Cette thèse étudie la façon dont l’atteinte ou non des objectifs et la gouvernance influencent la direction du changement organisationnel – en termes d’exploration et d’exploitation - et analyse l’impact de ces effets sur la performance de l’entreprise au fil du temps. Dans un premier temps, je procède à une analyse détaillée de la littérature sur le Corporate Venture Capital afin de positionner mon propre travail de recherche dans le champs considéré et confirmer l’originalité de mes contributions. Ensuite, dans la première étude, j’examine comment la non-atteinte des objectifs fixés influe sur la direction du changement organisationnel mis en oeuvre dans l'entreprise, et étudie la façon dont ces changements sont influencés par la place qu’occupent les actionnaires stables ou passagers dans le capital de l’entreprise. Dans la seconde étude, je vérifie empiriquement la validité des propositions formulées en examinant les investissements de corporate venture capital (CVC) réalisés par un échantillon d’entreprises ayant une forte activité CVC. Enfin, l'équilibre entre exploration et exploitation au fil du temps, ainsi que les caractéristiques des oscillations entre ces deux types d’activités sont examinés dans la troisième étude constituant cette thèse. Les analyses empiriques portent sur les investissements de CVC effectués par 286 entreprises des États-Unis sur la période 1993-2013. Cette thèse contribue à la théorie comportementale de l’entreprise (Behavioral Theory of the Firm) en examinant la façon dont la structure du capital et l’actionnariat influe sur la prise de décisions en matière d’innovation et de changement. En étudiant la façon dont l'inertie organisationnelle et les phases de changement affectent les activités d'exploitation et d'exploration, cette thèse contribue aussi à la recherche sur l’ambidextrie organisationnelle. Pour finir, ce travail participe à la recherche sur le corporate venture capital au travers de l’étude des antécédents et des conséquences des activités d'exploration et d’exploitation dans le cadre de l’investissement CVC. / This dissertation addresses unexplored issues on the antecedents, management, and outcomes of corporate venture capital (CVC). More specifically, I examine how negative performance feedback and corporate governance influence the direction of organizational change ˗ in terms of exploration and exploitation ˗ and how balancing such change over time influences firm performance in the CVC context. I first review the extant literature on CVC and lay out the unique contributions of my research. Then, in the first essay, I theorize on how poor firm performance influences the resource allocation decisions on exploration and exploitation and how such decisions are affected by the concentration of dedicated and transient shareholders and by the board of directors' monitoring and advising intensities. In the second essay, I empirically examine how the resource allocation decisions on exploration and exploitation are influenced by dedicated and transient shareholders in the context of CVC investing. In the third essay, I examine how balancing exploration and exploitation over time and the characteristics of oscillation impact firm performance. The empirical analysis in the latter two essays is based on CVC investments made by 286 U.S. companies during 1993-2013. This dissertation contributes to the Behavioral Theory of the Firm and Corporate Governance research by introducing how shareholders and boards influence managerial decision-making in search and change, Ambidexterity research by studying how continuous change and organizational inertia impact temporal spillover between exploration and exploitation, and CVC research by examining the antecedents and consequences of explorative and exploitative initiatives in CVC investing.

