Europos Sąjungoje bei daugelyje kitų valstybių, rizikos ir privataus kapitalo fondai (toliau RPKF) yra svarbus įrankis skatinant inovacijų diegimą įmonėse, darbo vietų kūrimą, pelningumo ir kitų įmonių finansinių rodiklių gerėjimą, kitaip sakant – ekonomikos augimą. Todėl tokio tipo investicijų augimas ypač pasižymi besivystančiose Rytų ir Vidurio Europos šalyse, tuo tarpu Lietuvoje RPKF paplitimas, jų sukuriama pridėtinė vertė ekonomikoje bei veiklos vystymosi galimybės yra labai mažos lyginant su kitomis šalimis, kurios pagal ekonominius rodiklius yra panašaus išsivystymo lygio. Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti bei įvertinti pagrindinius RPKF kūrimąsi ir veiklą lemiančius aplinkos veiksnius Lietuvoje bei pateikti rekomendacijas ir nuomonę, kokie žingsniai turėtų būti atlikti, siekiant vystyti rizikos ir privataus kapitalo sektorių Lietuvoje. Darbe yra nagrinėjami teoriniai rizikos ir privataus kapitalo fondų finansavimo aspektai, pagrindiniai veiklos principai bei struktūra, nustatomi investicijų vertės k��rimo būdai bei pateikiamos pagrindinės teorinės prielaidos tokiems fondams atsirasti. Apžvelgiami rizikos ir privataus kapitalo įtakos ekonomikos augimui empiriniai tyrimai, pats sektorius bei situacija Europoje ir Lietuvoje. Plačiau tiriami aplinkos veiksniai, įtakojantys rizikos ir privataus kapitalo fondų veiklą Lietuvoje, bei pateikiamas jų įvertinimas. Atsakoma į klausimą, ar nagrinėjami veiksniai yra priešiški ar palankūs RPKF kurtis, investuoti ir vystytis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Private equity and venture capital funds (later on PEVCF) are one of the most important tools in innovation stimulation, employment enhancement and profitability creation process. Though this type of investment process is especially growing with importance in developing Central and Eastern European countries, in Lithuania it is rather insignificant despite vast Governmental programs to stimulate innovations in small and medium size corporate sector. The main goal of this paper is to analyze and evaluate main factors that determine establishment and development of PEVCF in Lithuania; to offer suggestions and opinion about what kind of further steps should be done in order to develop private equity and venture capital sector in Lithuania. The paper analyses theoretical aspects of PEVCF financing, main activity principles and structure; main value creation approaches and theoretical assumptions to create such PEVCF are determined; empirical results how PEVCF influence on economy’s performance, PEVCF sector and current situation in Euro region. The paper provides with more detailed analysis of PEVCF activity factors in Lithuania and evaluates their importance, answers the question, if these factors are positively or negatively correlated with PEVCF establishment and development in Lithuania. The paper concludes that main external assumptions of private equity and venture capital funds performance in Lithuania are positively correlated. Main recommendations how to improve... [to full text]

Disertacijos tyrimo objektas yra valstybinis rizikos kapitalas, kaip rizikos kapitalo rinkos skatinimo, pradedančio veiklą inovatyvaus verslo finansavimo ir valstybės politikos priemonė, padedanti spręsti netobulos/neefektyvios rinkos situacijas, kuriose privatus rizikos kapitalas pasiekia ne visus rinkos dalyvius. Tyrimo tikslas yra atskleisti valstybinio rizikos kapitalo reikšmę šalies rizikos kapitalo sektoriui ir poveikį ekonomikai bei, remiantis kitų Europos šalių patirtimi, sukurti hipotetinį valstybinio rizikos kapitalo plėtros modelį Lietuvoje. Siekiant tyrimo tikslo, disertacijoje yra apžvelgti teoriniai valstybinio rizikos kapitalo aspektai, išanalizuotos užsienio šalyse įgyvendintos valstybinio rizikos kapitalo priemonės, įvertintas rizikos kapitalo temos išnagrinėjimo lygis Lietuvos autorių mokslo darbuose, išanalizuota Lietuvos inovacijų kūrimo ir finansavimo bei rizikos kapitalo sistemų būklė bei suformuotas hipotetinis valstybinio rizikos kapitalo plėtros modelis, kurį galima įgyvendinti Lietuvoje. / Object of the research is public venture capital as a tool of venture capital market incentive, innovative business start-up financing, and state policy, which helps addressing imperfect/inefficient market situations where private venture capital does not access all market players. Purpose of the research is to reveal the importance of public venture capital to the national venture capital sector, its impact on the economy and, based on the experience of European countries, to create a hypothetical model of public venture capital development in Lithuania. In order to meet this purpose theoretical aspects of public venture capital in foreign authors’ scientific works were overviewed; public venture capital tools, that have been implemented in foreign countries, were analyzed; the level of study of public venture capital topic in Lithuanian authors’ scientific works was evaluated; the state of Lithuanian innovation development and financing and venture capital systems was analyzed, and a hypothetical model of public venture capital development, which could be implemented in Lithuania, was created.

