Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fulvia Leticia Perego Silva.pdf: 790751 bytes, checksum: 47f606ab3afcfc830c67cc0c81d1fda9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This research study aims to discuss the fight for the rule of environmental law, bringing with it a reflection of the scope and limits of environmental legal standard. We live in the twenty-first century in increasing changes and accelerated by economic and technological development, by engendering the environmental crisis and risk society facility. In this scenario, the state and the law must manifest in order to try to solve or at least develop possible solutions to combat the effects of risk society, fighting for the survival of mankind and ensure for future generations. The Brazilian environmental law is considered one of the most advanced in the world regarding environmental legal protection. However, the struggle for a state of effective environmental law, ie, the actual implementation of rules that change the existing social and environmental facts, are several limits. Then comes the central issue of this research project: what is the scope and what are the limits of environmental legal norm by a State Environmental Law? In trying to find answers to such a complex question, it was used in this work, as methodology, eminently literature, with the compass the fact that the struggle for a State Environmental Law comes necessarily from the existing dilemma between the depletion tax threshold the known economic models and the desired scope for environmental protection. Such a dilemma goes beyond the rule of law, since it necessarily involves great environmental importance of awareness of not only the State as a legal entity, but for all its members, ie the community which seamlessly must participate responsibly and ethics, realizing the desired range by environmental legal standard, that is, the effective protection of the environment. / O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo discorrer sobre a luta pelo Estado de Direito Ambiental, trazendo consigo uma reflexão do alcance e do limite da norma jurídica ambiental. Vivemos no século XXI em transformações crescentes e aceleradas pelo desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico, pelo engendramento da crise ambiental e instalação da sociedade de risco. Neste cenário, o Estado e o Direito precisam se manifestar com a finalidade de tentar resolver ou pelo menos elaborar possíveis soluções para combater os efeitos da sociedade de risco, lutar pela sobrevivência da humanidade e garantir a das futuras gerações. O ordenamento jurídico ambiental brasileiro é considerado um dos mais avançados do mundo quanto à tutela jurídica ambiental. No entanto, a luta por um Estado de Direito Ambiental efetivo, isto é, a aplicação real de normas que mudem os fatos sociais e ambientais vigentes, encontra vários limites. Surge, então, a problemática central do presente projeto de pesquisa: qual o alcance e quais os limites da norma jurídica ambiental por um Estado de Direito Ambiental? Na tentativa de encontrar respostas a tão complexa indagação, utilizou-se neste trabalho, como metodologia, a pesquisa eminentemente bibliográfica, tendo como bússola o fato de que a luta por um Estado de Direito Ambiental nasce necessariamente do dilema existente entre o limite imposto pelo esgotamento dos modelos econômicos conhecidos e o alcance pretendido pela proteção ambiental. Tal dilema vai além da norma jurídica, posto que passa obrigatoriamente pela tomada de consciência da grande importância ambiental não só pelo Estado como ente jurídico, mas por todos os seus integrantes, ou seja, a coletividade, que de forma integrada deve participar com responsabilidade e ética, concretizando o alcance pretendido pela norma jurídica ambiental, ou seja, a efetiva proteção do meio ambiente.