Bakgrund och Problem: Börsnoteringar förväntas ta fart igen under andra halvan av 2023. PE- och VC-aktörer är inte ovanligt inkluderande parter vid en börsnotering där de ofta spelar en central roll. Det finns tidigare forskning där det framgår att börsnoteringar uppnår en hög avkastning första handelsdagen samt att börsnoteringar där Private Equity och Venture Capital aktörer varit involverade presterar bättre än de där inte varit närvarande. Utifrån det och med hänsyn till den effektiva marknadshypotesen undersöker studien om det är möjligt att tillämpa en investeringsstrategi baserad på att investera i Private Equity och Venture Capital finansierade börsnoteringar.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera hur Private Equity och Venture Capital finansierade bolag presterar dagarna efter börsnotering i förhållande mot jämförelseindex och huruvida det är en argumenterbar kortsiktig investeringsstrategi. Vidare, studeras hur det finansiella klimatet påverkar prestationen.  Metod: Studien applicerar en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med en deduktiv ansats i linje med tidigare studier i mån om att uppnå studiens syfte. Studiens mätperiod sträcker sig från 2002–2022 och är avgränsad till börsnoteringar som gjorts på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Investeringsstrategin har tillämpats genom att investera i bolagens teckningskurser och sedan har bolagens prestation analyserats under de tio första handelsdagarna. För att undersöka investeringsstrategins förmåga att generera avkastning i förhållande till jämförelseindex användes BHAR som avkastningsmått tillsammans med Mann-Whitney U-tester och en regressionsanalys.  Slutsats: Studien konstaterar att investeringsstrategin ger en lägre avkastning än jämförelseindex sett till mätperioden och fördelningen av positiv och negativ BHAR. Det framgår även att om det är en grad av underprissättning dvs. att det är positiv avkastning första handelsdagen är det i hög utsträckning fortsatt positiv avkastning de kommande tio dagarna. Avslutningsvis visar de börsnoteringar som noterades under en återhämtningsfas i konjunkturcykeln mest positiv avkastning. Med det i beaktning spelar teckningskursen och det finansiella klimatet en central roll för Private Equity och Venture Capital finansierade börsnoteringar men det är inte en generellt argumenterbar investeringsstrategi att applicera i mån om att generera positiv avkastning. / Background and problem: IPOs are expected to increase in the second half of 2023. PE- and VC- actors are not uncommonly inclusive parties in an IPO where they often play a central role. There is previous research showing that IPOs achieve high returns on the first day of trading and that IPOs when private equity and venture capital actors are involved perform better than when they are not involved. Based on this and considering the efficient market hypothesis, the study examines whether it is possible to apply an investment strategy based on investing in Private Equity and Venture Capital funded IPOs.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze how Private Equity and Venture Capital funded companies perform the days after IPO in relation to the benchmark index and whether it is an arguable short-term investment strategy. Furthermore, the impact of the financial environment on performance is studied.  Methodology: The study applies a quantitative research method with a deductive approach in line with previous studies to achieve the study's purpose. The study's measurement period extends from 2002- 2022 and is limited to listings made on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. The investment strategy was applied by investing in the companies' offer prices and then analyzing the companies' performance during the first ten days of trading. To examine the ability of the investment strategy to generate returns relative to the benchmark index, BHAR was used as a performance measure along with Mann-Whitney U-tests and a regression analysis.  Conclusions: The study finds that the investment strategy underperforms the benchmark over the measurement period and the distribution of positive and negative BHAR. It also shows that if there is a degree of underpricing, i.e., a positive return on the first trading day, there is a high degree of continued positive returns over the next ten days. Finally, those IPOs that went public during a recovery phase of the business cycle show the most positive returns. The offer price and the financial climate play a key role for private equity and venture capital funded IPOs, but it is not a generally arguable investment strategy to apply to generate positive returns.

This publication-based dissertation concerns the syndication and value creation activities of heterogenous corporate venture capital funds over six chapters. The first chapter serves as an introduction to venture capital heterogeneity and syndication and provides an overview of the four research papers included in the dissertation. The second chapter is a systematic literature review of recent research on heterogeneous venture capital syndication. Therein the underlying motivation, dynamics and results of fund- and affiliation-heterogenous syndicates are clearly identified, integrated and promising avenues for further research are specified. The third chapter is a research paper on the value creation activities of investment syndicates among independent and corporate venture capital funds. Building on a cross-industry sample of 35 interviews this inductive study identifies the determinants of value creation, integrating them in a matrix comprising shareholder relationships, corporate setup, venture lifecycle and deal terms. Chapter four is a research paper that empirically observes how corporate venture capital units leverage the resources of their incumbent parents to generate value for their portfolio firms. Based on case studies of 11 corporate venture capital units the paper reveals the mechanism behind corporate venture capital value creation holistically and identifies eight design elements that result in a typology of four distinctive archetypes. The last research paper is chapter five and concerns the distinct impact structurally heterogeneous corporate venture capital funds have on portfolio firms operating efficiency. Employing the longitudinal, European Union sponsored VICO dataset the paper finds differences in CVC structure, autonomy and objectives to have implications on firm efficiency. The present dissertation is concluded in the sixth chapter, highlighting contributions, limitations and promising avenues for further research.

