Bielefeld, Universiẗat, Diss., 2001.

No description available.

Zugl.: Hannover, Tierärztliche Hochsch., Diss., 2009

The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a non-selective cation channel which senses high extracellular ATP concentrations and has been suggested as a target for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The use of P2X7R antagonists may therefore be a viable approach for treating CNS pathologies, including epileptic disorders. Recent studies showed anticonvulsant potential of P2X7R antagonists in certain animal models. To extend this work, we tested three CNS-permeable P2X7R blocker (Brilliant Blue G, AFC-5128, JNJ-47965567) and a natural compound derivative (tanshinone IIA sulfonate) in four well-characterized animal seizure models. In the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold test in mice, none of the four compounds demonstrated anticonvulsant effects when given alone. Notably, in combination with carbamazepine, both AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 increased the threshold in the maximal electroshock seizure test. In the PTZ-kindling model in rats, useful for testing antiepileptogenic activities, Brilliant Blue G and tanshinone exhibited a moderate retarding effect, whereas the potent P2X7R blocker AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 showed a significant and long-lasting delay in kindling development. In fully kindled rats, the investigated compounds revealed modest effects to reduce the mean seizure stage. Furthermore, AFC-5128- and JNJ-47965567-treated animals displayed strongly reduced Iba 1 and GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 region. In summary, our results show that P2X7R antagonists possess no remarkable anticonvulsant effects in the used acute screening tests, but can attenuate chemically-induced kindling. Further studies would be of interest to support the concept that P2X7R signalling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of epileptic disorders.

Epilepsi är en kronisk sjukdom som kan drabba personer i alla åldrar och ca 50 miljoner personer i världen har epilepsi. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva vuxna personers upplevelser av att leva med epilepsi. Den här studien var en litteraturstudie med ett inifrånperspektiv där en systematisk litteratursökning gjordes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Litteratursökningen resulterade i 15 vetenskapliga studier som kvalitetsgranskades. Urvalet bestod av både kvalitativa studier och mixmetodstudier. Data analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys med manifest ansats. Analysen resulterade i fem kategorier. Resultat visade bland annat att personer med epilepsi var rädda att få anfall speciellt bland andra människor vilket gjorde att de isolerade sig. Eftersom personer med epilepsi inte längre kunde utföra sina dagliga uppgifter på grund av sjukdomen kände de sig begränsade och därmed blev de beroende av andra människor. Personerna upplevde både diskriminering och stigmatisering från andra människor i samhället på grund av okunskap om epilepsi vilket ledde till bland annat känslan av övergivenhet. Men personer med epilepsi hittade strategier för att klara av vardagliga rutiner och genom att delta i epilepsiprogram och stödgrupper kunde de lära sig att acceptera sin livssituation. Brist på tillräcklig information från vårdpersonalen resulterade till att personer med epilepsi förlorade förtroende för vården. Personer med epilepsi ska få tillräcklig och individanpassad information från sjuksköterskan för att effektivt kunna hantera sina anfall och leva ett meningsfullt liv trots sjukdom. Sjuksköterskan har möjlighet att sprida dessa kunskaper om epilepsi i samhället i syftet att reducera diskriminering och stigmatisering.

The purpose of this paper is to further deepen the knowledge about defence against amphibious assaults. Few theorists have embarked on the task to describe what it takes to defend against an amphibious assault. Due to the few cases with a successful outcome in favor of the defender, a severe lack of empirical proof for the theories exists. The paper has through a method of theory development created three different hypotheses from a study of the existing theoretical framework. These hypotheses then went through a theory test to try and falsify their impact corresponding to two cases with a successful outcome from the defenders perspective. The results of this study shows that the factors Deny sea – and air control and Clear command contribute to the successful defence against an amphibious assault. The factor Target priority was through the test falsified in its original description and changed in order to advance the theory further.

Bakgrund Epilepsi är en kronisk sjukdom i hjärnan som drabbar cirka 50 miljoner personer runt om i världen. Sjukdomen kännetecknas av återkommande anfall. Stigmatisering och diskriminering är förekommande vilket kan göra att personer med epilepsi inte kan delta fullt ut i den sociala aspekten. Vårdpersonal har en viktig roll när det gäller att hjälpa personer med epilepsi att hantera ett brett spektrum av utmaningar som kommer med sjukdomen. Syfte Syftet är att belysa vuxna personers upplevelser av att leva med epilepsi med fokus på stresshantering. Metod Detta examensarbete är en strukturerad litteraturöversikt med inslag av den metodologi som används vid systematiska översikter. Tolv vetenskapliga studier ligger som grund för resultatet inhämtade ifrån databaserna APA PyscINFO och CINAHL. Litteraturöversikten har en deduktiv ansats baserat på vald teoretisk referensram kombinerat med induktiv ansats som utgår från de olika delar av studiernas resultat. Resultat Personer med epilepsi använder emotionsbaserad coping i form av acceptans och positivitet samt isolering och distansering. Problembaserad coping används genom att tillämpa interventioner, försiktighetsåtgärder, livsstilsförändringar, söka behandling och stöd hos andra. Slutsats Stressen av att leva med epilepsi visade sig ha stor påverkan på personernas livskvalité. Emotions- och problembaserad coping användes för att hantera stressen som kommer med sjukdomen. Tillämpningen av dessa metoder är individuella och ser olika ut från person till person. / Background Epilepsy is a chronic illness of the brain which affects around 50 million people around the world. The illness is characterized by recurrent seizures. Stigma and discrimination are rampant which makes persons with epilepsy unable to participate fully in the social aspects of life. Health care providers have an important role in helping persons with epilepsy in the broad spectrum of challenges that comes with the illness. Aim The study aims to describe the experiences of persons living with epilepsy with focus on stress management. Method This study is a structured literature review with elements of the methodology used in systematic reviews. Twelve scientific studies were used as the basis for the results taken from databases APA PsycINFO and CINAHL. This literature review has a deductive approach based on the chosen theoretical framework combined with an inductive approach taken from various parts of the result from the chosen scientific studies. Results Persons with epilepsy used emotional based coping in the form of acceptance and positivity as well as isolation and distancing. Problem based coping was used in the form of implementing interventions, precautionary measures, lifestyle changes, finding treatment regimens and support from others. Conclusions The stress of living with epilepsy had a big impact on the person's quality of life. Emotional- and problem based coping was used to handle the stress that comes with the illness. Application of these methods are from an individual’s standpoint and sees different from one person to another.