Les ambiguïtés de phrases sont au cœur de la recherche sur la compréhension du langage depuis un certain temps. Pour les sémanticiens, ces ambigüités ont été utilisées pour suggérer l’existence de différents mécanismes abstraits qui pourraient s’appliquer à une même structure syntaxique au stade de l’interprétation. Pour les psycholinguistes, les ambiguïtés sémantiques ont offert un outil d’étude de la dynamique du traitement de phrases : puisque les ambiguïtés tendent à être résolues incrémentalement (c’est-à-dire avant la fin de la phrase), le schéma de traitement des phrases ambiguës peut permettre d’identifier les facteurs linguistiques et non linguistiques qui jouent un rôle dans la compréhension online. Cette dissertation traite des théories de la compréhension du langage en explorant deux questions complémentaires : (1) comment différents sens peuvent-ils être associés à une seule tournure de phrase, et (2) comment sommes-nous capables d’accéder à ces interprétations alternatives et de les traiter pendant l’analyse syntaxique. Pour répondre à ces questions, la présente étude se focalise principalement sur ce qu’on appelle les ambiguïtés de pluriel, qui surgissent par l’interaction entre certains prédicats et leurs arguments pluriels. Par exemple, la phrase Amir et Milica ont construit un château de sable a une interprétation non distributive, collective (c’est-à-dire qu’Amir et Milica ont construit ensemble un château de sable) mais aussi une interprétation distributive (c’est-à-dire qu’Amir et Milica ont chacun construit un château de sable). La plupart des approches linguistiques partent du principe que les lectures distributives dérivent d’interprétations non distributives, plus élémentaires, par l’application d’un opérateur de « distributivité » phonologiquement nul (Link, 1987 ; Champollion, 2014). La première partie de cette dissertation présente deux études qui visent à identifier les mécanismes abstraits qui sous-tendent le contraste distributif/non distributif à travers un paradigme d’amorçage. Cette méthode d’amorçage est ensuite étendue à d’autres phénomènes sémantiques (c’est-à-dire des ambiguïtés de portée) dans la deuxième partie de la dissertation, dans laquelle des interactions entre pluralité et phénomène de portée sont aussi testées expérimentalement. Pour évaluer la dynamique de la résolution des ambiguïtés, la troisième partie de cette dissertation présente une étude de suivi des mouvements de souris, conçue pour établir les caractéristiques de trajectoires de souris qui se corrèlent avec la prise de décision et la désambiguïsation. La méthodologie développée dans cette étude est ensuite utilisée pour analyser des données préliminaires relatives au traitement de phrases à ambiguïtés de pluriel. / Sentence ambiguities have been at the center of the research on language comprehension for some time. For semanticists, these ambiguities have been taken to suggest the existence of different abstract mechanisms that may apply to the same syntactic structure at the interpretation stage. For psycholinguists, semantic ambiguities have provided a tool to analyze the dynamics of sentence parsing: since ambiguities tend to be solved incrementally (i.e. before the end of the sentence), the processing pattern of ambiguous sentences might allow identifying the linguistic and non-linguistic factors that play a role during online comprehension. This dissertation informs theories of language comprehension by exploring two complementary questions: (1) how are different meanings associated to a single sentence form, and (2) how are we able to access and compute these alternative interpretations during parsing. To address these questions, the present work mainly focuses on the so-called plural ambiguities, which arise by the interaction between certain predicates and their plural arguments. For instance, the sentence Amir and Milica built a sandcastle has a non-distributive, collective, interpretation (i.e. Amir and Milica together built a sandcastle) as well as a distributive one (i.e. Amir and Milica each built a sandcastle). Most linguistic approaches assume that distributive readings are derived from more basic non-distributive interpretations by the application of a covert “distributivity” operator (Link, 1987; Champollion, 2014) . The first part of this dissertation presents two studies that aim to identify the abstract mechanisms underlying the distributive/non-distributive contrast through a priming paradigm. This priming method is then extended to other semantic phenomena (i.e. scope ambiguities) in the second part of the dissertation, where some interactions between plurality and scope phenomena are also tested experimentally. To assess the dynamics of ambiguity resolution, the third part of this work presents a mouse-tracking study designed to establish the features of mouse-trajectories that correlate with decision making and disambiguation. The methodology developed in this study is then used to analyze preliminary data on the processing of plural ambiguous sentences.

Many studies show that children are negatively affected by the consequences of growing up in a family relying on long-term economic support. Despite this, the children’s perspective is flawed in the process of administrating financial aid. The outset during our study has been, from our own experience, that the application of the children’s perspective differs depending on which clientele the parents belong to. This potential difference could mean a legal uncertainty, which we consider to be highly relevant to investigate. The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the children’s perspective during the administration of financial aid to families relying on long-term economic support, to analyse how social workers state that they use the children’s perspective in these cases. Based on the purpose, we examined how social workers use their scope of action to include the children’s perspective when administrating financial aid, also if they included the children’s perspective differently depending on which clientele the parents belonged to. The study was performed with the help of a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews with six social workers from the section of financial aid in an urban area of Malmö. The empirical data collected from the interviews were analysed from different perspectives, which then reconnected to the current state of knowledge and the theories Organisations-theory for public sectors and Street-Level Bureaucracy. From our findings we concluded that the difference in how the children’s perspective was included depending on which clientele the parents belonged to was non-existent. Instead, the findings showed that the children’s perspective was entirely missing. The respondents claimed, in different ways, that they tried to meet the children’s needs, but in the end, the needs of the children did not affect the outcome of the decisions. Therefore, one can argue that there is a legal certainty in the process, since the children’s perspective is not included in the administration of financial aid at all. Concurrently, the legal certainty means that the children’s perspective is not included at all. Furthermore, the respondents imply that there is room to include the children’s perspective in their scope of action. However, in doing so it creates a paradox since their guidelines, norms and laws constrain them to a point to which the scope of action no longer exists.