Disertacijos tyrimo objektas yra valstybinis rizikos kapitalas, kaip rizikos kapitalo rinkos skatinimo, pradedančio veiklą inovatyvaus verslo finansavimo ir valstybės politikos priemonė, padedanti spręsti netobulos/neefektyvios rinkos situacijas, kuriose privatus rizikos kapitalas pasiekia ne visus rinkos dalyvius. Tyrimo tikslas yra atskleisti valstybinio rizikos kapitalo reikšmę šalies rizikos kapitalo sektoriui ir poveikį ekonomikai bei, remiantis kitų Europos šalių patirtimi, sukurti hipotetinį valstybinio rizikos kapitalo plėtros modelį Lietuvoje. Siekiant tyrimo tikslo, disertacijoje yra apžvelgti teoriniai valstybinio rizikos kapitalo aspektai, išanalizuotos užsienio šalyse įgyvendintos valstybinio rizikos kapitalo priemonės, įvertintas rizikos kapitalo temos išnagrinėjimo lygis Lietuvos autorių mokslo darbuose, išanalizuota Lietuvos inovacijų kūrimo ir finansavimo bei rizikos kapitalo sistemų būklė bei suformuotas hipotetinis valstybinio rizikos kapitalo plėtros modelis, kurį galima įgyvendinti Lietuvoje. / Object of the research is public venture capital as a tool of venture capital market incentive, innovative business start-up financing, and state policy, which helps addressing imperfect/inefficient market situations where private venture capital does not access all market players. Purpose of the research is to reveal the importance of public venture capital to the national venture capital sector, its impact on the economy and, based on the experience of European countries, to create a hypothetical model of public venture capital development in Lithuania. In order to meet this purpose theoretical aspects of public venture capital in foreign authors’ scientific works were overviewed; public venture capital tools, that have been implemented in foreign countries, were analyzed; the level of study of public venture capital topic in Lithuanian authors’ scientific works was evaluated; the state of Lithuanian innovation development and financing and venture capital systems was analyzed, and a hypothetical model of public venture capital development, which could be implemented in Lithuania, was created.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis investigates the influence the interpersonal relationship between the venture capitalist and the entrepreneur has upon the performance of the venture capitalist's investment. Its aim was to explore how venture capitalists add value (as opposed to what they do) to their investments in order to arrive at a fuller explanation of investment performance than that offered by agency theory – the current paradigm for the value adding relationship. The qualitative study that underpins this thesis found that in Australia, the quality of the interpersonal relationship between the venture capitalist and the entrepreneur during the value adding phase of the venture capital investment cycle positively predicts the performance of the venture capitalist's investment. The study was prompted by the researcher's personal experiences (as both a venture capitalist and as an entrepreneur in Australia) which suggested that the interpersonal relationship may influence the effectiveness of the venture capitalist's attempts to add value. Whilst the prior research had explored in depth the provision of value adding services (e.g. strategic advice, recruitment of key personnel, board participation), less progress appears to have been made in understanding the role of the interpersonal processes. Although several studies have attempted to fit an established social exchange theory to the value adding process, a published explanation of investment performance (process outcome) that includes interpersonal processes has not been identified. ... The exercise of power was found to be a negative predictor of investment performance. Power was typically exercised as the last resort measure in a failed interpersonal relationship and either precipitated or consolidated inferior investment performance. The failure of the venture capitalists to exercise their formal power in time to arrest underperformance was often due to their fear of the 'hold up' power of (threat of abandonment by) the entrepreneur. Agency theory's contribution to the explanation of investment performance was limited to (adverse) selection, at which point the combined competence of the dyad was determined. In addition to the new explanatory theory, some other insights into value adding were provided, including the key role of mutuality and the lack of explanatory power of the contract, information asymmetry, or goal alignment. The thesis offers contributions to knowledge and practice. Its contributions to knowledge include: the generation of new theory about value adding and investment performance in venture capital deals and some new theoretical concepts, the application of a methodological approach that is new to the area of interest, and a new insight into the Australian venture capital sector. It outlines the implications of the study findings for venture capitalists, entrepreneurs and policy makers, providing some fresh ideas for their consideration. It particularly highlights the need for cultural change in value adding relationships and the influence of heritage on the likelihood of the venture capitalist being successful.