Europe is once again a theatre of a major war, beginning on the 24th of February 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Hopelessly outnumbered the Ukrainians have proven them themselves a worthy opponent of the regional hegemon Russia. In the fall of 2022, the Ukrainians served Putin his greatest defeat thus far with a counteroffensive which liberated Kherson and all Ukrainian territory west of the Dnepr. The goal of this thesis is to examine the Ukrainian counteroffensive and how Ukraine managed to achieve success at the tactical level. The thesis does this by studying available information about the counteroffensive and analysing it with the help of manoeuvre warfare theories and satellite imagery. The thesis shows that Ukrainian tactical success during the Kherson counteroffensive can be attributed to their use of combined arms and the fact that surprise was achieved. However, it is worth noting that other factors may have contributed to Ukrainian tactical success and that more information about the counteroffensive may become available with time.

Inledning: Funktionella anfall, anfall som inte är epilepsi utan tros ha en psykologisk orsak, kan mötas av oförståelse också inom sjukvården. För att förstå detta tillstånd behöver man en processinriktad biopsykosocial sjukdomsmodell där patientens egen sjukdomsförståelse är en viktig del. Frågeställningar: Hur upplever patienter med funktionella anfall sin sjukdom?Hur förstår patienter med funktionella anfall sin sjukdom? Metod: Fem fenomenologiska halvstrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts och med hjälp av tematisk analys kondenserats till fyra teman. Resultat: De fyra temana är upplevelsen av anfallen, egen förståelse av anfallen, konsekvenser av anfallen och vad hjälper mot anfallen. Stora skillnader framkommer i intervjupersonernas upplevelse och förståelse av sina anfall. Anfallen upplevs som en känsla av förändrad kontakt eller ingen kontakt mellan kropp och hjärna och de beskrivs både begränsa och berika livet. Sjukdomsförståelsen uttrycks i fysiologiska termer, i mer vaga psykologiska termer eller att det inte går att förstå. Det framkommer tveksamhet till om psykologisk behandling hjälper. Diskussion: Det diskuteras att de funktionella anfallen faktiskt går att förstå, ibland medvetet och ibland omedvetet som en försvarsmekanism enligt psykodynamisk modell. Korttids psykodynamisk terapi såsom ISTDP kan därför vara ett behandlingsalternativ när psykoedukation och KBT inte har varit tillräckligt. / Introduction: Functional seizures, seizures that are believed to have a psychological cause, may face misunderstanding also in health care. To understand this condition, one needs a process-oriented biopsychosocial model in which the patient's own experience of illness is an important part. Questions: How do patients with functional seizures experience their illness?How do patients with functional seizures understand their illness? Method: Five phenomenological semi-structured interviews have been conducted and condensed into four themes using thematic analysis. Results: The four themes are experience of the seizures, understanding of the seizures, consequences of the seizures and what helps against the seizures. Large differences emerge in the interviewees' experience and understanding of their seizures. The seizures are experienced as a feeling of altered contact or no contact between body and brain and they are described to both limit and enrich life. Understanding of illness is expressed in physiological terms, in more vague psychological terms or cannot be understood. There is some doubt as to whether psychological treatment will help. Discussion: It is discussed that the functional seizures can actually be understood, sometimes consciously and sometimes unconsciously as a defense mechanism according to the psychodynamic model. Therefore, short-term psychodynamic therapy such as ISTDP may be a treatment alternative when psychoeducation and CBT have not been sufficient.

The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a non-selective cation channel which senses high extracellular ATP concentrations and has been suggested as a target for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The use of P2X7R antagonists may therefore be a viable approach for treating CNS pathologies, including epileptic disorders. Recent studies showed anticonvulsant potential of P2X7R antagonists in certain animal models. To extend this work, we tested three CNS-permeable P2X7R blocker (Brilliant Blue G, AFC-5128, JNJ-47965567) and a natural compound derivative (tanshinone IIA sulfonate) in four well-characterized animal seizure models. In the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure threshold test in mice, none of the four compounds demonstrated anticonvulsant effects when given alone. Notably, in combination with carbamazepine, both AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 increased the threshold in the maximal electroshock seizure test. In the PTZ-kindling model in rats, useful for testing antiepileptogenic activities, Brilliant Blue G and tanshinone exhibited a moderate retarding effect, whereas the potent P2X7R blocker AFC-5128 and JNJ-47965567 showed a significant and long-lasting delay in kindling development. In fully kindled rats, the investigated compounds revealed modest effects to reduce the mean seizure stage. Furthermore, AFC-5128- and JNJ-47965567-treated animals displayed strongly reduced Iba 1 and GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 region. In summary, our results show that P2X7R antagonists possess no remarkable anticonvulsant effects in the used acute screening tests, but can attenuate chemically-induced kindling. Further studies would be of interest to support the concept that P2X7R signalling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of epileptic disorders.