I och med att medvetenheten om klimatförändringar växer ökar trycket att övergå till ett lågutsläppssamhälle. Detta har medfört att investerare i allt större utsträckning tillämpar hållbara investeringsstrategier. Denna studie undersöker om investeringar med lågutsläppsintensitet genererar en större riskjusterad avkastning än investeringar med hög utsläppsintensitet på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Till följd av ett allt mer utbrett sentiment att investera hållbart kan en förvänta sig ett negativt samband mellan utsläppsintensitet och avkastning. Genom portföljsortering utifrån bolags utsläppsintensitet under 2010 – 2019 finner denna studie indikationer på ett positivt samband mellan utsläppsintensitet och avkastning. Portföljer bestående av bolag med hög utsläppsintensitet genererar konsekvent en högre avkastning än portföljer bestående av bolag med låg utsläppsintensitet. Däremot finner studien inga statistiskt signifikanta resultat vilket innebär att det inte går att utesluta att resultaten är slumpmässiga.

Med anledning av de allt mer synliga klimatförändringarna har kartläggning av växthusgasutsläpp blivit ett uppmärksammat fenomen. För att inte överskrida Parisavtalets 1,5 graders mål behöver företag initiera åtgärder för att reducera växthusgasutsläpp. Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG-protokollet) har tagits fram av World Resources Institute & World Business Council on Sustainable Development för att främja företags arbete vid kartläggning av växthusgasutsläpp. GHG-protokollet tillhandahåller riktlinjer genom flertalet standarder för företag att tillämpa. Enligt GHG-protokollet är kartläggning av scope 1 och 2 obligatoriskt medan scope 3 är valfritt för de företag som väljer att rapportera i enlighet med GHG-protokollet. Detta trots att majoriteten av företags växthusgasutsläpp härleds till scope 3 enligt litteraturen, vilket ligger till grund för studien.Syftet med studien var att kritiskt granska GHG-protokollets riktlinjer och utvärdera standardens metod för kartläggning av scope 3 utsläpp, samt hur metoden tillämpas i ett tillverkande företag. Vidare syftade studien till att bidra med rekommendationer för att reducera industrins klimatpåverkan inom scope 3. För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar har en kartläggning av ett fallföretags scope 3 utsläpp genomförts i enlighet med GHG-protokollets metod. Studien har samlat in data genom intervjuer, kontakt med fallföretagets leverantörer, konsultationer och litteraturstudier. Fallstudien har avgränsats till kartläggning av kategorin uppströms transporter med anledning av tidsramen för studien. Studien konstaterar att det finns flertalet drivande faktorer till att kartlägga och rapportera växthusgasutsläpp för företag vilket skapar behovet av riktlinjer och standarder. Den starkaste drivande faktorn som identifierades var att intressenter efterfrågar hur företag arbetar med hållbarhetsfrågor i allt bredare utsträckning. Däremot finns det även utmaningar när det kommer till kartläggning och rapportering av växthusgasutsläpp i form av resursbrist, behov av kunskap inom ämnet och stöd för beräkningar. Utifrån kartläggningen av fallföretagets scope 3 har GHG-protokollets metod utvärderats där det framkommer att det finns behov av en enhetlig kalkyleringsfil med stöd för beräkningar tillsammans med öppna databaser med schabloner för emissionsfaktorer. I studien utvecklades en egen kalkyleringsfil för beräkningar av fallföretagets scope 3 utsläpp då GHG-protokollets kalkyleringsfil inte var användbar för fallföretagets specifika data. Studien presenterar förbättringsförslag och rekommendationer på hur fallföretaget och andra företag kan arbeta för att minska sina växthusgasutsläpp. Resultatet visar att företag kan arbeta för att minska växthusgasutsläppen genom att exempelvis efterfråga leverantörer om gröna transportsätt och utbilda personal för att öka kunskapen samt kompetensen inom företaget. / Due to increasing climate change, mapping of greenhouse gas emissions has become a notable phenomenon. In order not to exceed the Paris Agreement's 1,5 degrees objective, companies need to initiate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Greenhouse Gas protocol (GHG-protocol) has been developed by the World Resources Institute & World Business Council on Sustainable Development to promote mapping greenhouse gas emissions within companies. The GHG protocols provide standards and guidelines for companies to apply. According to the GHG protocol, mapping of scope 1 and 2 is mandatory while scope 3 is optional for those who choose to report by the GHG-protocol. This is despite the fact that the majority of company’s greenhouse gas emissions are derived to scope 3, which is the basis for this study. The purpose of the studies was to critically examine the GHG protocol's guidelines and evaluate the standard's method for mapping scope 3 emissions, as well as how the method is