Bakgrund: Ett avgörande moment för nygrundade start-ups är processen att få in externt kapital för att kunna finansiera sin verksamhet. Ofta erbjuds lösningen genom venture capital-bolag vars uppgift är att utvärdera start-ups och därefter investera i de som bedöms ha god framgångspotential. När venture capital-bolag utvärderar vilka start-ups de vill investera i, är entreprenörs-teamet en viktig faktor. Bedömningen av vad som är ett bra team görs traditionellt genom möten mellan investerare och teamet, men på senare år har en mer formell analysmetod introducerats där entreprenörs-team utvärderas med hjälp av verktyg baserade på forskning. Utvecklingen av formella analysverktyg har således skapat ett behov av forskning som kartlägger effekterna av dessa för att utvärdera teams. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att kartlägga hur ett formellt analysverktyg påverkar investerare inom venture capital när de fattar investeringsbeslut, samt hur utvärderingen genom ett formellt analysverktyg påverkar de entreprenörs-team som utvärderas. Genomförande: Studien karaktäriseras av ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt. Empirin har samlats in genom ett målinriktat urval vilket har lett till att totalt nio investerare har intervjuats under en tidsperiod på fyra veckor. Samtliga respondenter är anställda av samma venture-capital-bolag och ingår i en utvecklingsgrupp där de använder ett formellt analysverktyg för utvärderingen av entreprenörs-team. Slutsats: De största effekterna på investerare av att nyttja ett formellt analysverktyg, är en ökad förståelse och jämförbarhet av entreprenörs-team. Vidare visar studien att det formella analysverktyget även reducerar den påverkan som undermedvetna faktorer och fördomar kan ha på investerare under investeringsprocessen. För de entreprenörs-team som utvärderas, identifieras effekterna till verktygets förmåga att identifiera olikheter i medlemmarnas personligheter och skapa en förståelse för vad de drivs av. Detta möjliggör diskussioner som kan förbättra teamets gruppdynamik och hjälper dem undvika potentiella utmaningar i framtiden. / Background: A defining moment for newly founded start-ups is the process of acquiring external capital in order to be able to finance their initial operations. The solution is often found within venture capital. A company within venture capital evaluates different start-ups and consequently offer to invest in those that are determined to have high potential. When these companies evaluate the potential of a start-up, the entrepreneurial team is an important factor. The evaluation of what makes a good entrepreneurial team is traditionally done through meetings between the investor and the team, but during recent years a more formal team assessment method has been introduced, were the team is evaluated through models and facts based on previous research. The development of formal team assessment tools have thus created a demand for research that determines the effects of these tools, both for the investment analysis that investors make, as well as for the entrepreneurial teams being evaluated. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate how a formal team assessment tool influences investors when they make their investment decisions, as well as how the evaluation affects the entrepreneurial teams being evaluated. Completion: This study is characterized by a qualitative research approach with empirical data collected through a target sample. A total of nine investors has been interviewed during a time period of four weeks. All investors are employed by the same venture capital firm and are part of a development group which utilize a formal team assessment tool for the evaluation of entrepreneurial teams. Conclusion: The most meaningful effects for investors are identified as the team assessments tools’ ability to visualize and compare the personalities of entrepreneurial team members with each other. This benefits the investors by increasing their understanding of how a start-up team will perform and behave in the long run. Additionally, the study indicates that the introduction of the formal team assessment tool reduces the impact that bias normally has on the evaluation of entrepreneurial teams. For the teams being evaluated, the most significant effect of the team assessment tool is found to be its ability to improve the group dynamics of entrepreneurial teams.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Technological entrepreneurs have played an important role in economic development, assisting in growth sectors and boosting the gross domestic product. The emergence and perpetuation of technology-based companies may be favored by capture of adequate financial resources, whether in the traditional financial market, either through development institutions to strengthen research and development or through new forms of these funds. Technology companies are facing difficulties in accessing a number of prerequisites in lending in traditional financial institutions, such as transaction assurance, the organization's lifetime, terms and interest rates on loans. These companies usually do not have a very long history, or a grand past, but have prospects for a future that can be very promising. Given the importance of technology-based companies for economic development, as well as on the difficulties these companies finance their activities, the aim of this study is to investigate which sources of financing used by technology entrepreneurs in the state of Sergipe to capture the resources to develop their activities. To this end, have been held six interviews with managers of technology-based