quality and service. Smith (1998) highlighted that for years the South African building industry had a very poor reputation in managing construction risks. These risks could be prevented or reduced if management takes action at early stages ofthe project life cycle. In order to overcome these limitations and improve the image of the South African construction industry, this research aims to develop an innovative framework to enable construction contractors to identify, quantify and classify the risks associated with the Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) Principal Building Agreement (PBA). This will help making decisions on informed bases. In addition, it will enable contractors develop particular course of actions to mitigate the effects ofthese risks. The research methodology designed to achieve this aim consisted of literature review, questionnaire and interview. Firstly, the literature review was used to review risk management in construction, construction contracts, / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

E-waste is an emerging issue driven by the rapidly increasing quantities, the hazards involved and the valuable materials in it. Due to a lack of environmentally sound technologies or equipment and the imperfect e-waste management system, the poor quality e-waste recycling and disposal methods commonly practiced in developing countries now have serious and hazardous effects on the environment and the workers'/residents' health. Additionally, industrialized countries are exporting increasing quantities of e-waste to developing countries, complicating the situation finther. The environmental and health issues caused by e-waste in developing countries have resulted in the search for solutions to address this problem before it becomes worse. The main purpose of this research is to find how legislation and regulations be used to improve management of e-waste in developing countries especially studying a case in China on e-waste management, which is a very helpful example to other developing countries which are also facing the same e-waste'issue. A case study methodology was used in this research. To collect data, semi-structured interviews with officers or experts from key relevant government departments/institutions involved in e-waste management/regulation, from electronic appliance producers, from customers at different levels of the value chain, as well as direct and non-participant observations were carried out in six cities of China. For another perspective, the review of relevant departmental documents/publications was also carried out to multiply the source of data. In this case study the analysis relies largely on qualitative data and interpretive methods, applied to what was found in interviews/observations and what is written down in documents/ literatures. The research found that lack of systernatic and enforceable law and regulations has become the most serious obstacle in the e-waste management system and limited the effective control of e-waste in developing countries. Developing subsidiary regulations and standards could support the enforcement of the main national law and regulations on e-waste management and it could farther urge the development of local regulations to improve the enforceýbility of the national law and regulations. Identifying the principal administrative department and coordinating the cooperation of various departments could avoid the duplication of administrative functions among government departments. It is important to construct monitoring systems to supervise the enforcement of the regulations and construct the standards and registration system to qualify the e-waste recycling and disposal enterprises, the secondhand market of electronic products and the regenerative resources market of reusable materials in ewaste. The economic differences made it possible to formulate special regulations for economically backward areas compared to the, more advanced areas even within one country. Improving the existing e-waste recovery system and regulating the payment system according to the local economic conditions for e-waste recycling and disposal could improve the integrated management of e-waste. Producers as well as government and even consumers should be responsible for e-waste together. The government needs to continuously strengthen regulatory systems to ensure that the huge economic benefits from the e-waste recycling industry are not overshadowed by the negative impact on the workers'/residents' welfare and overall environmental sustainability,

The poor relief has been, since the early Middle Ages, the church´s responsibility.  The poor would be treated in a good Christian way. Some regulations were introduced during the 1600-1700s that had some effects on the care of the poor. In 1847 a new Poor Law Regulation was introduced. It was in a time when Sweden struggled with an increasing poverty. This law included the first changes in 200 years. Even though the regulations during 1700 century gave every parish the right to decide on the methods of how to provide the necessary care , it still was the responsibility of the parish. As a consequence, there were many local variations of how the poor relief was practiced in the country. This essay examines how Lycksele parish designed their poor relief and what local and external factors affected it in the years of 1823-1873.  This period of time was marked by crop failures, parish breakout, social changes and new laws to adapt to those circumstances. The result of the investigation present that local factors had a bigger impact on the poor relief than the external factors. The most important factor was the crop failure periods that occurred three times and forced the parish to develop new methods to help the people in need. / Fattigvården var sedan tidig medeltid varit kyrkans angelägenhet, med kristlig barmhärtighet skulle de fattiga vårdas. Fattigvården var varje sockens eget ansvar. Det tillkom några förordningar under 1600-1700-talet som delvis reglerade fattigvården. 1847 tillämpades en ny fattigvårdsförordning, den första på över 200 år. I en tid som var präglad av ökad fattigdom i Sverige. 1800-talets förordningar gav socken mycket frihet, fortfarande skulle fattigvården vara sockens angelägenhet. Varje socken skulle lämna nödvändig vård och det sätt som passade socken bäst. Därför fanns det många lokala variationer, hur fattigvården skulle praktiseras i landet.   Denna uppsats har undersökt hur Lycksele socken utformade sin fattigvård och vilka faktorer som påverkade utformningen. 1823-1873 är den tidperiod som har undersökts, lokalt innehöll perioden tre missväxtperioder och sockenutbrytning. Nationellt var tiden präglad av samhällsförändring och nya lagar som skulle anpassa till det nya samhället. Uppsatsen fokuserar på vilka lokala faktorer tillsammans de yttre faktorer som påverkade vilka försörjningssätt som kunde ges av sockens fattigvård. Dessutom undersöks vilka faktorer som hade störst betydelse för fattigvårdens utformning. Resultatet blev att de lokala faktorerna hade störst påverkan på utformningen. Störst effekt hade missväxtperioderna som inträffade tre gånger vilket framtvingade nya åtgärder efter varje missväxt. Under tidsperioden skulle missväxt, ökad fattigdom och nya förordningar hanteras utav socken för att kunde lämna nödvändig hjälp till socknens fattiga.