applied in a manufacturing company. Furthermore, the studies aimed to contribute with recommendations for reducing the industry's climate impact within scope 3. In order to be able to answer the case study's questions, a survey of a case company's scope 3 has been carried out in accordance with the GHG protocol's method. The study has collected data through interviews, contact with the case company's suppliers, consultations and literature studies. The case study has limited the mapping to the category of upstream transports due to the time frame for this study. The case study states that there are several driving factors in mapping and reporting greenhouse gas emissions for companies, which creates requirements for guidelines and standards. The strongest driving factor identified was that stakeholders demand how companies work with sustainability. However, there are also challenges when it comes to mapping and reporting greenhouse gas emissions in form of lack of resources, need for knowledge in the subject and support with calculations. Based on the mapping of the case company's scope 3, the GHG protocol's method has been evaluated where it emerges that there is a need for support and a standardization of calculation method together with open databases with templates for emission factors. In this case study, a separate calculation file was developed for calculations of the case company's scope 3 emissions because the calculation file of the GHG protocol was not useful for the specific company data. The study presents improvement proposals and recommendations on how the case company and other companies can work to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The results show that companies can work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through inquiring suppliers about green transport services and to educate the staff to increase knowledge within the company.

Lionfish (Pterois spp.), an invasive species native to the Indo-Pacific, have permanently established themselves throughout the greater Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and regions of the Western Atlantic ranging from as far north as North Carolina to central Brazil. As their fundamental range expands, lionfish threaten to migrate into estuarine environments as they have been found to tolerate low salinities and an eclectic range of temperatures. The physiological capacity of invasion was assessed by quantifying the visual ecology of lionfish utilizing corneal electroretinography (ERG) as well as their metabolic scope and hypoxia tolerances under various temperature-oxygen-regimes utilizing intermittent-flow respirometry. Seasonal changes in temperature-dissolved oxygen levels consistent with Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico inshore estuaries not only exceed the physiological tolerances of lionfish, but also constrain metabolic scope at sub-lethal levels by significantly limiting maximum metabolic rate across all temperatures. Median Scrit values were 33%, 39%, 46%, and 54% at 15, 20, 25, and 30℃ respectively. Luminous sensitivities, temporal resolutions (Flicker fusion frequency), and spectral sensitivities scaled similarly with other estuarine piscivores indicating lionfish possess a visual system that can function effectively within estuarine photic conditions. Overall, visual characteristics of estuaries will not pose as a significant barrier to lionfish, but minimum winter temperatures and hypoxia will pose controlling and limiting factors substantially preventing further inshore invasion. However, caution should still be advised as lionfish may capitalize on specific temporal and spatial scales that provide suitable habitat quality and abundance of prey items. Further insight is needed to forecast the effects of temperature-dissolved oxygen on lionfish metabolic-scope.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Introduction: The U.S. is faced with a primary care (PC) workforce shortage; an estimated 43 percent of the population has unmet health care needs and 18.2 percent of the adult population lacks a usual source of care (USC) provider. The workforce shortage limits even those with a USC from receiving the full scope of recommended clinical services. One promising solution is reforming scope-of-practice (SOP) policies for PC nurse practitioners (NPs). Objectives: The primary objective of this dissertation was to assess the impact of NP SOP policy implementation on NP practice patterns and patient access to PC by evaluating NP time spent delivering patient care, NP role as USC providers, patient travel times, and appointment availability. Methods: The studies discussed in this dissertation leveraged cross-sectional data from the National Sample Survey of Nurse Practitioners (NSSNP), time-series data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), and the Nurse Practitioner Professional Practice Index (NPPPI) to quantify variations in state policy