companies in the state of Sergipe in order to analyze the financing mechanisms used by them. This study is characterized as qualitative, in which the exploratory research strategy used for data collection a script for semi-structured interviews. From the analysis of the data it was possible to verify that the Sergipe TBC making little use of traditional sources of credit, and between alternative is the subsidy the most used to develop innovation projects. Angel investors are desired, but not used, may not be interested or for disagreement with the proposals received. Crowdfunding and venture capital are not part of the prospects of the companies surveyed, either through unfamiliarity as their ability to use or using the projection in the distant future, respectively. It was observed that the approval of a grant announcement allows approval in other lines of credit as working capital, financing and credit cards. It was also noted that in projects financed with subsidy there is little concern about its commercial and financial success, while also having the desire to succeed, but the product coming from this project can not receive adequate attention, and be replaced by another project of that same TBC, perhaps funded by a new of a subsidy funding. The subsidy offers the opportunity for a rapid formation of a professional team but that does not turn into a hold that team. It was noticed that one of the main difficulties of entrepreneurs is the lack of skills in commercial and administrative aspects, which are aggravated by insufficient support of incubators and technology parks. One of the most important and common difficulties for the surveyed entrepreneurs is the delay in the release of funds approved which entails the loss of the ideal time for the development and subsequent launch of innovative product. / Os empreendedores tecnológicos exercem um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento econômico, auxiliando no crescimento de setores e impulsionando o produto interno bruto do país. O surgimento e a perpetuação das empresas de base tecnológica pode ser favorecido pela captação de recursos financeiros adequados, seja no mercado financeiro tradicional, seja através de instituições de fomento para o fortalecimento da pesquisa e desenvolvimento, ou ainda através de novas formas de captação destes recursos. Empresas de base tecnológica se deparam com dificuldades de acesso a uma série de pré-requisitos na concessão de crédito em instituições tradicionais, como por exemplo, garantias de operação, tempo de vida da organização, prazos e taxas de juros nos financiamentos. Essas empresas geralmente não têm um histórico muito longo, ou um passado grandioso, mas têm perspectivas de um futuro que pode ser muito promissor. Diante da importância das empresas de base tecnológica para o desenvolvimento econômico, assim como diante das dificuldades destas empresas financiarem suas atividades, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar quais as fontes de financiamento usadas pelos empreendedores tecnológicos do Estado de Sergipe para captarem os recursos necessários para desenvolverem suas atividades. Para tal, foram realizadas seis entrevistas com os gestores de empresas sergipanas de base tecnológica com o objetivo de analisar os mecanismos de financiamento utilizados por eles. Este estudo se caracteriza como de natureza qualitativa, no qual a estratégia de pesquisa exploratória utilizou para a coleta dos dados um roteiro de entrevistas semiestruturado. A partir da análise dos dados foi possível verificar que as EBT de Sergipe pouco utilizam as fontes tradicionais de crédito, e entre as fontes alternativas, a de subvenção é a mais utilizada para desenvolver projetos de inovação. Investidores anjos são desejados, mas não utilizados, seja por não haver interessados ou pela discordância com as propostas recebidas. Crowdfunding e capital de risco não fazem parte das perspectivas das empresas pesquisadas, seja por desconhecimento quanto a sua possibilidade de uso ou pela projeção de utilizar em um futuro distante, respectivamente. Foi possível observar que a aprovação em um edital de subvenção possibilita a aprovação em outras linhas de crédito como capital de giro, financiamentos e cartões de crédito. Também foi observado que em projetos financiados com subvenção há pouca preocupação quanto ao seu sucesso comercial e financeiro, apesar de também haver o desejo de sucesso, mas o produto oriundo desse projeto pode não receber a devida atenção e ser substituído por outro projeto daquela mesma EBT, financiado talvez por uma nova verba de subvenção. A subvenção oferece a oportunidade de uma formação rápida de uma equipe de profissionais mas que não se transforma em uma retenção dessa equipe. Foi percebido que uma das principais dificuldades dos empreendedores é a falta de habilidades em aspectos comerciais e administrativos, que são agravados pelo insuficiente apoio de incubadoras e parques tecnológicos. Uma das dificuldades mais relevantes e comuns para os empreendedores pesquisados é a demora na liberação de recursos aprovados que acarreta a perda do momento ideal para o desenvolvimento e o consequente lançamento de produto inovador. / São Cristóvão, SE