Recently professional regulations regarding in-house lawyers have undergone a serious change that will profoundly change their occupational profile. This paper illustrates the legislative process that led to the new regulatory framework. It further discusses the potential problems arising from the cornerstones of professional conduct on the one hand and the typical daily tasks of in-house lawyers on the other hand.

This thesis was performed in cooperation with Uniti Sweden, an emerging electricalvehicle manufacturer in Sweden. Uniti Sweden is developing a new vehicle, with aprototype slated for a Q3 2017 release. This thesis is about the driver's seat in the Uniti vehicle. The aim of the thesis was todevelop the seat partly by creating a design manual for future use. Data for the project was gathered using triangulation, using interviews,benchmarking, literature searches from different perspectives. Six different aspectswas studied, regulation, comfort and discomfort, aesthetics, biomechanics andergonomics, design and anthropometrics. The seat was developed using QFD anddiscussions with Uniti personnel, however, the development part was put on hold dueto Uniti's schedule, and greater emphasis was put on design manual. The designmanual featured three parameters, fit, feel and support. The project concluded with a technical report, featuring the design manual, theresults from the product development, a checklist and a thesaurus.

The meat producers of the western world needs to develop their export organizations and to streamline their physical distribution in order to take new market shares on the fast growing overseas markets. HKScan is one of those meat producing companies, the group has businesses in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the Baltic countries. A part of their sales goes frozen on overseas export by container sea freight. Lately the logistics management of HKScan has been interested in investigating the effects of centralizing the physical distribution for the overseas export from Sweden and Denmark. This leads to the purpose of this study, which is:  “For HKScan, develop and apply a model that evaluates distribution structures for overseas export of frozen food regarding total cost, delivery service, environmental impact and regulations.” The case study included comparison between the current distribution structure for HKScan and three pre-determined scenarios. The current setup consists of multiple warehouses in both countries. In the first scenario the distribution structure is centralized to include one warehouse per country. In the second scenario, the total export flow of products from both Sweden and Denmark is redirected and centralized to one warehouse in Denmark. In the third scenario, the total export flow of products from both Sweden and Denmark is instead redirected and centralized to one warehouse in Sweden. To evaluate and compare the different distribution structures a general model was first created by combining different theoretical models and adapting them to the context of overseas distribution for frozen food. The study then included the three phases of developing the model to fit the case company, applying the model on the case company and then to finally evaluating the model. The resulting model, which was the outcome of the development process, can be seen below. The model illustrates the different included elements. By then applying the model onto the case company, HKScan, it was found that a centralization to a joint warehouse in Denmark would make total cost savings of several percents. In addition, this scenario would increase the total service level. However, the environmental impact would be increased due to long cross-border road transport distances and longer land and sea transports from the warehouse. In addition, it was not possible to fully investigate whether such a distribution would be possible from a regulatory point of view.  A centralization in each country would have minor regulatory issues, it would lead to the smallest environmental impact and have a slight increase in service levels as well as a reduction for the total cost of one percent. The evaluation of the model showed that it produces reasonable results with the regulatory elements being the hardest to evaluate for the different scenarios. Regarding the detail level, the veterinary element could be accounted for by the warehousing element and the sea freight element split into transport from warehouse to domestic port and sea freight from domestic port to the destination port. The box-model, containing twelve elements, can be seen as generalizable for evaluating distribution structures in similar contexts, Overseas export of frozen food. However, the calculation performed within the model do probably only apply to the specific scenarios in the study.