environments. We used generalized mixed effects models to examine relationships in the cross-sectional data analyses and two-way fixed effect models to evaluate longitudinal data. Results: Our analyses revealed several key findings: NP SOP policies do impact the percentage of time NPs spend providing direct patient care; the NP workforce role as USC providers has increased as SOP policies have changed; states with supportive reimbursement policies have more NPs working as USC providers; and states with fewer NP supervision requirements have shorter patient travel times to USC providers. Conclusion: The U.S. health care system must continue to evolve to address the growing demand for PC services. While strategies to increase the supply of PC providers may be an effective long-term solution, our findings suggest that NP SOP reform may be a viable and complementary strategy to increasing the capacity of the PC workforce, providing more immediate relief. / 2 years

In this study, we introduce several approaches to analyze large volumes of business descriptions by applying machine learning clustering and classification algorithms. The goal is to efficiently classify these descriptions, reducing the search scope and allowing for better business insights and decision-making processes. By using unlabeled business description data, we apply Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), K-means, and Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithms. Various preprocessing techniques, parameters and cluster numbers are employed for each method, aiming to maximize the number of overlapping and get the right similarity scores within the resulting clusters. The best number of overlapping are obtained using AHC, followed by K-means and DBSCAN, based on the implemented evaluation metrics. The conclusions drawn from this project have the potential to improve and contribute to the development of automated systems for business description analysis. Furthermore, this research opens the way for further exploration and enhancements in the application of machine learning techniques to business analytics.

The scope of the Administrative Procedure Code Abstrakt The Administrative Procedure Code as a code of activity of public administration is not a novelty in our legal system, but perhaps that is exactly why it is appropriate to consider how far its scope of application extends. Although the definition of the scope of the Administrative Procedure Code is regulated in the first section of the Act, a closer examination will probably reveal many ambiguities or doubts as to how far its limits extend. And it is precisely the detailed breakdown of the circumstances to which the Administrative Procedure Code is applicable and under what conditions it will apply, which I have set as my goal of this rigorosum thesis. The scope of the Administrative Procedure Code can be examined from two points of view. The first of them is the material definition of the scope of the Administrative Procedure Code, that is, the definition of public administration as such, the evaluation of individual forms of its activities, the subsequent evaluation, in which cases the Administrative Procedure Code is applicable. The second point of view is the institutional definition of the scope of the Administrative Procedure Code, which goes hand in hand with the formal concept of public administration. That is, determining which authorities are...

This study investigates how cross-sector collaborations can mitigate value chain emissions, thereby reducing complex environmental issues. The point of departure is the Energize program, which ten pharmaceutical companies introduced at COP26 in November of 2021. Energize aims to accelerate the adaptation of renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions throughout the industry and its value chain, which refers to Scope 3 emissions. By interviewing 13 respondents from nine participating companies, the study’s objective is to increase the understanding of these collaborative activities through a case study of Energize. Moreover, it investigates and identifies the drivers to encourage collaboration, its constraints, and the factors to make a program productive. The research concludes that for a cross-sector collaboration program to become fruitful, internal factors such as corporate engagement, the importance of industry working groups, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are needed to exist throughout the process. Besides, external factors such as social awareness, legal requirements, and technological readiness are essential. Similar programs can efficiently try to solve complex issues by leveraging the combined bargaining power to increase the development within the value chain. Moreover, as a pre-competitive partnership, Energize has attractive benefits in reducing costly implementation processes and improving the resources of the participating actors.