Em países como o Brasil, assumido como de desenvolvimento tardio, as empresas de base tecnológica assumem um papel importante no desenvolvimento tecnológico. Nesse sentido, o venture capital torna-se um ator importante como fonte de captação de recursos e auxílio ao sistema de inovação do país. No Brasil, a atuação de venture capital vem crescendo nos últimos anos, mas ainda é incipiente comparativamente a países como EUA e Inglaterra. Esse fato se agrava ao se analisar a atuação do venture capital junto ao setor de biotecnologia no Brasil. As empresas de biotecnologia no Brasil são recentes e o ciclo de desenvolvimento dessas empresas é muito longo. A partir deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de uma análise dos principais critérios utilizados pelos fundos de venture capital na tomada de decisão em investir em empresas de biotecnologia e a proposição de um modelo de tomada de decisão para investimento em empresas nesse setor. Para que tais fatores fossem identificados e o modelo elaborado, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa. A pesquisa qualitativa consistiu na realização de entrevistas com cinco fundos por meio das quais foi possível analisar o processo de tomada de decisão por parte destes agentes. A pesquisa quantitativa envolveu a aplicação de questionários em empresas start-ups de biotecnologia com o intuito de serem levantadas algumas variáveis importantes relacionadas a suas características que podem exercer impacto no processo de avaliação do fundo. A proposição desse modelo poderá auxiliar as empresas a desenvolverem ações que possam aumentar a propensão delas em receber investimentos. / In countries like Brazil, known as of late development, technology-based companies play an important role in technological development. In this sense, venture capital becomes a major player as a source of funding and support to the country\'s innovation system. In Brazil, the performance of venture capital has increased in recent years but it is still incipient compared to countries like USA and England. Such fact is aggravated when analyzing the performance of venture capital by the biotech industry in Brazil. Biotech companies in Brazil are recent and the development cycle of these companies is very long. From this context, the present study aimed to prepare an analysis of the main criteria used by venture capital funds in the decision to invest in biotechnology companies and the proposition of a model of decision making for investment in companies in this sector. In order to identify these factors and to develop the model, a qualitative and quantitative research was conducted. The qualitative research consisted of interviews with five funds through which it was possible to analyze the process of decision making by these agents. The quantitative research involved the use of questionnaires in business biotechnology start ups in order to raise some important variables related to the characteristics that may impact on the assessment of the background process. The proposition of this model can help companies to develop actions to increase the propensity for them to receive investments.

Syfte: Denna studie avser att undersöka vilka som är de huvudsakliga problemen och riskerna med teckningsoptioner för de anställda och företagen, samt eventuella åtgärder för att öka användbarheten.   Teori: Studien utgår från teorier som kopplas till teckningsoptioner. De teorierna som tillämpas är belöningssystem, optionsprogram, optionsteori, Black-Scholes-modellen, företagsvärdering och principal-agent-teori. Metod: Denna studie utgår från ett kvalitativt angreppssätt och den metod som tillämpas är semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta personer som har kompetens inom optionsprogram och/- eller använder teckningsoptioner är respondenter i denna studie. Empiri: Samtliga respondenter kunde nämna olika fördelar med teckningsoptioner och majoriteten anser att det är ett bra och flexibelt instrument. Ett flertal problem och risker belystes och det är problem och risker som drabbar den anställde, företaget eller båda parter. För den anställde handlar det framförallt om att optionerna förfaller värdelösa och att det är problematiskt att finansiera köpet. För företaget krävs det mycket administration och kostnader för att utforma optionsprogrammet. Även ett flertal åtgärder för samtliga risker och problem berördes för att kunna öka användbarheten.   Slutsats: Teckningsoptioner är ett lämpligt instrument men det kan medfölja många risker som bör beaktas och medvetenheten om dem bör vara större. Genom att öka medvetenheten om riskerna ökar chanserna för att kunna minimera dem i tid. / Purpose: This study aims to investigate the main problems and risks of stock warrants for employees and companies and potentially the measures that may increase the usability. Theory: The study is based on theories related to stock warrants as incentive scheme: reward system, option theory, Black-Scholes model, company valuation and principal-agent theory. Method: This study will be based on a qualitative approach through eight semi-structured interviews with people who have expertise in stock warrants and/or use stock warrants as incentive schemes.  Empirics: All respondents could mention various advantages of stock warrants and the majority consider it to be a good and flexible tool to use. A number of problems and risks were highlighted, as well as problems and risks that affect the employee, the company or both parts. For the employees, it is primarily about that the stock warrants expire worthless and it is problematic to finance the purchase. The companies require a lot of administration and it involves large costs to design the incentive schemes. The respondents did also mention some measures to increase the usability of incentive schemes.     Conclusion: Stock warrants are a good instrument but it may entail many problems and risks that should be considered, and the awareness of them should be greater. If the awareness of the risks increases, then the bigger the chances gets to minimize them in time.