[pt] Esse estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a manutenção de desempenhos anormais no longo prazo verificado em estudos anteriores de organizações listadas na BMF&Ibovespa que tiveram aporte de empresas de Private Equity e Venture Capital (PE/VC), bem como verificar a existência de mudança de comportamento num ano em que haja recessão no Brasil. A amostra utilizada contempla 70 empresas que abriram capital entre 2004 a 2008, em que após testar presença de retornos anormais acumulados foi observada uma relação inversa da esperada e verificada em trabalhos antecedentes, sendo realizado um teste de hipótese para verificação das diferenças das médias. Desta maneira, os resultados indicam que empresas que tiveram presença de fundos de PE/VC apresentam significativamente piores resultados que empresas que não tiveram este tipo de financiamento, o que posiciona este trabalho com uma ideia opositora em relação aos estudos prévios ao ser realizado num período de recessão. Posteriormente, através de uma regressão linear múltipla de cinco variáveis independentes, em que uma das variáveis era a presença ou não de PE/VC, foram avaliados os fatores explicativos do desempenho observado das empresas. O modelo de regressão corrobora a relação de piores desempenhos anormais nas organizações com a presença de fundos. / [en] This paper aims to vouch the perpetuity of the abnormal performance in the long term, verified in previous studies of organizations listed in the BMF&Ibovespa that had cash infusion of Private Equity and Venture Capital companies (PE/VC), as well as check for behavior change in a year when there is recession in Brazil. The sample includes 70 companies that went public between 2004 to 2008, in which after testing the presence of cumulative abnormal returns, it was observed an expected inverse relationship – verified in previous studies – being carried out a hypothesis test to verify the difference of means. Thus, the results indicate that companies that had the presence of PE/VC funds have significantly worse atypical results that companies who have not had this type of financing, which places this work with a divergent assessment to previous studies in a recession period. Subsequently, through a multiple linear regression with five independent variables, wherein one was the existence or absence of PE/VC, it was evaluated the explanatory factors of companies performance. The regression model corroborates the worse abnormal performance in companies with the presence of funds.

The venture capital (VC) landscape is a crucial driver of economic growth and innovation, comprising a diverse range of capital investors. This dissertation highlights the heterogeneity, performance, and massive and rapid scaling efforts in this sector, focusing on the two dominant actors: Independent Venture Capital (IVC) and Corporate Venture Capital (CVC). The first study examines the contrasting lifespans of CVCs and IVCs, highlighting the early termination patterns of CVCs. The second study delves into the diverse nature of CVCs and analyzes their influence on the efficiency of portfolio firms. The third study probes the hypercompetitive environment in the VC landscape. It examines its implications and funds' strategies to provide quality signals to investors and startups in a hypercompetitive market. The fourth study looks deeper at the beneficiaries of VC funding: digital startups. Specifically, it delves into massive and rapid business scaling dynamics, shedding light on the key drivers behind this growth trajectory and its tensions. In sum, this dissertation advances the prevailing knowledge on venture capital and digital entrepreneurship, offering a deeper exploration of the heterogeneity of the VC landscape with a spotlight on CVCs. Additionally, it provides frontier research into hypercompetition and the underlying dynamics of massive and rapid business scaling.

Corporate financing is very important for all parties involved in the financial market. Venture capital is one of the sources of financing SMEs, and its main characteristic is the active partnership offered by venture capital professionals (VCs) to entrepreneurs. However, this active involvement has not been very fruitful. In the period from 2002-2004, the venture capital industry in Québec generated low or even negative earnings. This situation has led VCs to question not only their selection practices, but also their investment monitoring practices. In addition, recent academic and professional publications have highlighted the importance of the post-investment phase in value creation for partner companies. This research explores the ways in which VCs monitor their investments in order to better understand how this monitoring contribute to the value creation process for their partners companies. In fact, the key question in this research is as follows: how can VC professionals improve their investment monitoring practices so that they can contribute to the success of partner companies by optimizing their formal and informal relationships? The purpose is to clarify the types of post-investment monitoring done by VCs through the studies of their professional's activities. The research findings lead to an investment monitoring framework. This framework comprises of the following key activities: relational dynamics, follow up and involvement . These three overlapping activities facilitate the creation of added value to investments and, to an extent, lead to the generation of better rate of returns. They rely on the complementarity and coexistence between the logical approach and the socio-political approach throughout the entire investment monitoring process.

Combining agency theory and the resource-dependence perspective as well as signalling theory, this thesis examines the role venture capitalists (VCs) and founders play with respect to both structural board characteristics and board capital in terms of experience and prestige and whether these are linked to performance. It claims that VCs and founders shape the governance system of the firms going public and are influential in the professionalisation of the ventures especially in terms of human and social capital of its board of directors. It also argues that the board of directors represents a signal of firm quality in the initial public offering (IPO) market and should thus be linked to performance. Similarly, according to the venture capital certification hypothesis, being funded by VCs signals a firm's quality and potential. In order to assess these claims, this thesis employs a unique sample of matched venturecapital- backed and non-venture-capital-backed entrepreneurial IPOs that floated either on the London Stock Exchange's Official List or the Alternative Investment Market (AIM). Extending previous research this thesis employs more fine-grained measures and introduces new conceptually relevant variables in the analysis. The findings indicate that VCs and founders are influential in shaping corporate governance of IPO-stage ventures both from an agency and resource-provision perspective. Findings from the examination of governance and professionalisation characteristics with respect to IPO short-run performance (underpricing) indicate that it may the involvement of prestigious auditors that signal firm quality while a founder bias discount seems to exist. While evidence is found that VC involvement (and to a lesser extent director/board characteristics) is related to post-IPO market performance, this seems to depend on the time period following the IPO examined, whereas auditor prestige shows a positive association in all of these time periods.