Cette thèse porte sur les enjeux encore non explorés du capital-risque d’entreprise (Corporate Venture Capital, ou CVC). Cette recherche mobilise l’approche basée sur les ressources, l’approche fondée sur les connaissances, l’apprentissage organisationnel avec un focus particulier sur le concept d'ambidextérité, l’approche par les options réelles et la théorie des réseaux. L’analyse empirique couvre la période de 1998 à 2017 et est basée sur 4 206 entreprises américaines pour le premier essai, 1 547 entreprises américaines de biotechnologie pour le deuxième et 12 895 investissements effectués par 274 investisseurs en CVC nord-américains pour le troisième. Pour tester toutes nos hypothèses, nous utilisons des régressions multiples (MCO, régression binomiale négative, méthode des doubles moindres carrés,…). Dans le premier essai, nous montrons, en utilisant l’approche par les options réelles, que lorsque l’incertitude exogène est réduite, les entreprises financées par CVC bénéficient de montants d’investissement plus élevés et d’une durée d’investissement plus longue. Deux facteurs réduisent l'incertitude et améliorent le processus d'apprentissage organisationnel: la force des liens et la proximité géographique entre l'investisseur et l’entreprise financée. Les apports supplémentaires d’investissement conduisent à une entrée en bourse plus fréquente pour les entreprises soutenues par le capital-risque indépendant tandis qu’une durée plus importante de l’investissement débouche sur une sortie par acquisition plus fréquente pour les entreprises soutenues par le CVC pour des raisons liées à l’apprentissage organisationnel. Dans le deuxième essai, les entreprises soutenues par CVC affichent des taux d'innovation plus élevés que leurs homologues soutenues par IVC. La performance en termes d’innovation des entreprises soutenues par CVC dépend de leur capacité à tirer parti des ressources complémentaires de leurs investisseurs. Nous proposons trois mécanismes qui améliorent le taux d'innovation: la capacité d'absorption des entreprises financées, la force des liens et la proximité géographique entre les entreprises qui financent et les entreprises financées. Dans le troisième essai, l'ambidextérité séquentielle conduit à une meilleure performance financière pour l’investisseur que les formes équilibrées ou simultanées d'ambidextérité des investissements en CVC. Enfin, la combinaison des formes d'ambidextérité équilibrées et simultanées produit des synergies et améliore la performance financière de l’investissement en CVC. / This thesis addresses unexplored issues on corporate venture capital (CVC). This research is designed on insights from resource-based view, knowledge-based view, organizational learning with a special focus on ambidexterity, real options lens, network theory. Our empirical analysis covers the period between 1998 and 2017 and is based on 4206 U.S. companies for the first essay, 1547 U.S. biotechnology companies for the second essay and 12895 investment-deals from 274 North American corporate investors for the third one. To test all hypotheses, we employ multivariate -regression analyses (e.g., ordinary least squares, negative binomial regression, two-staged least squares). In the first essay, we find that CVC-backed companies exercise real options when exogenous uncertainty is mitigated and as a result, experience higher financial injections and prolonged duration. Two influential factors reduce uncertainty and improve the organizational learning process: tie strength and geographic proximity between the corporate investor and the entrepreneurial company. Additional investment amounts lead to a higher frequency of IPO exit for independent venture capital (IVC) backed companies while longer investment durations motivate a higher frequency of acquisition exit for CVC-backed companies for organizational learning reasons. In the second essay, CVC-backed companies display higher rates of innovation output than their IVC-backed counterparts. The performance of CVC-backed companies is responsive to their ability to leverage the complementary resources of corporate investors. We propose three mechanisms that improve the innovation output: absorptive capacity of entrepreneurial companies, tie strength, geographic proximity. In the third essay, sequential ambidexterity drives to higher corporate investors’ financial performance than balanced or simultaneous forms of ambidexterity in CVC investments. Finally, the combination of balanced and simultaneous forms of ambidexterity produce synergy and enhance the financial performance of CVC investments.

Der Erfolg von Innovationen ist unsicher. Wer Kapital in Innovationen investiert, möchte etwas über die Risiken wissen. Mit diesem Wissen können Fondsmanager von Venture-Capital-Gesellschaften ihre Investitionsentscheidung begründen und die Höhe ihrer Renditeforderung ermitteln. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, wie Patente über Investitionsrisiken von Venture-Capital-Beteiligungen informieren. Fondsmanager können die Patente der eigenen Portfoliounternehmen und die Patente der Wettbewerber nutzen, um systematisch Risiken in der Entwicklung ihrer Portfoliounternehmen zu erkennen und zu bewerten. Der Autor definiert und klassifiziert zunächst sowohl Patentdaten als auch Risiken. Er erklärt, wie die relevanten Informationen durch die Verknüpfung von Patentdaten, Risiken und Portfoliounternehmen entstehen und welche Rolle Indikatoren spielen. In der Hauptuntersuchung prüft er, durch welche Patentinformationen sich konkrete Gefahren erkennen lassen und welche Indikatoren sich zu diesem Zweck eignen. Für die Prüfung nutzt er in explorativer Weise die theoriebildende und empirische Literatur bisheriger Patentindikatorenforschung. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass eine Reihe rechtlicher Risiken gut durch Patentinformationen erkennbar ist. Teilweise ist für ihre Bewertung jedoch nach wie vor qualitatives Fachwissen spezialisierter Patentanwälte unumgänglich. Risiken des technologischen Wandels lassen sich nach Meinung des Autors kaum durch Patentinformationen im Voraus erkennen. An einem Beispiel werden die theoretischen und methodischen Schwächen in der Literatur vorherrschender Technologielebenszyklusmodelle verdeutlicht. Wettbewerbsrisiken hingegen können mit Patentinformationen nicht nur gut erkannt werden, sondern die indizierenden Patendaten lassen sich auch statistisch gut erfassen, auswerten und direkt in Scoringmodelle übertragen. Abschließend hinterfragt der Autor kritisch die Zuverlässigkeit und Aussagekraft der Befunde durch grundlegende Klassifizierungsprobleme und gibt Anstöße für weiterführende Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Risiko- und Performancemessung von Venture-Capital-Investments. / The success of innovations is uncertain. People investing capital in innovations would like to know something about their risks. If fund managers of venture capital firms knew these risks, they would be able to justify their investment decisions and to determine the height of their claim for yield. In this thesis, the author examines how patents inform about investment risks of ven-ture capital participations. Fund managers can use those patents of their own portfo-lio companies and the patents of the competitors in order to recognize and evaluate risks systematically in the development of their ventures. First, the author defines and classifies both patent data and risks. He explains how the relevant information arises by linking patent data, risks and venture and he ex-plains the importance of indicators. In the main part of this thesis, he examines by which patent information concrete dangers could be recognized and which indicators are suitable to this purpose. For this examination, he uses theory grounding and em-pirical literature of past patent indicator research in an explorative way. It shows up that a couple of legal risks are well recognizable by patent information. However, in part, the qualitative knowledge of specialized patent lawyers is still needed. According to the author's opinion, risks of technological changes are hardly to recognize by patent information in advance. An example shows the theoretical and methodical weaknesses of the technology life cycle models, predominating in the lit-erature. However, competitive risks can be well recognized by patent information. Furthermore, the indicating patent data can be well seized statistically, evaluated and transferred directly in scoring models, too. Finally, the author discusses the reliability and explanatory power of the results using basic classification problems and gives hints for further research in the area of risk and performance measuring of venture capital investments.