一般創投業者對於公司的評估，因為公司內部人與外部投資人存在「資訊不對稱」(asymmetric information)的問題，投資人必須承擔資訊不對稱的風險，尤其是新創事業或未上市公司，由於未有適當的機制規範，資訊不對稱的情形更為嚴重。因此，對於從事新創事業投資的創投業者而言，其所面臨的風險除了非系統性風險外，也增加了資訊不對稱的風險。由於新創事業的投資風險相當的高，創投與創業家的合作是建立在互信的基礎上，若創業家為了吸引資金的投入而刻意隱藏或扭曲內部真實狀況，造成創投在投資後發現投資案不符預期，將對創投與創業家互信的基礎產生不利的影響。因此，創投或外部投資人在評估投資案時，如何降低資訊不對稱的風險是非常重要的事情。 本研究主要是站在資訊不對稱的立場，探討創投業在投資時面臨的問題，並嘗試發展出「資訊不對稱評估機制」，藉由提出一套新的篩選評估方法作為企業投資評估之輔助工具，解決因為資訊不對稱的問題導致投資者與被投資企業可能發生的衝突。期盼創投或一般投資人在投資的過程中，透過適當的機制來處理資訊不對稱的問題，希望能藉此機制來降低資訊不對稱的風險，增加投資人投資判斷的正確性，進而作出更有利的投資決策；對投資人而言，也可藉提供額外有關風險之資訊，成為考量投資對象之參考依據。

台灣發展光電產業近20年，已有舉世注目之成績。就在這同一階段，台灣創業投資產業也有超過新台幣1,700億元資金，投資於國內高科技產業中，其規模之大，全球排名第二，僅次於美國，此一成就是值得國人引以為傲的。 由於產業西進的風潮方興未艾，不久「新世代」的光電產業終將會繼電子產業，成為根留台灣的主流產業。未來兩岸分工、大陸本土廠商崛起、加上韓國廠商大幅投入，光電產業整體經營環境必然大不同於從前。相對之下，未來創業投資投資光電產業，有賴更明確之投資策略。 因此，本研究著重於研究過去光電產業與創投產業間的互動關係，蒐集並分析：（1）台灣創業投資公司投資光電產業所採之「一般策略」、（2）投資光電產業「成功」之關鍵性策略行為、（3）投資光電產業「失敗」之關鍵性策略行為；再綜合分析投資光電產業影響「成敗」之共通關鍵性策略。最後，總結分析「光電產業特性」與「影響投資光電產業成敗關鍵性策略」間之互動關係。 結尾，對未來光電產業發展趨勢加以推估，概略建議未來創投投資「新世代」台灣光電產業可採之關鍵性策略，期望對國內光電產業發展及創投未來投資台灣光電產業「成功」，能有所助益。 / There are almost 20 years for Taiwanese to develop optoelectronics industry. Its outcome is the annual production value will over 1 trillion NTDs in the coming year, and it is rated No. 3 in the world. During the same period, the venture capital was also under developed. Right now, there are over 240 venture capital management companies in Taiwan, and have invested over 170 billion NTDs in high technology industry, the investment scale is also highly ranked, No.2 in the world. It is interested to know the relationship between Taiwan optoelectronics industry and venture capital. This paper is concentrated on the the Taiwanese venture capital investment strategies on Taiwan optoelectronics industry. And to find out what is the KSFs ( Key Success Factors ) of venture capital investment strategies, also the KFFs ( Key Failure Factors). And to analysis the relationship between KSFs& KFFs, to find the real key factors cause investment success or fail . The development situation of Taiwan optoelectronics industry is also discussed during the analysis of the factors, in order to find out the relationship between Taiwan optoelectronics industry situations and venture capital investment strategies. Finally, to figure out what will be the future Taiwan optoelectronics industry looks like, and with the results from the above study to suggest what will be the best practices to do venture capital investment successfully in the coming years on Taiwan optoelectronics industry.

This thesis aims to better understand the process of the funding of young innovative ventures, and how a deeper understanding of this process can help public policy to better stimulate entrepreneurial firms—especially in high-technology industries. I interpret entrepreneurial finance broadly to mean financing issues facing young innovative ventures. It includes three essays which deal with a set of economic, institutional, and public policy issues to examine entrepreneurial finance.